Mongol Empire

Mongol EmpireMongol Empire

ObjectivesObjectives

The student will The student will demonstrate knowledge of demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires civilizations and empires of the Eastern of the Eastern Hemisphere and their Hemisphere and their interactions through interactions through regional trade patterns by:regional trade patterns by:– Locating major trade routesLocating major trade routes– Identifying technological Identifying technological

advances and transfersadvances and transfers

QuestionsQuestions– What were the major trading What were the major trading

routes in the Eastern routes in the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 C.E. 1500 C.E.

– How did trade facilitate the How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods and ideas diffusion of goods and ideas among different cultures?among different cultures?

Building the Mongol EmpireBuilding the Mongol Empire

Nomads of the Asian SteppeNomads of the Asian Steppe– Steppe- dry grasslandSteppe- dry grassland

Can have extreme temperatureCan have extreme temperature

– Two steppes Two steppes Western Steppe extends from Western Steppe extends from Eastern Europe to Central AsiaEastern Europe to Central Asia

Eastern Steppe covers present-Eastern Steppe covers present-day Mongoliaday Mongolia

– Boundaries constantly shiftBoundaries constantly shift

– Nomads who lived in the steppe Nomads who lived in the steppe mainly practiced pastoralismmainly practiced pastoralism

Constantly on the moveConstantly on the move

Skilled on horsebackSkilled on horseback

– Traveled together in kinship Traveled together in kinship groups called clansgroups called clans

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MongolsMongols– Nomads Nomads

Grazed horses and sheep Grazed horses and sheep on steppeson steppes

– from the Eastern steppefrom the Eastern steppe– CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Tough skilled warriorsTough skilled warriors

Skilled horsemanSkilled horseman

Clans often fought each Clans often fought each other for powerother for power

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Born Temujin in 1160s Born Temujin in 1160s C.E.C.E.

1200s C.E. unifies the 1200s C.E. unifies the clans under his clans under his leadershipleadership– Defeats rivalsDefeats rivals

1206 C.E.Takes name 1206 C.E.Takes name Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan or “Universal Emperor”“Universal Emperor”

Rise of GenghisRise of Genghis

Military conquestsMilitary conquests– First goal: ChinaFirst goal: China

Invaded in 1215 C.E.Invaded in 1215 C.E.

– Second goal: the Islamic region Second goal: the Islamic region in Mongoliain Mongolia

Conquered by 1221 C.E.Conquered by 1221 C.E.

Characteristics of successCharacteristics of success– Brilliant organizerBrilliant organizer

Imposed strict military disciplineImposed strict military discipline

Had highly trained mobile armyHad highly trained mobile army

– Gifted strategistGifted strategist– Adopted new weapons and Adopted new weapons and

technologies used by enemiestechnologies used by enemies– Used cruelty as a weaponUsed cruelty as a weapon

Genghis Khan died in 1227 Genghis Khan died in 1227 C.E.C.E.– Successors would continue Successors would continue

to expand empireto expand empire– Son Ogadi became the Son Ogadi became the

“Great Khan”“Great Khan”

ConquestsConquests

Genghis Khan’s ancestors Genghis Khan’s ancestors continued his conquest of continued his conquest of ChinaChina– Dominated Asia for 150 yearsDominated Asia for 150 years– Spread from Russia to Spread from Russia to

EuropeEuropeAlmost reached Western EuropeAlmost reached Western Europe

After Ogadai’s death in After Ogadai’s death in 1241 C.E. the empire was 1241 C.E. the empire was split into four khanatessplit into four khanates– Khanate of the Great KhanKhanate of the Great Khan

Mongolia and ChinaMongolia and China– Khanate of ChagataiKhanate of Chagatai

Central AsiaCentral Asia– The IlkhanateThe Ilkhanate

PersiaPersia– Khanate of the Golden HordeKhanate of the Golden Horde

RussiaRussia

ConquerorsConquerors– Wiped out entire Wiped out entire

populations of citiespopulations of citiesDestroyed ancient Destroyed ancient irrigation systems in irrigation systems in MesopotamiaMesopotamia

– Not oppressive rulersNot oppressive rulersOnly had to pay tributeOnly had to pay tribute

– Began to adopt customs Began to adopt customs of the cultures they ruledof the cultures they ruled

Mongol PeaceMongol Peace

Period called Period called Pax Pax MongolicaMongolica– From mid -1200s to mid- From mid -1200s to mid-

1300s1300s

Mongols protected the Mongols protected the silk roadsilk road– Set stage for economic Set stage for economic

growthgrowth– Increased foods, tools, Increased foods, tools,

inventions, and ideas inventions, and ideas flourished along trade flourished along trade routesroutes

From ChinaFrom China– WindmillsWindmills– GunpowderGunpowder– PapermakingPapermaking– Bubonic plague?Bubonic plague?

To ChinaTo China– From Middle EastFrom Middle East

CropsCropsTreesTrees

China under the MongolsChina under the Mongols

Genghis’ grandson Kublai Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan conquered south Khan conquered south China, the Song Dynasty, in China, the Song Dynasty, in 12791279– Called it the Yuan DynastyCalled it the Yuan Dynasty– Kublai Khan ruled all of China, Kublai Khan ruled all of China,

Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam from Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam from the capital in Khanbaliq the capital in Khanbaliq ( Beiijing)( Beiijing)

Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty (1279.- 1368 C.E.)(1279.- 1368 C.E.)

– Important period for Chinese Important period for Chinese historyhistory

– United China for the 1United China for the 1stst time in time in 300 years300 years

– Control imposed by Mongols Control imposed by Mongols brought cultural diffusion to brought cultural diffusion to ChinaChina

– Tolerated Chinese government Tolerated Chinese government and made few changesand made few changes

JapanJapan– Tried to conquer in 1274 and Tried to conquer in 1274 and

1281 C.E. 1281 C.E. 22ndnd attempt was largest seaborne attempt was largest seaborne invasion until D-Day during WWIIinvasion until D-Day during WWII

Mongol Rule in ChinaMongol Rule in China

Mongol RuleMongol Rule– Mongols kept separate identityMongols kept separate identity

Lived apart from ChineseLived apart from Chinese– Obeyed different lawsObeyed different laws

Mongols occupied higher Mongols occupied higher positions in governmentpositions in government

– AchievementsAchievementsrestored the Grand Canalrestored the Grand Canal

– extended it 135 miles to extended it 135 miles to BeijingBeijing

Paved a highways over 1,100 Paved a highways over 1,100 milesmiles

Ensured steady supply of grain Ensured steady supply of grain and goods from Southand goods from South

Foreign TradeForeign Trade– Kublai Khan encouraged Kublai Khan encouraged

foreign tradeforeign trade– Mongol peace provided safe Mongol peace provided safe

caravan routescaravan routesGreatly improved tradeGreatly improved trade

– Invited foreign merchants to Invited foreign merchants to visit Chinavisit China

Mainly Muslims from India, Central Mainly Muslims from India, Central Asia, and PersiaAsia, and Persia

Christians also reached ChinaChristians also reached China

Marco PoloMarco Polo

Most famous European to Most famous European to visit Chinavisit China– Arrived around 1275 C.E.Arrived around 1275 C.E.

Spent 17 years in China Spent 17 years in China working for Kublai Khanworking for Kublai Khan– Sent on government missionsSent on government missions

Wrote vivid account of wealth Wrote vivid account of wealth and splendor of Chinaand splendor of China– Described mail systemDescribed mail system– Described city of HangzhouDescribed city of Hangzhou

Astonished Europeans with Astonished Europeans with stories of rich Asiastories of rich Asia– Most didn’t believe storiesMost didn’t believe stories

Fall of the MongolsFall of the Mongols

Mongol armies advanced into Mongol armies advanced into Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and JapanJapan– Conquered VietnamConquered Vietnam

Fell victim to too many Fell victim to too many conquests, corruption at conquests, corruption at court, and growing internal court, and growing internal instabilityinstability

Kublai Khan died in 1294 Kublai Khan died in 1294 C.E.C.E.– Mongol rule weakened afterMongol rule weakened after– Rebellions broke outRebellions broke out

1368 C.E. rebels overthrew 1368 C.E. rebels overthrew the Mongolsthe Mongols

Decline of the Mongol Decline of the Mongol EmpireEmpire– By the end of the Yuan By the end of the Yuan

dynasty, the Mongol empire dynasty, the Mongol empire had disentigratedhad disentigrated

– Lost Persia in 1330s C.E.Lost Persia in 1330s C.E.– Lost Central Asia in 1370s C.E.Lost Central Asia in 1370s C.E.– Only retained power in Russia Only retained power in Russia

until 1480 C.E.until 1480 C.E.

ObjectivesObjectives

The student will The student will demonstrate knowledge of demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires civilizations and empires of the Eastern of the Eastern Hemisphere and their Hemisphere and their interactions through interactions through regional trade patterns by:regional trade patterns by:– Locating major trade routesLocating major trade routes– Identifying technological Identifying technological

advances and transfersadvances and transfers

QuestionsQuestions– What were the major trading What were the major trading

routes in the Eastern routes in the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 C.E. 1500 C.E.

– How did trade facilitate the How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods and ideas diffusion of goods and ideas among different cultures?among different cultures?