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7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
LO]ZÍF JO O]ZFU_O]7 _NE EBÅKC]O JE] AOPPENOBZE] JO MFBZPFKOJF ]OZFP JO TOÌE] ON _NE ONTPO]E APCLFPÎACME JO ZEBLEPÅ JE
]OPPE - NZ
Zre`ekhf jo Mfbmkusíf jo Mursf on afrne jonfbflreace eprosobtejf mfnf roqucsctf rolukenobterf`rcletýrcf pere f`tobìíf jf lreu jo @emherok onEjncbcstreìíf, jo emfrjf mfn e Posfkuìíf b· 5 o 0 joaovorocrf jo 044: jf Mfbsokhf Bemcfbek jo Ojumeìífo je Posfkuìíf b· 4=4/0450 jf Mfbsokhf jo Obscbf,Tosqucse o Oxtobsíf je _BONEZ.
Frcobtejfr7 Trfa. Okoc Mhevcor Nertcbs
Zeblerå je ]orre (NZ)045=
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
F ostfquo ã un jfs elobtos quo necs ton cbakuçbmce jobtrf jo une frlebczeìíf, pfcs cbtorelomfn fs jonecs jopertenobtfs, tecs mfnf mfnpre, vobjes, prfjuìíf o futrfs. Tfr cssf, oko ton
une permoke jo cnpfrtàbmce nuctf lrebjo pere f `fn aubmcfbenobtf je onprose, gå quoroprosobte `fe perto je tftekcjejo jo sous cbvostcnobtfs. Kflf, osto tre`ekhf afc josobvfkvcjfon une onprose arclfrîacme jf nubcmîpcf jo Zeblere je ]orre ” NZ, f quek nfstrfu ecnpfrtàbmce jo so utckczer es aorrenobtes ejoquejes bf lorobmcenobtf o mfbtrfko jo ostfquos.Tertcbjf jf prcbmîpcf je joacbcìíf jo Ejncbcstreìíf9 je lostíf jo netorcecs o jes aorrenobtesjo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos on sc, o pfstorcfrnobto je cnpfrtàbmce ostretãlcme mfnpotctcve jesonproses, quo ton mfnf un jfs sous prcbmcpecs f`gotcvfs f lorobmcenobtf oaotcvf jf ostfquo.Ef kfblf josso tre`ekhf utckczfu-so je posqucse jfmunobtek, mugf f`gotcvf afc ebekcser kcvrfs oroketýrcfs portobmobtos ä frlebczeìíf. E posqucse jo menpf aocte mfn f usf jo un quostcfbårcfepkcmejf ef kîjor jf sotfr o obtrovcstes mfn fs jonecs mfke`frejfros, afc roekczeje epýs f ostujf
`c`kcflråacmf pere f`tor jejfs rokovebtos ef tre`ekhf. Gå f ostujf jo mesf tovo e aubìíf jo
rospfbjor efs quostcfbenobtfs, es cbmortozes o es pfssc`ckcjejos jobtrf jf mfbtoxtf je lostífjo ostfquos. ]objf esscn, mfn e ebåkcso quekctetcve jfs jejfs, jcelbfstcmfu-so e oacmåmce jesaorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes je onprose on ostujf. Jostonfjf suprcu-so es bomosscjejos jo rospfstes sf`ro mfnf o pfr quo fs ovobtfs fmfrron,jonebjebjf un tretenobtf vcsîvok bf mftcjcebf kclejf e osto menpf jo posqucse.
TEKEQPE]-MHEQO7 Ejncbcstreìíf jo Netorcecs, Kflîstcme, Mejoce jo ]uprcnobtfs.
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
Jo emfrjf mfn Mhcevobetf (044?), e ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs oxcsto josjo fs tonpfs
necs ronftfs, etrevãs jes trfmes jo meìes o jo utobsîkcfs etã mholernfs efs jces jo hfgo.Trfjuzcr, ostfmer o trfmer f`gotfs o normejfrces ã eklf tíf ebtclf quebtf e oxcstçbmce jf sor
hunebf. O, e Povfkuìíf Cbjustrcek emcrrfu e mfbmfrrçbmce jo normejf o sfacstcmfu es fporeìÿos
jo mfnormcekczeìíf jfs prfjutfs, aezobjf mfn quo mfnpres o ostfquos lebhesson necfr
cnpfrtàbmce.
Tere oko, e mfbstebto ovfkuìíf ae`rck, f mfbsunf, es oxclçbmces jfs mfbsuncjfros, f
normejf mfbmfrrobto o es bfves tombfkflces joren cnpuksf ä Ejncbcstreìíf jo Netorcecs,
aezobjf mfn quo oste afsso vcste mfnf une erto o une mcçbmce jes necs cnpfrtebtos pere fekmebmo jfs f`gotcvfs jo une frlebczeìíf, soge quekquor quo afsso.
F eutfr jcz ten`ãn quo oqucpenobtfs o netorcecs soríf bomossårcfs sonpro, bf
nfnobtf fpfrtubf o bf kfmek mortf. Cstf quor jczor quo ejncbcstrer netorcecs ã mfnf
ejncbcstrer cbafrneìÿos, quon fs tçn quebjf bomosscte, bf kfmek o be quebtcjejo bomossårce,
pfssuc enpke pfssc`ckcjejo jo sor `on sumojcjf.
]objf esscn, e lostíf mfrrote jfs ostfquos ã une pråtcme vctek pere f poraoctf
aubmcfbenobtf jes frlebczeìÿos, o e`sfrvo une aetce su`stebmcek bf frìenobtf jes nosnes.
mfbstebtos nujebìes jo beturoze omfbúncme, sfmcek o tombfkýlcme, nujebìes osses ossobmcecs
pere f sou josobvfkvcnobtf. O, pere emfnpebher osse jcbàncme tfrbe-so aubjenobtek, on
quekquor onprose, e lostíf ostretãlcme jo ostfquos, tobjf fs onprolejfs mfnf elobtos
aemckctejfros quo euxckcon be tfneje jo jomcsíf.
Be fpcbcíf jf eutfr, es bfves afrnes jo lostíf o e bomosscjejo quo es onproses
pfssuon jo so ejoqueron repcjenobto e osto bfvf mobårcf normejfkýlcmf, aez mfn quo ostes
rovogen sous pkebfs jo etueìíf, prcbmcpeknobto quebjf so trete je lostíf jo ostfquos. Oste
nujebìe vcse ÷bcmf o oxmkuscvenobto ftcnczer fs prfmossfs jo afrne quo es frlebczeìÿos
pfssen mencbher sclbcacmetcvenobto son lrebjos jcacmukjejos.
Bosto sobtcjf, osto tre`ekhf jo mfbmkusíf jo mursf afc vfktejf ä ebåkcso jes aorrenobtes
jo mfbtrfko o lostíf jo ostfquo jf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf, on une onprose arclfrîacmeje mcjejo jo Zeblerå je ]orre ” NZ, quo fre jobfncbenfs jo Onprose Ekae.
E Onprose Ekae ostå sctueje be mcjejo jo Zeblerå je ]orre ” NZ., o pfssuc futres
ubcjejos kfmekczejes jobtrf o afre jf ostejf. Ã une frlebczeìíf jf renf jo ekcnobtfs,
ospomcacmenobto mfrtos `fvcbfs, etobjo prfjutfros jf prýprcf nubcmîpcf o jo nubcmîpcfs
mcrmubvczcbhfs, ton mepemcjejo jo e`eto eprfxcneje on morme jo nck o qucbhobtes me`oìes jo
lejf pfr jce.
Meremtorcze-so mfnf une onprose jo lrebjo pfrto, mfn morme jo nck o trozobtfsaubmcfbårcfs, ton ncssíf, vcsíf o vekfros `on joacbcjfs. Zen`ãn pfssuc frlebflrene `on
ostruturejf, aez usf jo pkebogenobtfs ostretãlcmf, tåtcmf o fporemcfbek, fu soge, jo prezfs
kfblfs, nãjcfs o murtfs, rospomtcvenobto.
E Onprose Ekae ton sue ostruture `on frlebczeje, ã jotobtfre jo vårcfs mortcacmejfs
mfnf7 C]F 5:445, C]F 00444, ]E 8444 o FH]E] 58445. Nosnf esscn, hege vcste e osmessoz
jo níf-jo-f`re ospomcekczeje, obarobte eklunes jcacmukjejos be hfre jo mfbtreter prfacsscfbecs
`on quekcacmejfs quo jfncbon es tãmbcmes jo lostíf o quo sec`en aezor e mfbmckceìíf obtro etofrce o e pråtcme, prcbmcpeknobto mfn rokeìíf efs ostfquos.
Jcebto josto mobårcf, surlcu e cjoce jo ebekcser es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo
utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae, o jcelbfstcmer pfssîvocs lerlekfs
o fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces mfn rokeìíf ä ejfìíf jostes aorrenobtes, pfjobjf etã nosnf
euxckcer pfsctcvenobto on tfnejes jo jomcsÿos autures.
]objf esscn, quostcfbfu-so7 Es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos oxcstobtos bf sotfr
jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae síf oacmezos6
Tere ebekcser e oacmåmce jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo utckczejes bf sotfr jo
poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae, afc jotorncbebto nepoer es pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
ostfquo ejftejes pokf sotfr, `on mfnf cjobtcacmer es aorrenobtes utckczejes. Zen`ãn afc
bomossårcf kovebter gubtf efs onprolejfs jf sotfr, mfnf síf usejes es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko
jo ostfquo bf sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf, jcelbfstcmebjf esscn pfssîvocs lerlekfs o
fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces.
Gustcacmfu-so e osmfkhe josto ostujf, jovcjf ef aetf jo tor-so f`sorvejf bfs ÷ktcnfs ebfs
quo e lostíf mfrrote jfs ostfquos ã une jes nfkes prfpuksfres pere ekevebmer rosuktejfs
pkeusîvocs bes frlebczeìÿos. ]ogen okes onproses nebuaeturocres, jo mfnãrmcf fu jo sorvcìfs,
tobjf on vcste quo e mfbtcbucjejo je oxcstçbmce je onprose sorå jotorncbeje poke quekcjejo jo
sous prfjutfs o sorvcìfs, utckczebjf mfnf pcker aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko ejoquejes o mfn ektf
bîvok jo quekcjejo fporemcfbek.
Cstf pfstf, f ostujf tfrbfu-so rokovebto pfcs, fs lostfros je frlebczeìíf tcvoren efpfrtubcjejo jo vcsuekczer mfn mkeroze, e oacmcçbmce jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo
utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes je onprose, o e pertcr jostes cbafrneìÿos pfjon oxomuter so
bomossårcf f nokhfr pkebf jo eìíf pfssîvok, e acn jo nokhfrer es aubmcfbekcjejos jes
aorrenobtes epfbtejes bf ostujf.
Tere f posqucsejfr, e rokovàbmce afc be fpfrtubcjejo jo enpkcer sous mfbhomcnobtfs be
åroe posqucseje. O pere e mfnubcjejo oxtorbe e fpfrtubcjejo jo vcsuekczer son mustfs un
ostujf mfnpkotf sf`ro e oacmåmce jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo lostíf jo ostfquo utckczejes bfsotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf, une voz quo f tre`ekhf ostå jcspfbîvok be `c`kcftome je
ubcvorscjejo, ef ekmebmo jo tfjfs.
Josto nfjf, f ostujf tfrbfu-so portcbobto, une voz quo e onprose jcspfbc`ckczfu
permceknobto eklubs emossfs bomossårcfs pere e roekczeìíf je posqucse, o ten`ãn so nfstrfu
cbtorosseje bfs rosuktejfs e soron f`tcjfs. Zen`ãn afc afrbomcjf ef emejçncmf pokfs lostfros
eklubs jejfs bomossårcfs, o un ospeìf jo tonpf prã-jotorncbejf pokf mffrjobejfr jf ostujf
pere mfbmkusíf jf tre`ekhf.
5.5 Ostruture je Nfbflreace
F prosobto ostujf ostå jcvcjcjf on mcbmf mepîtukfs, oke`frejfs mfn f f`gotcvf jo
ropesser fs rosuktejfs f`tcjfs mfn e posqucse. E`ecxf soluo un `rovo roketf sf`ro es
ertcmukeìÿos jo meje un jokos.
Bf prcnocrf mepîtukf ostå e cbtrfjuìíf, eprosobtebjf un `rovo osmfpf jf quo `usme e
posqucse, f f`gotcvf lorek o fs f`gotcvfs ospomîacmfs. Bosto mepîtukf obmfbtre-so ecbje e
jokcncteìíf jf tone, f prf`kone e`frjejf pere e roekczeìíf je posqucse, `on mfnf e
gustcacmetcve.
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emossc`ckcjejo be hfre on quo ostos afron sfkcmctejfs, eunobtebjf f josonpobhf jfs
mfke`frejfros o nokhfrebjf e quekcjejo je ejncbcstreìíf jostos netorcecs.
Bosto sobtcjf, obtobjo-so quo aetfros mfnf7 tonpf fpfrtubf o quebtcjejo bomossårce so
nek ejncbcstrejfs emerroten kumrfs mossebtos o mustfs acbebmocrfs cbjosogåvocs. Cstf pfrquo e
perekcseìíf je kcbhe jo prfjuìíf pfr aekte jo netãrce-prcne cbmfrro on proguîzfs pokf bíf
munprcnobtf jfs prezfs o lestfs ejcmcfbecs bíf prflrenejfs jomfrrobtos jo mfnpres jo
onorlçbmce.
Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs sclbcacme mffrjober e nfvcnobteìíf jo suprcnobtfs mfnes oxclçbmces jo prfjuìíf. Cssf sclbcacme epkcmer f mfbmoctf jo mustf tftek äs etcvcjejosjo suprcnobtf kflîstcmf jo nfjf e f`tor vebtelon je mfbtrepfscìíf je murve jo mustf,fu soge, f f`gotcvf necfr je ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs ã prfvor f netorcek mortf, bfkfmek jo prfjuìíf mortf, bf nfnobtf mortf o on mfbjcìÿos utckczåvok ef mustf nîbcnf
pere e pkobe setcsaeìíf jf mkcobto o jfs emcfbcstes (TFWF, 0454, p.=3).
Josto nfjf, e ejncbcstreìíf nfjorbe jo netorcecs ã ostujeje mfnf un mfbgubtf jo
scstone jo ostfquos quo gubtfs cbtorelon pere mfbstctucr un tfjf frlebczejf. Zek ostujf
jostcbe-so e afrner un ostfquo jo netorcecs bf vfkuno nobfr pfssîvok o bf nobfr mustf,
jcspfstf e suprcr es bomosscjejos jes frlebczeìÿos bf tonpf o quebtcjejo cnprosmcbjîvocs ef
aubmcfbenobtf je nosne.
Qcebe (0443, p.:4) jcz7 ‛Y...^ pfjonfs eacrner quo ejncbcstrer mfn oacmcçbmce o oxetcjíff nfvcnobtf jo obtrejes o seîjes jfs netorcecs bomossårcfs ä onprose ” f quç6 Uuebtf6
Uuebjf6 o mfnf mfnprer6 ” bíf ã teroae scnpkos„. Kflf, pfjo-so jczor ten`ãn quo e mfnpre
mfrrote ã un aetfr rokovebto pere une `fe ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs, pfr cssf jovo tor sues
meremtorîstcmes rospoctejes, pere quo so pfsse f`tor f nokhfr robjcnobtf pfssîvok.
]objf esscn, obtobjo-so quo e mfrrote ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs vcse jotorncber e
quebtcjejo cjoek e sor ernezobeje o mfbsuncje, ekcbhebjf es mfnpres jo emfrjf mfn f akuxf
jo mecxe je onprose. Tere cssf, aez-so bomossårcf un ostujf jf sou porack o jo sous
mfke`frejfros o, joste afrne etobjor äs bomosscjejos je frlebczeìíf mfrrotenobto pere quo cstf
bíf tfrbo un aetfr boletcvf.
0.= Mfbmoctf jo Ostfquos
Jo emfrjf mfn Tfzf (0454), ostfquos síf em÷nukfs jo netãrces on vårces aesos
ospomîacmes jf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf. Nosnf so ejfter une afrne jo lostíf pere meje tcpf joostfquo, fu so utckczer epobes une pere quekquor tcpf jo prfjutf ostfmejf, osto sonpro oxcstcrå
pfr une jcaorobìe jo prezf obtro f afrbomcnobtf o f mfbsunf.
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Tere Mhcevobetf (044?, p.1<), ‛ostfquo ã e mfnpfscìíf jo netorcecs on prfmossenobtf
o netorcecs sonceme`ejfs, quo bíf ã utckczejf on jotorncbejf nfnobtf be onprose, nes quo
promcse oxcstcr on aubìíf jo autures bomosscjejos„. Obtíf, fs ostfquos síf netorcecs o
suprcnobtfs quo une onprose fu cbstctucìíf nebtãn, soge pere vobjor fu pere afrbomor
cbsunfs pere suprcr f prfmossf jo prfjuìíf.
Gå Qcebe (0443, p.543) jcz quo, ‛jf pfbtf jo vcste necs trejcmcfbek, pfjonfs
mfbscjorå-kf mfnf roprosobtetcvf jo netãrces-prcnes, prfjutfs sonceme`ejfs, mfnpfbobtos
pere nfbtelon, sf`rossekobtos, prfjutfs eme`ejfs, netorcecs ejncbcstretcvfs o suprcnobtfs
vercejfs„. Esscn, obtobjo-so quo ostfquos síf jopýsctfs bomossårcfs pere f ebjenobtf jo
quekquor frlebczeìíf.
0.: Lostíf jo Ostfquos
E lostíf jo ostfquos ã f etf jo ejncbcstrer netorcecs fmcfsfs jobtrf jo une
frlebczeìíf, netorcecs jotobtfros jo vekfr omfbúncmf o pfssucjfros jo bomosscjejos autures.
]ogen on etcvcjejos jo prfjuìíf fu nebutobìíf, sonpro hå e bomosscjejo jo mortf tcpf jo
netorcek on ostfquo pere ovcter f mfnprfnotcnobtf je prfjuìíf.
Jf pfbtf jo vcste jo Jces (0455), onproses etuebtos bf normejf on quecsquor quo
sogen sous renfs jo etcvcjejos, jopobjon afrtonobto jo un `fn lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos
pfr une sãrco jo rezÿos. ]ogen okes onproses nebuaeturocres fu jo sorvcìfs, hå jo so mfbvcr
quo f mfrrotf lorobmcenobtf jo sous ̀ obs netorcecs o fu petrcnfbcecs síf jo oxtrone rokovàbmce
pere f sou ̀ fn josonpobhf o mfrrotf josobvfkvcnobtf.
F ostfquo ã bomossårcf pere quo f prfmossf jo prfjuìíf/vobjes je onprose fporomfn un b÷norf nîbcnf jo profmupeìÿos o josbîvocs. Fs netorcecs on ostfquo pfjonsor jo trçs tcpfs ̀ åscmfs7 netãrce-prcne, prfjutfs on ae`rcmeìíf o prfjutfs eme`ejfs.
F sotfr jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo emfnpebhe o mfbtrfke f bîvok jo ostfquo o fcbvostcnobtf acbebmocrf obvfkvcjf (JCE], 0455, p.:).
Zobjf on vcste quo e jonebje pfr `obs o sorvcìfs bíf soríf fs nosnfs jurebto tfjf f
porîfjf, o f`sorvebjf e sezfbekcjejo jo meje prfjutf, un ostfquo `on pkebogejf vcse munprcr
tfjes es oxclçbmces jf normejf, o se`o-so quo e mhevo jf sumossf je frlebczeìíf ã f
munprcnobtf tftek ä jonebje.
]olubjf Qcebe (0443, p.:0), ‛e etcvcjejo jo lostíf vcse f lorobmcenobtf jfs ostfquos
pfr nocf jo tãmbcmes quo porncton nebtor f oquckî`rcf mfn f mfbsunf, joacbcbjf perànotrfso bîvocs jo rossuprcnobtf o emfnpebhebjf sue ovfkuìíf„.
Tere Zejou, ot ek (0454), e lostíf jo ostfquos ton mfnf f`gotcvf, nebtor fs romursfs
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perejfs, fs romursfs quo ostíf rolcstrejfs bf cbvobtårcf, on mfbstebto scbtfbce mfn fs
cbvostcnobtfs. Tere cstf ã bomossårcf nebtor fs ostfquos bf nîbcnf, son cbmfrror bfs rcsmf jo
bíf tor netãrce-prcne suacmcobto pere suprcncr es bomosscjejos jf akuxf jo prfjuìíf fu
jcstrc`ucìíf.
E oacmcçbmce josse lostíf, pfrãn, bíf so rosuno epobes on obmfbtrer f bîvok joostfquo quo supro e bomosscjejo jo mfbsunf. Ã promcsf ecbje oste`okomor ebåkcsos jomustf jf ostfquo, cssf pfrquo fs prfjutfs o fs cbsunfs ernezobejfs roprosobten bífepobes romursfs aîscmfs ostfmejfs, nes ten`ãn romursfs acbebmocrfs cnf`ckczejfs beafrne jo etcvfs pere e onprose o quo, pfr cssf nosnf, roprosobten quebtcesoxprosscves on jcbhocrf (ZEJO_, ot ek , 0454, p.4=).
Bosto mfbtoxtf, obtobjo-so quo e lostíf meutokfse jfs ostfquos euxckce es onproses e
oxomuter sues aubìÿos mfn necfr oacmcçbmce o mfn mfbtcbucjejo. Tfrtebtf, un lorobmcenobtf `on ostruturejf, porncto ef ejncbcstrejfr ftcnczer sous mustfs jo afrne e etobjor
pfsctcvenobto tfje e jonebje jurebto tfjf f porîfjf.
0.? Tfkîtcmes jo Ostfquos
E pfkîtcme jo ostfquos ã mfbscjoreje pfr nuctfs e `eso pere f lorobmcenobtf je mejoce
jo suprcnobtfs, pfcs, perto jes etcvcjejos je mejoce ostå vfkteje pere e nfvcnobteìíf jfs
ostfquos. Zek nfvcnobteìíf so jå e acn jo jcspfbc`ckczer pere f mkcobto prfjutfs be quebtcjejo
o nfnobtfs mortfs, jo afrne e etobjor f munprcnobtf tftek je jonebje on tfjes es sues aesos.
]olubjf Jces (0455), e pfkîtcme jo ostfquos ã e erto o mcçbmce quo eguje e joacbcr e afrne
quo une onprose osmfkho púr on pråtcme e lostíf jfs sous ostfquos, fu soge7 mfnf okos soríf
Jobtrf jo une mfbgubture omfbúncme cbståvok, o nuctes vozos ejvorse, ã aubjenobtekquo f lorobto jo netorcecs tobhe mepemcteìíf pere rospfbjor äs bfves oxclçbmces jonormejf, äs verceìÿos jfs proìfs jo vobje pere sous prfjutfs o jfs proìfs jesnetãrces-prcnes. Jcebto je cbmortoze, une jes aorrenobtes mfbacåvocs pere sue lostífã e mfrrote cnpkebteìíf je pfkîtcme jo ostfquos (JCE], 0455, p.3).
]objf esscn, vor-so quo une pfkîtcme jo ostfquos jopobjo jo joacbcìÿos mkeres pere
quetrf quostÿos7 quebtf pojcr, quebjf pojcr, quebtf nebtor on ostfquos jo solurebìe o fbjo
kfmekczå-kf. E ropfste pere meje une jostes quostÿos pesse pfr jcvorses ebåkcsos, roketcves ef
vekfr elrolejf jf prfjutf, ä provcsc`ckcjejo jo sue jonebje o äs oxclçbmces jfs mfbsuncjfros
acbecs on tornfs jo prezf jo obtrole o jcspfbc`ckcjejo jo prfjutf.
quo vcsen jotorncber ef jopertenobtf jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo, f prflrene jo f`gotcvfs e soron
etcblcjfs, cstf ã, oste`okomor mortfs pejrÿos quo scrven jo luces efs prflrenejfros o
mfbtrfkejfros o ten`ãn jo mrctãrcfs pere nojcr f josobvfkvcnobtf jf jopertenobtf quo, jo
nebocre lorek, síf es notes je onprose.
0.1 Zcpfs jo Ostfquos
Eklubs ae`rcmebtos nebtãn vercejfs tcpfs jo ostfquos, mfnproobjobjf cbsunfs,
netãrce-prcne, prfjutfs on prfmossf, prfjutfs sonceme`ejfs, jobtro futrfs. ]olubjf Tfzf
(0454), es onproses pfssuon on sue frlebczeìíf eklubs ostfquos `åscmfs quo euxckcen bf
prfmossf prfjutcvf, o josteme eklubs e solucr7
Ostfquo jo netãrce-prcne7 F ostfquo jo netãrce-prcne mfnproobjo-so on tfjf f
netorcek quo e onprose jcspÿo pere f prfmossf jo trebsafrneìíf. Osto ostfquo so aez
bomossårcf pere quo bíf hege cbtorrupìÿos bf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf, quo pfsse fmescfber
etresfs o porjes josbomossårces, quo mfbsoquobtonobto rosukterå on proguîzfs9
Ostfquo jo netorcecs euxckceros7 Mfnpÿo-so jfs elrolejfs quo pertcmcpen jf
prfmossf jo trebsafrneìíf jes netãrces-prcnes jobtrf je aå`rcme, tecs mfnf7 ro`fkfs,
kcxes, `ojenos, ýkofs, aorrenobtes otm. Ã f netorcek quo eguje o pertcmcpe be oxomuìíf o
trebsafrneìíf jf prfjutf, pfrãn bíf so elrole e oko, nes ã cnprosmcbjîvok bf prfmossf
jo ae`rcmeìíf9
Ostfquo jo nebutobìíf7 Osso ostfquo ã fbjo ostíf es poìes quo sorvon jo epfcf ä
nebutobìíf jfs oqucpenobtfs o ojcaîmcfs, tecs mfnf rfkenobtfs, pereausfs, poìes,
aorrenobtes otm. Bfrneknobto, equc ostíf ten`ãn fs netorcecs jo osmrctýrcf, usejfs be
onprose9
Ostfquo cbtornojcårcf7 Mfnpÿon ossos ostfquos es poìes quo ostíf on prfmossf jo
ae`rcmeìíf, fu on su`mfbgubtfs, quo síf ernezobejes pere mfnpfr f prfjutf acbek. F
vfkuno josso ostfquo ã bfrneknobto rosuktebto jo pkebogenobtf jf ostfquo jo netãrce-
prcne o jf pkebogenobtf je prfjuìíf9
Ostfquo jo netorcecs on prfmossf7 Osto jcz rospoctf e ctobs jo tormocrfs fu ctobs
cbtorbfs quo ostíf sobjf prfmossejfs, nes quo ecbje bíf ã un prfjutf eme`ejf. F tornf
ostfquo jcaorobmce f netorcek on prfmossf jf ostfquo jo netorcek on prfmossf. F ÷ktcnfcjobtcacme f aetf jo quo fs netorcecs pornebomon fmcfsfs, mfnf ostfquo, bíf sobjf
Jo emfrjf mfn ]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), fs ostfquos elon mfnf afrne jo
solurebìe pere es onproses, be hfre je vobje jo un jotorncbejf prfjutf pfr okes
mfnormcekczejf. Ostfquos oxcston pere prfpfrmcfber e cbjopobjçbmce on tfjes es aesos je
prfjuìíf. Uuebtf necfros fs ostfquos obtro jues aesos jf prfmossf jo trebsafrneìíf, necfr e
cbjopobjçbmce obtro okes, pfcs e bíf cbtorrupìíf jo une aeso bíf emerrote e perekcseìíf je futre,
prfpfrmcfbebjf necfr elckcjejo o prfjutcvcjejo be kcbhe.
Bíf cnpfrte f quo ostå sobjf ernezobejf mfnf ostfquo, fu fbjo oko ostå pfscmcfbejfbe fporeìíf9 oko oxcstcrå pfrquo oxcsto une jcaorobìe jo rctnf fu jo texe obtroafrbomcnobtf o jonebje. ]o f afrbomcnobtf jo quekquor cton fmfrrosso oxetenobto
joste afrne roluker fs akuxfs kflîstcmfs scbmrfbczebjf es vokfmcjejos jo obtreje mfn e
vokfmcjejo jo seîje, okcncbebjf fs lerlekfs je kcbhe jo prfjuìíf fu jcstrc`ucìíf.
0.8 Mustfs jfs Ostfquos
Jcnobscfber un ostfquo sclbcacme jotorncber quecs quebtcjejos o pfr quebtf tonpf
meje prfjutf jovo pornebomor ostfmejf, pere quo e onprose bíf cbmfrre on proguîzfs.
Loreknobto es frlebczeìÿos so joperen mfn f jckone jo7 Uuebtf e onprose jovo ostfmer6
Ostes jomcsÿos cnpkcmen jcrotenobto bf mustf oaotcvf quo f prfmossf jo ostfmelon prfpfrmcfbe
ä frlebczeìíf.
E lrebjo jcacmukjejo ã e evekceìíf mfrrote jossos vårcfs aetfros jo mustfs, tecs mfnff jo ernezobelon, on quo jovonfs etrc`ucr un vekfr pere f ekuluok jfseknfxercaejfs. Bf mesf jf nebusocf, jovonfs etrc`ucr un mustf jo jopromceìíf perefs oqucpenobtfs, mfnf onpckhejocres, merrcbhfs nebuecs, tekhes o pfbtos rfkebtos.Tfr nocf jo un scstone jo mustocf ejoquejf, ossos mustfs pfjon sor evekcejfs mfn
`fe promcsíf (NEPZCB]9 EKZ, 0441, p.5<3).
Obtobjo-so quo f etf jo nebtor ostfquos roquor cbvostcnobtfs o ecbje prfpfrmcfbe
rcsmfs jes normejfrces acmeron f`sfkotes. ]e`o-so ten`ãn quo nuctes onproses romfrron e
onprãstcnfs pere e afrneìíf jostos, o cstf eunobte mfbscjorevoknobto f mustf jo ostfmelon
jostos prfjutfs o mfbsoquobtonobto es josposes acbebmocres je onprose.
Eposer jostos obubmcejfs, se`o-so quo pere e onprose f ostfquo ã un cbvostcnobtf
bomossårcf. Tfrtebtf, e lostíf jo ostfquos jovo prfmurer ftcnczer ostos mustfs o josposes,
vcsebjf e mfbtîbue rojuìíf jo mepctek cbvostcjf on ostfquos pokes frlebczeìÿos. Tfzf (0454),
josteme eklubs tcpfs jo mustfs, mfnf soluo7
Mustf jf Tojcjf7 Meje voz quo une roqucscìíf fu un pojcjf ã onctcjf, cbmfrro mustfs
acxfs o vercåvocs roaorobtos e osso prfmossf. F mustf jo pojcjf síf tfjfs fs vekfros
oxprossfs on nfoje mfrrobto, cbmfrrcjfs jurebto f prfmossenobtf jf pojcjf, fu soge,
josjo e afrnukeìíf jf pojcjf etã e obtrole ef mfbsuncjfr acbek9
Mustf jo Ernezobelon7 Fs prfmossfs kflîstcmfs roprosobten un mustf sclbcacmetcvf
jobtrf jes frlebczeìÿos cjobtcacmejfs be ernezobelon, cbvobtårcfs, nfvcnobteìíf,
akuxf jo cbafrneìÿos, otm. Esscn, ã jo sune cnpfrtàbmce cjobtcacmer, nobsurer o
mfbtrfker ostos mustfs jo ernezobelon, quo ã un jfs aetfros quo pfjo etã sclbcacmer e
oxcstçbmce je onprose9
Mustf je Aekte7 Osto emfbtomo quebjf fmfrro prfmure pfr ctobs quo ostíf on aekte bfs
ostfquos, fu quebjf e jonebje oxmojo es quebtcjejos jcspfbîvocs ostfmejes. Osto tcpf
jo mustf ã jo jcaîmck nobsureìíf. Be fmfrrçbmce jostos tcpfs jo aekte e onprose pfjo
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cbmfrror on proguîzfs pfr etresf be prfjuìíf fu porme jo vobjes. Tfzf (0454, p.=5) jcz
quo, ‛Y...^ so nosnf mfn f etresf, f mkcobto bíf mebmoker f pojcjf, e cnelon je onprose
osterå joslestebjf-so o cssf ton un mustf okovejf o jcaîmck jo nojcr„.
0.3 ]cstone jo Tkebogenobtf jo Ostfquos
]olubjf Tfzf (0454, p.==), ‛oxcston jcvorses nebocres o nãtfjfs jo pkeboger o
mfbtrfker ostfquos, eklubs nuctfs scnpkos, futrfs mfnpkoxfs„. Kflf, vor-so quo f pkebogenobtf
ã un prfmossf jcbàncmf o mfbtîbuf, quo mfbscsto on une sãrco jo eìÿos frlebczejes e acn jo
quo so tfrbon roekcjejo eklubs f`gotcvfs auturfs, pfssc`ckctebjf e tfneje jo jomcsíf
ebtomcpejenobto.
F eutfr ecbje eacrne quo be lostíf jo ostfquos f pkebogenobtf ton pepok aubjenobtek,
pfcs mfn e mrosmobto bomosscjejo jo akuxfs mfbstebtos jo netorcecs jo afrne råpcje o ftcnczeje,
ã quo so pfjo lerebtcr un etobjcnobtf setcsaetýrcf efs mkcobtos, etrevãs jo une kflîstcme
mfnpotobto o oacmez, fmescfbebjf joste afrne un jcaorobmcek mfnpotctcvf quo pfjo mfkfmer e
frlebczeìíf ä arobto je mfbmfrrçbmce.
Tere Qcebe (0443), f lostfr vor-so prosscfbejf meje voz necs e jcncbucr fs ostfquos ef
nîbcnf pfssîvok. Eposer je joacmcçbmce, je osmessoz jo romursfs o je prossíf sfarcje poke
cbmortoze je jonebje, osto eme`e sobjf mfbjuzcjf e romfrror ef ostfquo jo solurebìe. Tfr ostes
o futres so aez meje voz necs bomossårce e pråtcme jf scstone josto pkebogenobtf.
F lorobmcenobtf nfjorbf evekce o jcnobscfbe mfbvobcobtonobto fs ostfquos on `esos mcobtîacmes, su`stctucbjf f onpcrcsnf pfr sfkuìÿos. Esscn, fs bîvocs jovon sorrovcstfs o etuekczejfs porcýjcme o mfbstebtonobto pere ovcter prf`kones prfvfmejfs
pokf mrosmcnobtf jf mfbsunf fu vobjes o ektoreìÿos jfs tonpfs jo ropfscìíf(QCEBE, 0443, p.5::-5:?).
Bosto mfbtoxtf, un scstone jo pkebogenobtf jo ostfquos so aez vctek pere quekquor tcpf
jo onprose, pfcs sfnobto etrevãs joko ã quo so pfjo mfbtrfker josvcfs o josporjîmcfs
josbomossårcfs, `on mfnf epurer f jonescejf cbvostcnobtf on ostfquo quo pfjo sor
progujcmcek ef mepctek jo lcrf jes frlebczeìÿos, rostrcblcbjf es mfbjcìÿos jo fporeìíf je
nosne.
Zfjevce, obtobjo-so quo une onprose bíf pfjorå tre`ekher son ostfquos, pfcs supro es
bomosscjejos jfs mkcobtos o jf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf on tfjes es sues aesos jf mfnoìf ef acn.
Tfr cssf jovo-so utckczer je aubìíf jf pkebogenobtf o mfbtrfko jo ostfquos quo ã f jo ncbcnczeref nåxcnf f mepctek tftek cbvostcjfs on netorcecs, pfcs osto ã merf o eunobte mfbtcbuenobto,
une voz quo f mustf acbebmocrf ten`ãn so okove.
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jo soron mfrrclcjfs, pfcs eklunes nojcjes jo nokhfrce rojuzon sclbcacmetcvenobto ostos orrfs.
_n oxonpkf tîpcmf jo orrf fporemcfbek, ã f usf cbmfrrotf jf nãtfjf TOT] (prcnocrf quo obtreã f prcnocrf quo sec), quo cnpkcme be pfssc`ckcjejo jo porjes jo prfjutfs pfr prezf jo vekcjejo,
quebjf f ostfquo so treter jo netorcecs poromîvocs o mfn prezf jo vekcjejo rojuzcjf.
Jcebto josto mfbtoxtf, pfjo-so jczor quo obtobjor nokhfr meje pfbtf o promevor-so, síf
prcbmîpcfs prcnfrjcecs quebjf so treter jo porjes jo ostfquos, lorebjf esscn ýtcnfs rosuktejfs
be lostíf jo netorcecs jes onproses, o mfbsoquobtonobto euxckcer be tregotýrce jo sumossf je
frlebczeìíf
Acbekczebjf, vor-so quo f nokhfr e aezor ã ebekcser tfjfs fs pfbtfs mrîtcmfs ocnojcetenobto mrcer eìÿos provobtcves quo nujon prfmojcnobtfs o etctujos. Kon`rebjf quo f
trocbenobtf je oqucpo sorå jomcscvf be cnpkebteìíf jostos bfvfs prfmojcnobtfs.
0.55 Aorrenobtes jo Mfbtrfko jo Ostfquos
0.55.5 Ostfquo jo solurebìe
]e`o-so quo nuctes frlebczeìÿos bíf tre`ekhen mfn f jcnobscfbenobtf cjoek jo sous
ostfquos, pfcs kcjer mfn es cbmortozes je jonebje ã un joseacf mfbstebto pere fs lostfros.
Eposer je utckczeìíf jo jcvorsfs nãtfjfs jo mfbtrfko, tfrbe-so meje voz necs jcaîmck provor e
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quebtcjejo jonebjeje jo jotorncbejf `on fu sorvcìf, pfcs mfbtcblçbmces mfnf etresfs bf
rossuprcnobtf, josvcfs be provcsíf jo jonebje o robjcnobtf je prfjuìíf emcne jf pkebogejf
aezon perto jf mftcjcebf jes frlebczeìÿos.
]olubjf Tfzf (0454), pere kcjer mfn osses cbmortozes etuebtos on tfje mejoce kflîstcme,
jovon sor utckczejfs ostfquos jo solurebìe. Osto ostfquo vcse suprcr jotorncbejf porîfjf, ekãn
jf prezf jo obtrole pere mfbsunf fu vobjes, provobcbjf pfssîvocs etresfs be obtrole pfr perto
jf afrbomojfr, lerebtcbjf f ebjenobtf jf prfmossf prfjutcvf mesf fmfrre un eunobtf
be jonebje jf cton.
Zen`ãn mfbhomcjf pfr ostfquo nîbcnf fu ostfquo rosorve, ã une quebtcjejonîbcne jo poìes quo ton quo oxcstcr bf ostfquo mfn e aubìíf jo mf`rcr es pfssîvocsverceìÿos jf scstone, quo pfjon sor7 ovobtuecs etresfs bf tonpf jo afrbomcnobtf pfr
bfssf afrbomojfr, rogocìíf jf kfto jo mfnpre fu eunobtf be jonebje jf prfjutf(TFWF, 0454, p.?:).
Joste afrne, f lrebjo joseacf jf lostfr ã cjobtcacmer f poraoctf jcnobscfbenobtf josto
ostfquo. Nuctes onproses jotorncben jo nebocre cbejoqueje sous ostfquos jo solurebìe, pfcs
bíf so ̀ esocen on nojcjes promcses jes cbmortozes jf prfmossf, rosorvebjf esscn netorcecs on
quebtcjejo cbaorcfr fu suporcfr ef romfnobjejf.
Jo emfrjf mfn Tfzf (0454), f oxmossf jf ostfquo jo solurebìe lore mustfs
josbomossårcfs jo nebutobìíf jo ostfquos o jo ernezobelon. Futrf aetfr jomfrrobto jf neu
jcnobscfbenobtf jf ostfquo jo solurebìe, síf es porjes jo vobjes fu ejcenobtf jo pojcjfs,
lorebjf un bîvok jo sorvcìf ef mkcobto cbsetcsaetýrcf, rucn fu pãsscnf, quo pfjorå cbakuobmcer
jcrotenobto on proguîzfs pfr porje jo mkcobtos.
Nosnf esscn, f eutfr obtobjo quo osto tcpf jo ostfquo ã bomossårcf, pfcs mfrrospfbjo
ä permoke oxmojobto quo es frlebczeìÿos nebtçn ostfmeje, mfnf afrne jo provobìíf ef
eunobtf ropobtcbf je jonebje, efs pfssîvocs etresfs bfs prfmossfs kflîstcmfs jo obtrole, `on
mfnf so eklun kfto je normejfrce afr roprfvejf pokf mfbtrfko jo quekcjejo oxcstobto befrlebczeìíf.
0.55.0 Tfbtf jo Tojcjf
Tfzf (0454) eacrne quo f mfbtrfko oacmcobto jfs ostfquos ã une quostíf jo lrebjo
rokovàbmce o un joseacf jcårcf pere fs lostfros bes cbj÷strces, bf mfnãrmcf fu bf sotfr jo
sorvcìfs. Kflf, ã promcsf prflrener quebtf o quebjf pojcr pere e`estomor un jcstrc`ucjfr, unrovobjojfr fu pere f prýprcf mfbsunf.
Nuctfs nfjokfs jo pojcjfs usejfs pokes frlebczeìÿos jopobjon ossobmceknobto jf
hcstýrcmf je jonebje, o mfbscjoren f tonpf jo rospfste jf afrbomojfr provcsîvok, e pertcr jo
une jcstrc`ucìíf mfbhomcje. Tere Tfzf (0454), f pfbtf jo pojcjf ã f nãtfjf necs oacmez quo
pfjorå sor usejf bostos mesfs.
à e quebtcjejo jo poìes quo tonfs on ostfquo o quo lerebto quo f prfmossf prfjutcvfbíf sfare prf`kones jo mfbtcbucjejo, obquebtf eluerjenfs e mholeje jf kfto jomfnpre, jurebto f tonpf jo ropfscìíf. Cssf quor jczor quo quebjf un jotorncbejfcton jo ostfquo etcblo sou pfbtf jo pojcjf jovoronfs aezor f rossuprcnobtf jfostfquo, mfkfmebjf-so un pojcjf jo mfnpre (TFWF, 0454, p. ?0).
Bf obtobjcnobtf jf eutfr, hå mesfs on quo fmfrron nujebìes `rusmes bf mobårcf
cnprovcsîvocs o pfjon fmfrror on quekquor nfnobtf jf mcmkf jo ropfscìíf jo ostfquo jo une
mejoce jo suprcnobtfs.
Nosnf esscn, Tfzf (0454) obtobjo quo fs pojcjfs jo mfnpre jovon sor onctcjfs
quebjf es quebtcjejos ostfmejes etcblcron bîvocs suacmcobtos epobes pere mf`rcr f ostfquo
nîbcnf, fu ostfquo jo mfbsunf provcstf pere f porîfjf mfrrospfbjobto ef prezf jo obtrole
jfs afrbomojfros.
0.55.= Murve E@M
]f`ro e murve E@M, Qcebe (0443, p.1:) jcz7 ‛trete-so jo nãtfjf mugf aubjenobtf ã
epkcmåvok e quecsquor sctueìÿos on quo soge pfssîvok oste`okomor prcfrcjejos, mfnf une teroae
e munprcr necs cnpfrtebto quo futre Y...^„. Obtobjo-so obtíf quo mkesscacmeìíf E@M ã une
aorrenobte quo euxckce be lostíf jfs ostfquos, prfpfrmcfbebjf cbafrneìÿos rokovebtos sf`ro
prfjutfs quo ton necfr fu nobfr lcrf, mfn rokeìíf ef mustf mfn quek afren ejqucrcjfs.
Bf obtobjcnobtf jo Nertcbs o Ekt (0441), e murve E@M trete-so je oquekczeìíf
ostetîstcme `esoeje bf prcbmîpcf jo Terotf, e quek so mfbscjore e cnpfrtàbmce jfs netorcecs
kovebjf on mfbscjoreìíf es quebtcjejos utckczejes o fs vekfros pokf quek afren ejqucrcjfs.
Oste oqueìíf ten`ãn pfjo sor utckczeje be oqucpereìíf jo mkcobtos mfn rokeìíf ef vfkuno jo
mfnpre o e kumretcvcjejo prfpfrmcfbeje pfr okos, ̀ on mfnf f vfkuno jo seîjes jo jotorncbejf
prfjutf mfn rokeìíf ä sue robte`ckcjejo.
E mkesscacmeìíf E@M ã une jes afrnes necs usuecs jo oxencber ostfquos. Osse ebåkcsomfbscsto be vorcacmeìíf, on mortf ospeìf jo tonpf (bfrneknobto 1 nosos fu 5 ebf),jf mfbsunf, on vekfr nfbotårcf fu quebtcjejo, jfs ctobs jo ostfquo, pere quo okos
pfssen sor mkesscacmejfs on frjon jomrosmobto jo cnpfrtàbmce (NEPZCB]9 EKZ,0441, p.055).
]olubjf fs eutfros, e mkesscacmeìíf E@M von sobjf utckczeje bes frlebczeìÿos be
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ejncbcstreìíf jfs ostfquos, mfnf perànotrf jo cbjcmeìíf je bomosscjejo jo equcscìíf jo
jotorncbejfs ctobs, mfnf normejfrces o netãrce-prcne ossobmcecs quo críf euxckcer bf prfmossf
prfjutcvf jes onproses on tfjes es sues aesos.
Jces (0455, p.<=) eacrne quo, ‛e murve E@M ã un cnpfrtebto cbstrunobtf pere f
ejncbcstrejfr, oke porncto cjobtcacmer equokos ctobs quo gustcacmen etobìíf o tretenobtf
ejoquejfs quebtf ä sue ejncbcstreìíf„. E vcste jcstf, oste mkesscacmeìíf ten`ãn ã utckczeje
mfnf euxîkcf be prflreneìíf jes vobjes, be prfjuìíf o be rosfkuìíf jo jcvorsfs prf`kones
oxcstobtos on onproses nebuaeturocres, jo mfnãrmcf fu jo prosteìíf jo sorvcìfs.
Joste afrne, obtobjo-so quo e murve E@M von mfnf afrne jo aorrenobte be lostíf
ostretãlcme jfs ostfquos, epfbtebjf quecs prfjutfs síf necs cnpfrtebtos quo futrfs o jovon
sor tretejfs mfnf tek. Tfjo-so soperer fs ctobs bf ostfquo, solucbjf un mrctãrcf mfnf7 lcrf jf prfjutf, prfpfrìíf je nerlon jo kumrf, permoke sf`ro f aeturenobtf, mustf fmescfbejf ef
ostfquo, obtro futrfs perànotrfs.
0.55.: NPT
]e`o-so, quo e ejncbcstreìíf mfrrote jfs ostfquos ã une jes pråtcmes quo pfjo euxckcer
bf ekmebmo jf sumossf jes frlebczeìÿos. Cstf pfstf, tfrbe-so bomossårcf e oke`freìíf jo
mfnpkoxfs pkebogenobtfs bf sobtcjf jo ftcnczer oste afrne jo lostíf, jo nfjf e jokcboer o
eporaocìfer egustebjf pfsctcvenobto f prfmossf jo prfjuìíf.
Zen`ãn ã jf mfbhomcnobtf jo nuctfs quo fs cnpemtfs je lkf`ekczeìíf bes
Netorcek Poquorcnobts Tkebbcbl (Tkebogenobtf jes Bomosscjejos jo Netorcek) ã unscstone utckczejf pere ovcter aekte jo poìes, quo oste`okomo un pkebf jo prcfrcjejosquo joacbo o nfstre tfjfs fs mfnpfbobtos bomossårcfs on meje prfmossf jo ae`rcmeìífo, `esoebjf-so bfs tonpfs jo fporeìÿos o bfs koej tcnos, mekmuke fs prezfs pere soutckczer meje un jokos (TFWF, 0454, p.548-543).
Tere Erbfkj (0448), f NPT CC ( Nebuaemturcbl Posfurmo Tkebbcbl ) fu Tkebogenobtf jo
Pomursfs jo Trfjuìíf, ã e ovfkuìíf jf NPT C fbjo afren cbmfrpfrejes aorrenobtes jo romursfs
o mustocf `esoejes be ostruture jf prfjutf. Jcz Erbfkj (0448, p. :0), ‛osto scstone ã pkebogejf
pere sor un scstone jo pkebogenobtf o mfbtrfko tfteknobto cbtolrejf, quo tre`ekhe jo mcne pere
`ecxf o pfssuc aooj`emi jo `ecxf pere mcne„.
F eutfr josteme ecbje f Obtorprcso Posfurmos Tkebbcbl (OPT) fu Tkebogenobtf jo
Pomursfs Onprosercecs, mfnf sobjf futre aorrenobte tombfkýlcme lorobmcek jo mfbtrfko joostfquos utckczeje on tfjf f nubjf. ]olubjf f eutfr, bf prcbmîpcf ostos epkcmetcvfs surlcren
mfbte`ckcjejo, jopertenobtf possfek, obtro futres. Tfrãn, e pertcr je jãmeje jo 84 e ovfkuìíf
jfs mfnputejfros jou un cnpuksf necfr be ekevebmelon jostos epkcmetcvfs, etcblcbjf åroes
necs mfnpkoxes jes frlebczeìÿos, mfnf e lostíf jo ostfquos.
0.55.? Gust cb Zcno
]olubjf ]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), f Gust cb Zcno, quo sclbcacme bf tonpf
gustf, surlcu bf Gepíf bf cbîmcf je jãmeje jo ?4, sobjf fs mrãjctfs jo sou josobvfkvcnobtf
etrc`uîjfs ä Zfyfte Nftfr Mfnpeby, quo prfmureve un nfjokf jo lostíf je prfjuìíf muge
ae`rcmeìíf jo sous nfjokfs so acbjesso mfn f nîbcnf jo etresf pfssîvok. O, ecbje ore promcsf
`estebto akoxc`ckcjejo pere prfjuzcr nfjokfs on poquobfs kftos, mfn bîvok jo quekcjejo peromcjf mfn fs jo sous mfbmfrrobtos.
Fs eutfros jostemen quo mfn f pesser jf tonpf f Gust cb Zcno tfrbfu-so nuctf necs
quo une tãmbcme je lostíf je prfjuìíf, sobjf mfbscjorejf pokfs lostfros une jes necs
mfnpkotes aorrenobtes quo cbmkuc espomtfs bíf sý je lostíf je prfjuìíf, nes ten`ãn je lostíf
je quekcjejo, oblobherce jo prfjutf, frlebczeìíf jf tre`ekhf, lostíf jo romursfs hunebfs,
`on mfnf e lostíf ostretãlcme jo netorcecs.
On sou espomtf necs ̀ åscmf, pfjo-so tfner f mfbmoctf jf GCZ ” f GCZ sclbcacme prfjuzcr `obs o sorvcìfs oxetenobto bf nfnobtf on quo síf bomossårcfs ” bíf ebtos pere quobíf so trebsafrnon on ostfquo, o bíf jopfcs pere quo sous mkcobtos bíf tobhen quoosporer. Ekãn josto okonobtf tonpfrek jf GCZ, pfjonfs ejcmcfber es bomosscjejos joquekcjejo o oacmcçbmce (]KEMI9 MHEN@OP]9 GFHB]ZFB , 0443, p. =??).
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
E vcste jcstf, mfnproobjo-so quo f Gust cb Zcno (GCZ) jotorncbe quo e prfjuìíf onmeje otepe jf prfmossf prfjutcvf, soge sfnobto jf netorcek bomossårcf pere mfnpkoter e otepe
pfstorcfr, bf nfnobtf o be quebtcjejo oxete. Cstf sclbcacme e okcncbeìíf tftek jfs ostfquos,
mfbsuncbjf o prfjuzcbjf be quebtcjejo oxete pere quo bíf hege sf`res, etobjobjf tfteknobto
ef prfmossf jo jonebje.
Tere Jces (0455), fs ostfquos elon mfnf afrne jo solurebìe ef prfmossf prfjutcvf, f
prftolobjf jo pfssîvocs ruptures quo pfssen meuser perekcseìÿos bf scstone, fmescfbebjf
etresfs pfr aekte jo netãrce-prcne. Nes solubjf oko, so f Gust cb Zcno afr epkcmejf on tfje sueîbtolre bíf hevorå necs ostfquos, okcncbebjf esscn fs mustfs mfn ernezobelon, nebutobìíf
prfmossf jo prfjuìíf fu jcstrc`ucìíf jes normejfrces.
Esscn sobjf, jovo-so obtobjor quo quebjf bíf hfuvor necs ostfquos, fs prf`konesacmen necs vcsîvocs o pormoptîvocs jo cnojcetf, pfjobjf sor okcncbejfs tfteknobto tfrbebjf f
akuxf prfjutcvf necs suevo o mfbtîbuf, mfbtrc`ucbjf jcrotenobto pere e rojuìíf jo mustfs
etrevãs jf munprcnobtf jfs prezfs o notes oste`okomcjes poke onprose.
]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), sekcobten quo f GCZ ton eklunes scnckercjejos mfn
f NPT quebjf mfnperejfs mfn rokeìíf ä aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo. Tfrãn, obquebtf
f GCZ ton e aubìíf jo lerebtcr quo e aå`rcme prfjuze fs `obs bf nfnobtf on quo síf
bomossårcfs pere f normejf, f NPT mfnoìe fkhebjf ä arobto, o cjobtcacmebjf quecs prfjutfs
jovon sor obtroluos on quo nfnobtf bf auturf, pkebogebjf e prfjuìíf quebjf so quor
ebtomcper bomosscjejos autures.
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
]olubjf Tfzf (0454), f Lcrf jo Ostfquo ã joacbcjf mfnf e rokeìíf obtro f Mustf jes
Normejfrces Qobjcjes (MNQ) o f sekjf jo ostfquo. Jo afrne e ncbcnczer orrfs jo vfketckcjejo
jo ostfquos, romfnobje-so utckczer fs vekfros nãjcfs jo ostfquo. Lcrf jo Ostfquo roprosobte f
b÷norf jo vozos on quo f ostfquo ã robfvejf jurebto un jotorncbejf porîfjf.
à e evekceìíf jf mepctek cbvostcjf on ostfquos mfnperejf mfn f mustf jes vobjesebuecs, fu je quebtcjejo nãjce jo netorcecs on ostfquo jcvcjcjf pokf mustf ebuek jesvobjes. E rftetcvcjejo, osto ã f tornf necs mfnunobto utckczejf tebtf pokes onprosesnuktcbemcfbecs mfnf pokes bemcfbecs, ã oxprosse pfr nocf je quebtcjejo jo poìes quoetobjorå un jotorncbejf porîfjf jo tonpf (TFWF, 0454, p.=?).
Obtobjo-so obtíf quo e pekevre robfver sclbcacme quebtes vozos on nãjce f ostfquo
vfkte ef vekfr jf cbvostcnobtf e quo so josoge, jurebto equoko porîfjf. Tere mfbhomor f b÷norf
jo jces on quo f ostfquo pornebomo perejf jurebto un jotorncbejf cbtorvekf jo tonpf `este
jcvcjc-kf pokf b÷norf jo jces jf porîfjf on ostujf. Osto qufmcobto roprosobte f b÷norf jo
jces, on nãjce, quo e onprose pfjo vobjor son robfver sou ostfquo.
Tfzf (0454), jcz ecbje quo quebjf so se`o e rftetcvcjejo jfs ostfquos, pfjo-so
jotorncber ten`ãn f porîfjf jo tonpf quo osso ostfquo supfrte, fu soge, quek f porîfjf jo
tonpf quo f ostfquo sorvo pere etobjor une jotorncbeje jonebje.
Mfbsoquobtonobto, vor-so quo e evekceìíf je lostíf jo ostfquos pfr nocf je
rftetcvcjejo ã nuctf ÷tck o råpcje, aemckcte e ebåkcso je sctueìíf fporemcfbek je onprose, o ã un
pejríf nubjcek jo ebåkcso o mfnpereìíf, pfcs, quebtf necfr afr f b÷norf je rftetcvcjejo,
nokhfr sorå e ejncbcstreìíf kflîstcme je onprose.
0.55.< Cbvobtårcf aîscmf
F cbvobtårcf ã une aorrenobte je lostíf jo netorcecs, sobjf e pertcr joko quo evekceìÿos
jo mfnf ostíf sobjf ejncbcstrejfs fs prfjutfs o fs netorcecs je onprose pfjon sor
josobvfkvcjfs. F cbvobtårcf ã une afrne jo cjobtcacmer es quebtcjejos jo prfjutfs fu netorcecs
jcspfbîvocs bes jopobjçbmces je onprose.
Jo emfrjf mfn Qcebe (0443), etrevãs jf cbvobtårcf pfjo-so evekcer es porjes on
normejfrces quo so tfrberen f`sfkotes, f joseperomcnobtf jo ctobs o es prfvåvocs aektes quo
fmescfberíf pereje jo prfjuìíf. Ekãn josto espomtf, f cbvobtårcf ton e aubìíf jo jotorncberfs vekfros jo prfjutfs on ostfquo pere evekceìíf acbebmocre jo cbvostcnobtfs, pelenobtf jo
cnpfstfs, obtro futrfs.
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
F eutfr ecbje sekcobte quo, fs cbvobtårcfs síf oke`frejfs o oxomutejfs sf` frcobteìíf o
mfbtrfko je åroe acbebmocre o mfn jfmunobteìíf propereje pere osto acn. Ostes eìÿos ton un
prfpýsctf ÷bcmf o oxmkuscvenobto jo evekcer so es cbafrneìÿos mfbtrfkejes ostíf jo emfrjf mfn
es quebtcjejos aîscmes, prcbmcpeknobto quebjf fs ostfquos síf cbafrnetczejfs.
Cstf pfstf, obtobjo-so quo f cbvobtårcf ã emcne jo tujf une aorrenobte jo mfbtrfko o
pkebogenobtf jo ostfquos, sobjf cbjcspobsåvok on quekquor prfgotf pere so f`tor un `fn orobtåvok rosuktejf. Mfn osto pkebogenobtf ã pfssîvok provor es aekhes, es jcacmukjejos quo
surlcríf, o oke`frer eìÿos provobtcves, obacn etcblcr fs f`gotcvfs o notes je frlebczeìíf.
0.55.8 OJC
E Zombfkflce je Cbafrneìíf ã une cnpfrtebto aorrenobte useje be eutfnetczeìíf jo
jcvorses åroes je frlebczeìíf. Fs evebìfs boste åroe mfbstctuon un sclbcacmebto eunobtf je
Nosnf esscn, fs eutfros eacrnen quo eposer jo nuctes frlebczeìÿos mfbjoberon f usf
jf _OT] osto nãtfjf eprosobte eklunes vebtelobs, jobtro okes ostå f aetf jo quo oko prfmure
jotorncber so e onprose aoz une epureìíf mfrrote jfs mustfs mfrrobtos on rokeìíf ä sue romoctemfrrobto. Kflf, f ostfquo ã evekcejf jo emfrjf f bîvok jo proìfs jo sue cbtrfjuìíf. On
tonpfreje jo proìfs ektfs, fs vekfros pfjon sor egustejfs mfn necfr repcjoz.
0.50.= Mustf Nãjcf
Jo emfrjf mfn Jces (0455), e evekceìíf aocte etrevãs jf mustf nãjcf ã e necs aroquobto.
Zon pfr `eso f proìf jo tfjes es rotcrejes, ef proìf nãjcf jf suprcnobtf tftek jf cton on
ostfquo. Osso nãtfjf elo mfnf un oste`ckczejfr, pfcs oquckc`re es akutueìÿos jo proìfs o, ef
F eutfr rossekte quo f mustf nãjcf ã `esoejf be mrfbfkflce jes obtrejes o seîjes. F
prfmojcnobtf jo `ecxe jfs ctobs jo ostfquo ã aoctf bfrneknobto poke quebtcjejo je prýprce
frjon jo ae`rcmeìíf o fs vekfros acbecs jo sekjf síf jejfs pokf proìf nãjcf jfs prfjutfs.
Mfnf ã pfssîvok vorcacmer, meje seîje jo prfjutf ã vekfrczeje pokf vekfr jo mustf nãjcf jfs prfjutfs on ostfquo poke obtreje mrfbfkýlcme jfs nosnfs.
Tfzf (0454) ten`ãn mfbmfrje quo e evekceìíf pfr osto nãtfjf ã nuctf utckczeje, pfcs
sou prfmojcnobtf ã scnpkos o ef nosnf tonpf elo mfnf un nfjorejfr jo proìfs, okcncbebjf
es akutueìÿos quo pfssen fmfrror. Osso prfmossf ton pfr notfjfkflce e acxeìíf jo proìf nãjcf
obtro tfjes es obtrejes o seîjes.
Bosto sobtcjf, obtobjo-so quo fs ostfquos síf evekcejfs pokf mustf nãjcf jo equcscìíf,
epurejf e meje obtreje jo normejfrces, pfbjorejf pokes quebtcjejos ejqucrcjes o pokesebtorcfrnobto oxcstobtos. Obtobjo-so ten`ãn quo osso prfmossf ton pfr notfjfkflce e acxeìíf
jo proìf nãjcf obtro tfjes es obtrejes o seîjes.
7/21/2019 Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC
E notfjfkflce ã f prfmossf pokf quek e posqucse ã josobvfkvcje, ã f nocf ejftejf pere
oke`freìíf jo un jotorncbejf prfgotf, quo vcse rospfbjor efs prf`kones jf tone on quostíf.
Mfn e oxomuìíf josto mfbgubtf jo eìÿos o ostretãlces oke`frejes bf prfgotf, eknoge-so ekmebìer
fs rosuktejfs jo afrne f`gotcve o mkere.
Tere Keietfs o Nermfbc (0454, p.04:), ‛e ospomcacmeìíf je notfjfkflce je posqucse ã e
quo e`reblo necfr b÷norf jo ctobs, pfcs rospfbjo, e un sý tonpf, äs quostÿos7 mfnf6 mfn
quç6 fbjo6 quebtf6 Y...^„. E notfjfkflce je posqucse ã un prfmossf jo mfbstruìíf jf
mfbhomcnobtf, o ton mfnf f`gotcvf lorer bfvfs mfbhomcnobtfs efs posqucsejfros.
Tere es eutfres e posqucse mcobtîacme ton f f`gotcvf jo f`tor mfbhomcnobtf ospomîacmf oostruturejf sf`ro un jotorncbejf essubtf. Joste afrne, e posqucse mfbscsto be oxomuìíf jo
un mfbgubtf jo eìÿos o jo ostretãlces pkebogejes bf prfgotf jo posqucse, quo síf cbtolrejes
pere so lorer f mfbhomcnobtf frclcbek.
=.5 Zcpf jo posqucse
Mfbafrno Lck (0448), e posqucse pfjo sor mkesscacmeje on jfcs tcpfs, quebtf efs acbs o
quebtf efs nocfs. Uuebtf efs acbs e posqucse afc oxpkfretýrce o josmrctcve. Oxpkfretýrce, pfcs
bf prcnocrf nfnobtf afc aoctf un ostujf `c`kcflråacmf sf`ro es prcbmcpecs aorrenobtes jo
mfbtrfko jo ostfquo, o un ostujf ä menpf jo mfnf so jå be pråtcme f mfbtrfko jo ostfquo bf
sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf on ostujf. Jo emfrjf mfn Lck (0448, p.:5), ‛ostes posqucses tçn
mfnf f`gotcvf prfpfrmcfber necfr aenckcercjejo mfn f prf`kone, mfn vcstes e tfrbå-kf necs
oxpkîmctf fu e mfbstrucr hcpýtosos„.
]f`ro e posqucse josmrctcve Lck (0448) jcz quo, oste vcse josmrovor o cjobtcacmer es
meremtorîstcmes o aetfros quo koven ef prf`kone e`frjejf, oste`okomcnobtf rokeìÿos obtro esvercåvocs, josmrovobjf fs prfmossfs be frlebczeìíf jebjf `eso e oxpkcmeìíf jfs aetfros
lorejfros jf prf`kone. Zon mfnf f`gotcvf prcnfrjcek e josmrcìíf jes meremtorîstcmes jo
jotorncbeje pfpukeìíf fu aobúnobf fu, obtíf, f oste`okomcnobtf jo rokeìÿos obtro vercåvocs.
Bosto mesf, e posqucse afc josmrctcve pfrquo bun solubjf nfnobtf roekczfu-so un
jotekhenobtf o ebåkcso je oacmcçbmce jes pråtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo bf sotfr jo poìes je
frlebczeìíf, quebtf e sue oacmåmce mfbarfbtebjf-es mfn e kctoreture ospomcekczeje bf essubtf.
=.0 Nãtfjf
Uuebtf efs prfmojcnobtfs e soron ejftejfs, e posqucse afc mkesscacmeje mfnf7
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Zen`ãn e posqucse afc jfmunobtek, pfcs afren ebekcsejfs jfmunobtfs portobmobtos ä
frlebczeìíf, mfnf roketýrcfs jo obtrejes o seîjes, kcvrf jo rolcstrf jo seîjes nebuecs, scstone
jo lorobmcenobtf jfs ostfquos, e acn jo kovebter jejfs mortfs o promcsfs sf`ro e oacmåmce jes
aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos jf sotfr jo poìes je Onprose. Tere Lck (0448, p.:?), ‛e
posqucse jfmunobtek veko-so jo netorcecs quo bíf romo`on ecbje un tretenobtf ebekîtcmf, fu
quo ecbje pfjon sor rooke`frejfs jo emfrjf mfn fs f`gotcvfs je posqucse„. E posqucse jo menpf afc roekczeje epýs f ostujf `c`kcflråacmf pere f`tor jejfs
rokovebtos ef tre`ekhf, etrevãs je mfkote jo jejfs oaotuejfs mfn euxîkcf jo un quostcfbårcf
jcromcfbejf ef lostfr jf sotfr, o un rftocrf jo porlubtes pere obtrovcste jcromcfbeje efs jonecs
Bosto mepctukf sorå eprosobtejf, prcnocrenobto, fs jejfs je posqucse sf`ro f sotfr jo
poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae. On solucje fs jejfs sf`ro es pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko joostfquo ejftejes poke onprose. Bun tormocrf nfnobtf sorå eprosobtejf fs jejfs je posqucse
sf`ro e cjobtcacmeìíf jes aorrenobtes utckczejes bf sotfr, o mfnf ostes síf utckczejes. Kflf on
solucje e eprosobteìíf jfs jejfs je posqucse sf`ro fs jcelbýstcmfs jo pfssîvocs lerlekfs o
fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces.
E acn jo etobjor efs f`gotcvfs ospomîacmfs prfpfstfs pere mfbmkusíf josto ostujf, afc
roekczeje une posqucse mfn e epkcmeìíf jo un quostcfbårcf ef Lostfr jf sotfr jo poìes jo
nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, o une obtrovcste mfn un rftocrf jo porlubtes prã-sokomcfbejes,epkcmeje efs jonecs mfke`frejfros jf sotfr.
Tfr nftcvfs josmfbhomcjfs hfuvo une morte roscstçbmce pfr perto jf suporvcsfr jf sotfr
jo poìes on rospfbjor äs quostÿos prfpfstes bf quostcfbårcf, kflf obtíf osto afc rojcromcfbejf
ef kîjor jf sotfr, f quek so prfbtcacmfu e mfbtrc`ucr mfn e posqucse afrbomobjf perto jes
cbafrneìÿos bomossårces pere rospfbjor efs f`gotcvfs prfpfstfs.
:.5 Jejfs je posqucse on rokeìíf ef sotfr jo poìes
Jo emfrjf mfn es cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn f quostcfbårcf epkcmejf f Kîjor jf sotfr,
mfbstetfu-so quo e onprose Ekae pfssuc futrfs jopertenobtfs quo oxormon aubìÿos jo ostfquo,
o jo mortf nfjf ostíf kclejfs ef sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf. Jobtro okos pfjo-so mcter f sotfr
jo on`ekelon prcnårce, muge aubìíf ã ernezober fs semfs, semfkes o otcquotes quo nebtãn
mfbtetf jcrotf mfn f prfjutf acbek. Tfr osto nftcvf osto sotfr pfssuc pejrÿos o bfrnes jo
hclcobo rîlcjfs, pere essolurer e bíf mfbtencbeìíf jf prfjutf acbek.
Gå f sotfr jo on`ekelon somubjårce ton pfr aubìíf ernezober es mecxes jo pepokíf
utckczejes pere prftolor f prfjutf. Osto netorcek bíf pfssuc mfbtetf jcrotf mfn f prfjutf acbek,
pfrãn soluo fs nosnfs pejrÿos jo hclcobo o solurebìe jo ekcnobtfs mctejfs ebtorcfrnobto.
Tfr so treter jo netorcek quo jonebje lrebjo ospeìf aîscmf pere sue ernezobelon, e onprose
ekule un jopýsctf afre jes jopobjçbmces je frlebczeìíf pere tek.
Futrf jopertenobtf kclejf cbjcrotenobto ef sotfr jo poìes bíf nobfs cnpfrtebto, ã f
sotfr jo prfjutfs quîncmfs je frlebczeìíf. Osto ton pfr aubìíf emfnfjer fs ýkofs
ku`rcacmebtos, fs prfjutfs porclfsfs o fs jotorlobtos usejfs be hclcobczeìíf lorek je onprose.
Eposer jo osteron jo mortf nfjf kclejfs ef sotfr jo poìes je onprose Ekae, ostos bíf afren f
afmf je bfsse posqucse.
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E aclure 4= roprosobte f lråacmf je nfvcnobteìíf jcårce jf ostfquo jo poìes jo
nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, roaorobto ef cbîmcf jf nçs jo futu`rf jo 045=. Esscn pfjo-so
f`sorver un lrebjo vfkuno jo ctobs son nfvcnobteìíf, ̀ on mfnf e pfscìíf etuek jf ostfquo
`on emcne je note oste`okomcje poke jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve je onprose.
F lråacmf gubtenobto mfn fs roketýrcfs jo obtrejes (mfnpre o trebsaorçbmces jo obtreje),
o jo seîjes (mfbsunf o trebsaorçbmce jo seîje), o cton on f`sfkosmçbmce (son nfvcnobteìíf
hå necs jo 584 jces), síf ebekcsejfs pokf suporvcsfr o obmencbhejfs pere e jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve
jcercenobto.
Ef acbek jo meje nçs ã onctcjf un roketýrcf emunukejf o obvcejf gubtf mfn f lråacmf
ä jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve, bf quek nfstre e ovfkuìíf jfs ostfquos josjo f cbîmcf etã f acbek jf nçs
on quostíf. ]o hfuvor un eunobtf mfbscjoråvok jfs ostfquos on rokeìíf efs nosos ebtorcfros,ã sfkcmctejf poke jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve une gustcacmetcve, o f treìejf jo un pkebf jo eìíf e acn
jo rojuzcr ostos vekfros pere fs nosos su`soquobtos.
Bfte-so quo fs rosuktejfs jonfstrejfs be aclure 4=, víf mfbtre es pfkîtcmes protorcjes
pokf Mfnctç jo Eprfveìíf jo Bomosscjejos (MEB), muge aubìíf ã ovcter mfnpres jonescejes
pere bíf okover f vekfr vobek jfs ostfquos. F`sorve-so ten`ãn une lostíf bíf nuctf oacmcobto,
quebjf so trete jo rojuzcr e quebtcjejo jo ctobs ostemcfbejfs.
:.= Jejfs je posqucse sf`ro es Aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko o afrnes jo utckczeìíf
Jo emfrjf mfn es cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn e epkcmeìíf jo obtrovcstes efs jonecs
mfke`frejfros jf sotfr, afc pfssîvok kovebter quecs síf o mfnf síf usejes es aorrenobtes jo
mfbtrfko jo ostfquo oxcstobtos bf sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf. Zen`ãn mfbsolucu-so
vcsuekczer pfrquç, quon o fbjo síf utckczejes ostes aorrenobtes.
:.=.5 Tfbtf jo Tojcjf
Tfzf (0454) eacrne quo f Tfbtf jo Tojcjf ã f oxetf nfnobtf on quo fs pojcjfs jo
mfnpre jovon sor onctcjfs. Uuebjf es quebtcjejos ostfmejes etcblon bîvocs suacmcobtos
epobes pere mf`rcr f ostfquo jo solurebìe o fs jo mfbsunf provcstfs pere f porîfjf
mfrrospfbjobto ef prezf jo obtrole jfs afrbomojfros.
Tere osto mfbtrfko, f cjoek ã aezor usf jo un sfatwero quo aeìe eutfnetcmenobto fs
måkmukfs bomossårcfs o oncte fs ekortes jo mfnpre be hfre oxete on quo so obtre bf Tfbtf jo
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]olubjf Nertcbs o Ekt (0441), e cbtolreìíf jes onproses gå ã pfssîvok mfn e utckczeìífje Zombfkflce jo Cbafrneìíf (ZC), on ospomcek bf usf jf OJC - Okotrfbcm Jete Cbtormheblo,
fu Cbtormàn`cf Okotrúbcmf jo Jejfs. Oste ã une aorrenobte pere trebsncssíf okotrúbcme jo
jejfs, vce mfnputejfros, etrevãs jo sfatwero ospomîacmf pere trejuìíf o mfnubcmeìíf jo
jfmunobtfs obtro e onprose o fs afrbomojfros.
E onprose Ekae aez usf je Zombfkflce je Cbafrneìíf (ZC) pere cbtolreìíf obtro es
ubcjejos, tecs mfnf ackcecs o afrbomojfros, bíf ospomcacmenobto f OJC. Tere tek f sotfr jo poìes
jo nebutobìíf utckcze un sfatwero on pketeafrne jo ]cstones jo Epkcmeìÿos o Trfjutfs (]ET),f ]ET Kflcx, quo mfbtrfke e necfr perto jes etcvcjejos.
Mfn f usf jf ]ET Kflcx ã pfssîvok mfbtrfker es obtrejes jo netorcecs, sogen okes
prfvobcobtos jo mfnpres fu trebsaorçbmces frcubjes jo futres ackcecs, mugf prfmossf pfjo sor
roprosobtejf be aclure 4:.
Aclure :7 Akuxflrene jf prfmossf jo obtrejes, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=
Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=
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Uuebtf ef Lcrf jo Ostfquo, Tfzf (0454), joacbo osto mfnf e rokeìíf obtro f Mustf jes
Normejfrces Qobjcjes (MNQ) o f sekjf jo ostfquo. Jo afrne e ncbcnczer orrfs jo vfketckcjejo
jo ostfquos, f eutfr romfnobje utckczer fs vekfros nãjcfs jo ostfquo. ]olubjf oko Lcrf joOstfquo roprosobte f b÷norf jo vozos on quo f ostfquo ã robfvejf jurebto un jotorncbejf
porîfjf. Tfrãn, f sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf bíf aez usf josse aorrenobte.
:.: Jejfs je posqucse sf`ro pfssîvocs lerlekfs o fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces
Jo emfrjf cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn f quostcfbårcf epkcmejf ef kîjor jf sotfr jo poìes
jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, mfbstetfu-so e oxcstçbmce jo eklubs lerlekfs quo obtreven e
pråtcme mfrrote bf mfbtrfko jf ostfquo. Jobtro okos ostå7 ‛ e aekte jo pkebogenobtf pfr perto jf
sotfr prfjutcvf o jf sotfr jo nebutobìíf, quo emerrote be equcscìíf jo poìes jo `ecxe
_n jfs f`gotcvfs je lostíf oacmcobto jo ostfquos ã e f`tobìíf jf nokhfr etobjcnobtf
ef sou mkcobto cbtorbf. Nes sý e oacmcçbmce jfs mfke`frejfros bíf ̀ este, pere etcblcr osto f`gotcvfã aubjenobtek quo so nokhfro f josonpobhf cbtorbf jo meje une jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko
jo ostfquos utckczeje poke frlebczeìíf.
à bomossårcf quo so ejncbcstron es cbtoreìÿos obtro fs prfmossfs jo bolýmcf jo meje un
jfs okonobtfs je mejoce jo vekfr, jo nebocre e so f`tor un ýtcnf tftek o bíf sfnobto e
oacmcçbmce kfmekczeje. Tfrtebjf, f josonpobhf je ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs be onprose pfjo
scn sor nokhfrejf etrevãs ftcnczeìíf jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo.
Esscn, ef tãrncbf josto tre`ekhf ekmebìfu so fs f`gotcvfs fre prfpfstfs, pormo`objfmfnf e lostíf jo ostfquos jf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae pfjo sor
nokhfreje mfn e ejfìíf jo aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko ejoquejes, mugf sotfr bíf aez usf, o f
lorobmcenobtf o nokhfrenobtf jes aorrenobtes gå oxcstobtos.
Mfbafrno f`gotcvfu-so prcnocrenobto, afc pfssîvok nepoer es pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo
ostfquos ejftejes pokf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf onprose Ekae, muges nosnes ton pfr
Epçbjcmo E7 Uuostcfbårcf epkcmejf ef Kîjor jf ]otfr jo Toìes
Osto quostcfbårcf ã perto jo un ostujf jo posqucse pere Zre`ekhf jo Mfbmkusíf jo Mursf/ZMMon Ejncbcstreìíf, je _bcvorscjejo jf Ostejf jo Netf Lrfssf Menpus jo Zeblere je ]orre-
NZ., o jostcbe-so e romfkhor cbafrneìÿos sf`ro ebåkcso jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquojf sotfr jo poìes on une onprose arclfrîacme. Kove eprfxcnejenobto ? ncbutfs pererospfbjor, ã jo proobmhcnobtf cbjcvcjuek o es rospfstes síf ebúbcnes o mfbacjobmcecs.Elrejoìf e mfke`freìíf jo tfjfs.
5) Uuecs es pfkîtcmes ejftejes poke onprose mfn rokeìíf ef mfbtrfko jo ostfquos6 Ostífso nfstrebjf ejoquejes6 Tfr quç6
0) Be onprose oxcsto un scstone jo lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos6( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf. ]o scn, quecs6VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
=) F scstone jo lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos oxcstobto be onprose ã utckczejf6( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf. ]o scn, mfnf6VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
:) E onprose pfssuc eklun tcpf jo aorrenobte jo mfbtrfko jo sous ostfquos6( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf. ]o scn, quecs6VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
?) Mfnf o pfr quon síf utckczejes es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo sous ostfquos6 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV1) Mfnf ã e rftetcvcjejo jo sou ostfquo6( ) @ecxe ( ) Ekte ( ) Pezfåvok ( ) ekte pere eklubs ctobs o `ecxes p/futrfs ( ) Cbsclbcacmebto
<) Oxcsto porje jo netorcek bf ostfquo7( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf ( ) Gå hfuvo
8) Qfmç emrojcte quo es porjes fmfrron pfr quç6 (pfjo sor necs jo une ektorbetcve).( ) kfmek cbejoquejf ( ) Nek ernezobejf ( ) Nek mfbtrfkejf( ) Nebusocf orrejf( ) Aekte jo provcsíf jo vobjes( ) Netorcek osquomcjf ( ) Netorcek gå uktrepessejf
3) Uuek e porcfjcmcjejo jo cbvobtårcfs roekczejfs bfs ostfquos je onprose6( ) : vozos pfr ebf ( ) = vozos pfr ebf ( ) 0 vozos pfr ebf ( ) 5 voz pfr ebf
54)On sue fpcbcíf quek f necfr prf`kone oxcstobto mfn rokeìíf ef mfbtrfko jo ostfquos6 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
55)Josmrove nujebìes fu cnpkebteìÿos quo pfjorcen cnpemter on nokhfrces mfnrokeìíf ef mfbtrfko jo ostfquos je frlebczeìíf.
Epçbjcmo @7 Pftocrf je obtrovcste epkcmeje efs jonecs mfke`frejfros
Osto quostcfbårcf ã perto jo un ostujf jo posqucse pere Zre`ekhf jo Mfbmkusíf jo Mursf/ZMMon Ejncbcstreìíf, je _bcvorscjejo jf Ostejf jo Netf Lrfssf Menpus jo Zeblere je ]orre-
NZ., o jostcbe-so e romfkhor cbafrneìÿos sf`ro ebåkcso jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquojf sotfr jo poìes on une onprose arclfrîacme. Kove eprfxcnejenobto ? ncbutfs pererospfbjor, ã jo proobmhcnobtf cbjcvcjuek o es rospfstes síf ebúbcnes o mfbacjobmcecs.Elrejoìf e mfke`freìíf jo tfjfs.
Trcbmcpecsetcvcjejosjosobvfkvcjes7
Aorrenobte7
Tfrquo ã
ejfteje6
Fbjo ã
ejfteje6
Mfnf
aubmcfbe6
Uuon utckcze6
Uuebjf ã
utckczeje6
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