Monica R. Martinez & Judy Bray

State Policies to Facilitate the State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness of Students for Careers Preparedness of Students for Careers

and Postsecondary Successand Postsecondary Success

West Regional SummitWest Regional Summit

Monica R. Martinez Monica R. Martinez & &

Judy BrayJudy Bray

Archived Information

The Problem:The Problem:

• Graduation Rates

• Postsecondary Readiness

USA High School Graduation

Percent of students graduating 200156% to 69%, 17 States 69% to 76%, 17 States 76% to 90%, 17 States

FL

GA

SC

TN

NV DC

NC

MS

NY

AL

NM

TX

CO

AZ

CT

DE

LA

KY

RI

NH

MAMI

IL INMD

ME

MOVA

AR

KS

OK

WY

OH

PA

VTMN

ID

MT

WI

NE NJ

WV

IA

SD

UT

ND

Percent of high school graduates with college-ready transcript26% to 35%, 17 States35% to 40%, 13 States40% to 55%, 21 States

Percent of high school graduates with college-ready transcript26% to 35%, 17 States35% to 40%, 13 States40% to 55%, 21 States

USA High School Graduates With College-Ready

Transcripts in 2001

NV

NMAZ

COIL

MI

MO

IN

KS

WY

ID

OH

FL

GA

MNMT

NY

SC

WI

IANE

SD

UT

TN

ND

CT

DC

NC

NH

RIMA

MS AL

ME

TX

DE

LA

PA

KY

VT

MD

NJ

VA

AROK

WV

STATE SYSTEM SUPPORT

•Compulsory Attendance•Teacher Education Requirements•Per-pupil Expenditures•State Share of Education Funding

Age at which students may leave school

16 years old, 27 States

17 years old, 9 States

18 years old, 15 StatesUSA Compulsory Attendance Ages

AL

AZ

CODE

FL

GA

IA

ID

IL

KY

MA

MD

MI

MO

MT

NC

ND

NE

NH

NJ

NYRISD

VT

WV

WY

AR

LA

ME

MS

NV

PA

SC

TN

TX

CT

DCIN

KS

MN

NM

OH

OK

UT

VA

WI

USA High School Teacher Education

Minimum degree for certification in subject areaNo minimum degree in subject area, 20 StatesSubject area minor required, 2 StatesMajor or minor depending on subject, 5 StatesSubject area major required, 24 States

Minimum degree for certification in subject areaNo minimum degree in subject area, 20 StatesSubject area minor required, 2 StatesMajor or minor depending on subject, 5 StatesSubject area major required, 24 States

AL

ARAZ

DC DE

GA

KSKY

MA

MN

MS

NC

SC

TX

WV

WY

NM

SDID

LA

MI

MT

UTCO

CT

FL

IA

IL INMD

ME

MO

ND

NE

NH

NJ

NV

NY

OH

OK

PA

RI

TN

VA

VT

WI

Dollars spent per pupil$4,625 to $6,515 17 States$6,515 to $7,511 17 States$7,511 to $10,993 17 States

Dollars spent per pupil$4,625 to $6,515 17 States$6,515 to $7,511 17 States$7,511 to $10,993 17 States

Total Per-Pupil Expenditures 2000-2001

UT

AZ

MS

ID

TN

NV

AL

AR

LA

OK

FL

SD

KY

NM

ND

NC

TX

COKS

SC

MO

MT

GA

IANE

NH

VA

IN

MN

WV

OH

IL

WY MI

MD

WI

ME

PA

DE

VT

RIMA

CT

DC

NJ

NY

Percent of education funding paid by State37.8% to 50%, 16 States50% to 63%, 16 States63% to 84%, 17 StatesNo local school district, 2 States

Percent of education funding paid by State37.8% to 50%, 16 States50% to 63%, 16 States63% to 84%, 17 StatesNo local school district, 2 States

USA State Share of Education Funding, 2001

DC

NEMD

IL

PA

CTSD

NJ

MA

CO

RI

ND

TX

VA

OH

ME

TN

NY

MO

AZ

GA

IA

IN

MT

FL

NH

WY

LA

WI

SC

MS

OK

UTNV

MN

KS

AL

ID

KY

WV

NC

MI

DE

VT

ARNM

Policy Categories

State A State B

Compulsory Attendance

Age 16 Age 17

Teacher Education

Major or minor Major or minor

Per-pupil Expenditures

$5,616 $5,934

State Share of Funding

66.7% 55.1%

System Support

RIGOROUS CURRICULUM

•Course Credit Requirements•Differentiated Diplomas•Enriched Curriculum (AP Example)•Dual Enrollment

USA States Course Credit Requirements

Core course credits for high school graduationFew or no course credits required, 6 StatesLess than 20 credits required, 11 States20 or 21 credits required, 15 StatesMore than 21 credits required, 19 States

Core course credits for high school graduationFew or no course credits required, 6 StatesLess than 20 credits required, 11 States20 or 21 credits required, 15 StatesMore than 21 credits required, 19 States

CO

IA

MAMI

NEPA

IL

NY

VT

WY

ME

RI

OH

GA

NH

AZ

CT

MS

MT

NC

SD

TN

AR

ID

KS

MD

ND MN

WI

DE

KYMO

NJ

TX

VA

NV

NMOK

AL

DC

FL

IN

LA

SC

UTWV

Differentiated based on test scores, 12 States

Provisions for differentiated diplomasOne diploma for all, 25 States

Based on multiple criteria, 12 States

Based on GPA (AR) or coursework (FL)

USA Differentiated High School Diplomas

AL

CODC

IA

ID

KS

LA

MD

ME

MO

MS

MT

NC

ND

NE

NH

NJ

NM

NV

OK

SDWI

AZ

CT

DEIL

MAMI

NY

PA

UT

VT

WV

GA

IN

KY

MN

OH

RI

SC

TN

TX

VA

WY

AR

FL

AP incentives and system supportsNo statute, 34 StatesAP course mandate, 1 StateFinancial incentives, 5 StatesAP in accountability plan, 4 StatesAP mandate + incentives, 3 StatesAccty plan + incentives, 5 States

AP incentives and system supportsNo statute, 34 StatesAP course mandate, 1 StateFinancial incentives, 5 StatesAP in accountability plan, 4 StatesAP mandate + incentives, 3 StatesAccty plan + incentives, 5 States

USA Advanced Placement Role in State Systems

AL

AZ

CT

DC DE

GA

IA

ID

IL

KSKY

MD

ME

MI

MS

MT

NC

ND

NE

NH

NM

NV

NY

PA

RISD

TN

VT

WY

OH

AR

FL

MA

MN

TX LA

NJ

VA

WI

IN

SC

WVCO

MO

OK

UT

State support for AP coursesNo statute, 40 StatesAP teacher training 2 StatesStudent fees paid, 4 StatesTraining and fees, 5 States

State support for AP coursesNo statute, 40 StatesAP teacher training 2 StatesStudent fees paid, 4 StatesTraining and fees, 5 States

USA Advanced Placement Course Support

ARAZ

CO

CT

DC DE

FL

ID

IL

KSKY

LA

MD

ME

MI

MO

MS

MT

NC

ND

NE

NH

NJ

NM

NV

NY

OH

PA

RI

SC

SD

TN

UTVA

VT

WY

IA

WV

GA

MAWI

AL

IN

MN

OK

TX

Number of students in State scoring 3 or higher on AP exam32 to 80 students per 1000, 19 States80 to 160 students per 1000, 21 States160 to 240 students per 1000, 11 States

Number of students in State scoring 3 or higher on AP exam32 to 80 students per 1000, 19 States80 to 160 students per 1000, 21 States160 to 240 students per 1000, 11 States

USA State Advanced Placement Success

KY

MNMT

WI

NC

IA

IN

AL

AR

NE

MS

SC

NJ

IL

OK

KS MO

OH

AZ

ND

SDMI

VA

MA

NV

LA

UT

PA

WV

FL

RIWY

ID

TN

CO

GA

DC DE

NY

TX

MD

NH

CT

NM

VT

ME

USA Dual Enrollment Programs

Limited/comprehensive dual enrollment provisionsLimited program, 26 States

Comprehensive program, 21 StatesNo data, 4 States

ARAZ

CT

IL IN

KSKY

LA

MD

MO

MT ND

NE

NH

NV

NY

OK

PA

RI

SC

SD

TN

TX

VT

WY

CODE

FL

GA

IA

ID MA

ME

MI

MN

MS

NC

NJ

NM

OH

UT

WI

WV

AL

DC

VA

Course Credits 21 Credits 24 credits

Differentiated Diplomas

No No

AP Role in State System

No policy

Accountability plan

AP Course Support No policy No policy

AP Success 13.6% 10.9%

Dual Enrollment Comprehensive Limited

Policy Categories State A State B

Compulsory Attendance

Age 16 Age 17

Teacher Education Major or minor Major or minor

Per-pupil Expenditures

$5,616 $5,934

State Share of Funding

66.7% 55.1%

State Context

ACCOUNTABILITY

• Exit Tests• Remediation• Student Sanctions• Performance rewards and performance sanctions

USA High School Graduation Exams

Passing state exams required for graduationNo State exam for graduation, 27 StatesStudents must pass exam to graduate, 19 StatesPhasing in an exam for graduation, 5 States

Passing state exams required for graduationNo State exam for graduation, 27 StatesStudents must pass exam to graduate, 19 StatesPhasing in an exam for graduation, 5 States

AR

CO

CT

DC DE

IA

ID

IL

KSKY

ME

MI

MO

MT ND

NE

NH

OK

PA

RISD

VT

WI

WV

WY

AZ

FL

GA

IN

LA

MA

MD

MN

MS

NC

NJ

NM

NV

NY

OH

SC

TN

TX

VA

AL

UT

State requirements and funding for remediationNo remediation required or funded, 30 StatesRemediation required, not funded, 4 StatesRemediation funded, not required, 2 StatesRemediation required and funded, 15 States

State requirements and funding for remediationNo remediation required or funded, 30 StatesRemediation required, not funded, 4 StatesRemediation funded, not required, 2 StatesRemediation required and funded, 15 States

USA Remediation for Students Failing Key State

Tests

ARAZ

CO

CT

DC

IA

ID

IL

KSKY

ME

MI

MN

MS

MT ND

NE

NH

OK

PA

RISD

UT

VT

WI

WV

WY

GA

NJ

NM

TN

MA

AL

DE

FL

IN

LA

MD

MO

NC

NV

NY

OH

SC

TX

VA

USA State Student Sanctions

State no- pass, no- play and/or no- drive policiesNo student sanctions, 27 States

No- pass, noNo- pass, no-

Both extracurricular and driving sanctions, 12 States

State no- pass, no- play and/or no- drive policiesNo student sanctions, 27 States

No-pass, no-drive policy, 7 StatesNo- pass, no-play policy, 5 States

Both extracurricular and driving sanctions, 12 States

CT

DC DE

IA

KS

MA

MD

ME

MI

MN

MO

MT ND

NE

NH

NJ

NV

NY

PA

RISD

UT

VT

WY

ID

IN

KY

OH

OKSC

WI

AZ

CO

LA

NM

AL

AR

FL

GA

IL

MS

NCTN

TX

VAWV

State rewards for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance rewards, 26 StatesSchools rewarded for performance, 16 StatesDistricts rewarded for performance, 4 StatesSchools and districts rewarded for performance, 5 States

State rewards for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance rewards, 26 StatesSchools rewarded for performance, 16 StatesDistricts rewarded for performance, 4 StatesSchools and districts rewarded for performance, 5 States

USA State Performance Rewards

AZ

IA

ID MA

ME

MI

MN

MO

MT ND

NHNY

OH

RISD

TN

UT

VA

VT

WI

WV

WY

AL

AR

CODC

FL

IL IN

KS

LA

MD

NC

NM

NV

PA

SC

CT

MS

NE NJ

DE

GA

KY

OK

TX

State sanctions for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance sanctions, 12 StatesSchools sanctioned for performance, 9 StatesDistricts sanctioned for performance, 5 StatesSchools and districts sanctioned for performance, 25 States

State sanctions for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance sanctions, 12 StatesSchools sanctioned for performance, 9 StatesDistricts sanctioned for performance, 5 StatesSchools and districts sanctioned for performance, 25 States

USA State Performance

Sanctions

CT

DC DE

IA

KS

MA

MD

ME

MI

MN

MO

MT ND

NE

NH

NJ

NV

NY

PA

RISD

UT

VT

WY

ID

IN

KY

OH

OKSC

WI

AZ

CO

LA

NM

AL

AR

FL

GA

IL

MS

NCTN

TX

VAWV

AccountabilityPolicies State A State B

Exit Tests No Yes

Remediation No Required and funded

Student Sanctions

No-pass, No-drive

No-pass, No-play

Performance Rewards

No School

Performance Sanctions

No School

DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF SCHOOLS

•Charter Schools•Alternative Schools

Charter Schools

AL

KY

MEMT ND

NE

SD

VT

WV

AZ

DC DE

FL

GA

IA

ID

IN

KS

LA

MAMI

MN

MS

NH

NJ

NM

NV

OK

PA

SC

TX

UT

WY

AR

CO

CT

ILMD

MO

NC

NY

OH

RI

TN

VA

WI

State charter school policies

No charter policy, 9 States

Policy with at-risk preference, 28 States

Policy with no at-risk preference, 14 States

State legislation requiring or permitting alternative educationNot addressed, 14 StatesVoluntary for districts to offer, 28 StatesMandatory for districts to offer, 9 States

State legislation requiring or permitting alternative educationNot addressed, 14 StatesVoluntary for districts to offer, 28 StatesMandatory for districts to offer, 9 States

Alternative Education

for Disruptive Students

AL

CT

DC DE

IA

ID MA

MEMT

NM

NYRI

VT

AZ

CO

FL

GA

IL IN

KS

MD

MI

MN

MS

NC

ND

NVOH

OK

PA

SC

SD

TN

TX

UTVA

WI

WV

WY

AR

KY

LA

MO

NE

NH

NJ

Policy Categories

State A State B

Charter Schools

Yes, at-risk preference

Yes, at-risk preference

Alternative Schools

Not addressed

Mandatory

State Context Matters: A System of Diverse Schools

Review of State Policies

Exit Tests No Yes

Remediation No Required and funded

Student Sanctions

No-pass, No-drive

No-pass, No-play

PerformanceRewards

No School

PerformanceSanctions

No School

Course Credits 21 Credits 24 credits

Differentiated Diplomas

No No

AP Role in State System

No policy

Accountability plan

AP Course Support No policy No policy

AP Success 13.6% 10.9%

Dual Enrollment Comprehensive Limited

Policy Categories State A State B

Compulsory Attendance

Age 16 Age 17

Teacher Education Major or minor Major or minor

Per-pupil Expenditures

$5,616 $5,934

State Share of Funding

66.7% 55.1%

Charter Schools Yes, at-risk preference Yes, at-risk preference

Alternative Schools Not addressed Mandatory

Organizational Resources for this Presentation Center for Education Policy

Council for Chief State School Officers

Education Commission of the States

Education Trust

Education Week

Manhattan Institute

National Center for Higher Education Management Systems

National High School Alliance

U.S. Census Bureau

U.S. Department of Education

Monica R. MartinezMonica R. Martinez

[email protected]

(202) 822-8405, ext. 168

Judy BrayJudy Bray

[email protected]

(303) 883-4401

The Institute for Educational Leadership

1001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 310

Washington, DC 20036

www.iel.org

Contact Information