MON QUAN TRI HOC- giao trinh

8/7/2019 MON QUAN TRI HOC- giao trinh

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Ch ng I : NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC

QUAN TR

Ch n g II : S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY

THUYET QUAN TR

Chng III : MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

Ch ng IV : CHC NANG HOACH NH

Ch ng V : CHC NANG TO CHC

Ch ng VI : CHC NANG IEU KHIEN

Ch ng VII : CHC NANG KIEM TRA

Ch ng VIII : VAN HOA VI QUAN TR CUA

TO CHC

Ch ng IX : THONG TIN VA QUYET NH

QUAN TR

A PHAN CAU HOI ON TAP

B PHAN CAC BAI TAP TNH HUONG


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Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management

MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh 2


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CHNG I

NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR

MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh3


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CHNG I


---oooOooo---

T xa en nay, tat ca cac to chc noi chung, du

hoat ong trong bat c lnh vc nao: kinh te, chnh tr,

xa hoi, van hoa eu a ton tai cac hoat ong

quan tr. Chang han, trong mot to chc san xuat kinh

doanh, cac nha quan tr phai d kien khoi lng cong

viec can lam, to chc va phoi hp cac nguon lc au

vao (lao ong, nguyen vat lieu, may moc thiet b),

e ra c che kiem tra kiem soat nham giup cho cac

hoat ong cua to chc co hieu qua va at cnhng muc tieu e ra. Nhng hoat ong nh the goi la

hoat ong quan tr. Chnh nh co hoat ong quan tr

ket hp vi s tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat-cong nghe

ma xa hoi loai ngi chung ta co muon van san

pham, dch vu thuoc u moi lnh vc a tng ton tai,

phat trien va ngay cang hoan thien.

Trong chng nay se bat au vi nhng van e can

ban nh: Quan tr la g? Nha quan tr la ai? Cong viec

cua nha quan tr la g? Vai tro cua nha quan tr nh

the nao oi vi tat ca cac hoat ong va muc tieu

cua to chc?



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CHNG I


I. I CONG VIEC QUAN TR.

i. Khai niem ve quan tr:

Khai niem : Quan tr la mot phng thc, cach

thc lam cho nhng hoat ong cua mot to chc tien

ti muc tieu chung vi hieu qua cao nhat, bang va

thong qua nhng ngikhac.

Nh vay, trong khai niem tren chung ta can lam ro

nhng van e sau:

o Phng thc quan tr:

Chnh la cac hoat ong c ban hay la nhng chcnang quan tr ma nha quan tr s dung e tac ong

vao cac lnh vc quan tr nham at c cac muc tieu

cua to chc, no bao gom cac chc nang nh hoach

nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra (se e cap sau

cac chng sau).

o Con ngi:

Neu moi ca nhan t mnh hoat ong th khong co

hoat ong quan tr, luc nay hoat ong cua ho hoan

toan mang tnh ca nhan, phuc vu cho li ch ca nhan ch

khong cho mot to chc nao va cung khong co ai se



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quan tr ai. Vay, hoat ong quan tr xay ra khi nao? Khi

nao th phat sinh?

Trc het, hoat ong quan tr ch phat sinh khi

nhng con ngi ket hp vi nhau thanh mot to chc

(ieu kien can).

Th hai, do tnh can thiet cua hoat ong quan tr

(ieu kien u), v neu khong co no, moi ngi trong to

chc se khong biet lam g, khi nao se lam, lam nh

the nao t o se gay nen mot tnh trang lon xon,

giong nh hai ngi cung cheo mot chiec thuyen, thay v

phai cheo ve mot hng th moi ngi lai cheo hai

hng khac nhau. Nhng hoat ong khien hai ngi

cung cheo mot chiec thuyen i ve mot hng chnh la

nhng hoat ong quan tr.

o To chc:

La mot thc the co muc ch rieng, co nhng

thanh vien va co mot c cau co tnh he thong (v

du nh : Doanh nghiep, trng hoc, benh vien). Nh vay

tat ca cac to chc eu co ba ac tnh chung nh sau:

Th nhat, to chc phai co muc ch: o la muc

tieu hay he thong cac muc tieu. Muc tieu la nhng

ket qua mong i se co c sau mot thi gian nhat

nh, la phng tien e thc hien s mang cua to

chc. V du cong ty may tnh IBM vi s mang (Mission)

la luon luon dan au trong lnh vc may tnh, e at



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CHNG I


c s mang nay cong ty e ra muc tieu dai han

(Objective) la au t von cho bo phan nghien cu va

phat trien (Research and Development), chnh ieu nay a

giup cong ty co c san pham may tnh xach tay

Laptop IBM noi tieng sau nay.

Th hai, to chc phai gom nhieu thanh vien, nhieu

bo phan cau thanh, to chc khong the la mot ngi,

mot ca nhan nao o.

Th ba, to chc phai co mot c cau mang tnh he

thong: Co ngha la to chc phai co s sap xep, phan

cong lao ong, quy nh quyen han va trach nhiem cua

tng ca nhan, bo phan trong mot to chc nham thc

hien cac muc tieu chung cho ca to chc cua mnh

o Hieu qua quan tr:

Co the noi rang, ch khi nao ngi ta quan tam en

hieu qua th ngi ta mi quan tam en hoat ongquan tr, hay ly do ton tai cua hoat ong quan tr chnh

la v muon co hieu qua. Vay hieu qua la g? Co

nhieu khai niem e cap en hieu qua, sau ay la

mot khai niem n gian va de hieu nhat



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Khai niem : Hieu qua (HQ) la ty le so sanh gia

ket qua at c (KQ) vi nhng ch ph a bo ra (CP).

Vay : HQ = KQ/CP .

Neu biet cach quan tr th se co hieu qua, co ngha

la ket qua at c nhieu hn so vi chi ph bo ra (KQ >

CP => HQ >1)

Neu khong biet cach quan tr th cung co the at ket

qua, nhng khong co hieu qua, co ngha la chi ph

nhieu hn so vi ket qua at c ((KQ < CP => HQ


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CHNG I


Qua bang so sanh tren, ta co the thay trong thc te

hoat ong quan tr se co hieu qua khi xay ra cac

trng hp sau :

- Giam chi ph au vao, tang so lng san pham au ra

- Giam chi ph au vao, gi nguyen so lng san pham

au ra

- Gi nguyen cac yeu to au vao, gia tang san lng

au ra

- Tang chi ph au vao, tang san lng au ra sao cho

toc o tang san lng au ra cao hn toc o tang chi

ph au vao.

- Giam chi ph au vao, giam san lng au ra nhng

toc o giam san lng au ra thap hn toc o giam

chi ph au vao.

Trong hoat ong kinh te noi chung, nhat la trong mot

nen kinh te th trng ngay cang co s canh tranh khoc

liet, tat ca cac to chc luon luon at van e hieu

qua len hang au, muon vay hoat ong quan tr se



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la mot cong cu giup cho cac to chc thc hien c

ieu o.

ii. Cac chc nang quan tr:

(Phan nay ch e cap mot cach khai quat ve cac

chc nang quan tr, no se c trnh bay sau cac

chng sau)

Co rat nhieu y kien khac nhau ve s phan chia cac

chc nang quan tr sau:

1. Gulick (My), Urwick (Anh):

Vao thap nien 30, hai tac gia a a ra 07 chc

nang quan tr viet tat la POSDCORB (Lay cac ch cai

au tien cua moi t tieng Anh) nh sau:

Planning (d kien), Organizing (to chc), Staffing (nhan s),

Directing (ch huy), Coordinating (phoi hp), Reporting (bao

cao), Budgeting (Ngan sach)

2. Henry Fayol (Phap):

Henry Fayol a ra 05 chc nang quan tr sau:D kien,

To chc, Phoi hp, Ch huy va Kiem tra

3. Phan loai theo cac nha khoa hoc

va QT gan ay:

Theo cac nha khoa hoc va quan tr gan ay, ho a

ra 04 chc nang quan tr la: Hoach nh, To chc, ieu



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CHNG I


khien va Kiem tra. Trong giao trnh nay tac gia xin trnh

bay theo cach phan loai nay.

4. Hoach nh:

- Xac nh ro nhng muc tieu cua to chc

- Xay dng chien lc, ke hoach, bien phap tot nhat

e thc hien cac muc tieu cua to chc.

5. To chc:

- Xay dng cau truc cua to chc

- Xac nh cac moi quan he, nhiem vu, quyen han va

trach nhiem cua tng thanh vien, bo phan trong to

chc

6. ieu khien:

- ieu khien, phoi hp cac thanh vien, bo phan trong

to chc

- Xay dng cac chnh sach ong vien cac thanh vien,

cac bo phan trong to chc e hoan thanh muc tieu

cua mnh mot cach hieu qua nhat.



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7. Kiem tra:

- Theo doi toan bo s hoat ong cua cac thanh vien,

bo phan va ca to chc

- So sanh ket qua at c vi muc tieu at ra, neu co

nhng lech hng th can tm nguyen nhan, a ra giai

phap sa cha va ieu chnh nham a to chc tr

lai ung hng.

iii. 3/ Tnh pho bien cua quan tr:

Ta thay tnh pho bien cua quan tr the hien cac

kha canh sau:

Th nhat, khai niem quan tr co tnh pho bien cho tat

ca cac loai hnh to chc, cho moi lnh vc. Trong tat cacac to chc va lnh vc o, cac nha quan tr eu

thc hien cac chc nang giong nhau la hoach nh, to

chc, ieu khien va kiem tra. Trong thc tien, viec cac

nha quan tr thng xuyen chuyen oi gia khu vc

quan ly Nha nc va san xuat kinh doanh la mot minh

chng (v du mot giam oc Cong ty xay dng co the

ieu chuyen lam giam oc S xay dng)

Th hai, tnh pho bien quan tr con the hien moi

quan he gia kha nang quan tr va kha nang chuyen

mon. Cap quan tr cang cao th kha nang quan tr

cang lan dan kha nang chuyen mon, co ngha la cap

quan tr cang cao th nha quan tr cang phai thc hien



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CHNG I


nhng cong viec ac trng cua quan tr nh hoach nh,

to chc, ieu khien, kiem tra va cang t tham gia vao

nhng van e mang tnh ky thuat chuyen mon hang

ngay (v du mot giam oc khong the tham gia trc tiep

vao cong viec ke toan nh mot ke toan trng).

Tnh pho bien nay c minh hoa hnh 1.1 sau:



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Hnh 1.1 : Quan he gia kha nang quan tr va kha nang

chuyen mon

K/N

quan tr

K/N chuyen moan

Chnh do tnh pho bien th hai nay ma cac nha quan

tr cap cao de thuyen chuyen t to chc nay, lnh vc

nay sang to chc khac, lnh vc khac do nang lc quantr cap cao gan giong nhau (nh v du giam oc cong ty

xay dng noi tren). Ngc lai, nha quan tr cap cang

thap th rat kho chuyen oi, v cap cang thap se s

dung kha nang chuyen mon cang nhieu, v du mot

quan oc ieu hanh phan xng san xuat e trong

mot cong ty giay kho ma chuyen sang lam mot trng

MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh

CAP CAO

CAP TRUNGGIAN

CAP C S

14


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CHNG I


phong phu trach san xuat kinh doanh hoac qua mot

cong ty trai nganh nghe khac.

Th ba, tnh pho bien quan tr con the hien ty le

thi gian danh cho moi chc nang theo cap bac quan

tr. Cap cang cao th thng s dung chc nang hoach

nh nhieu hn, co ngha la ho thng xuyen chu trong

vao cong tac xay dng chien lc hanh ong va phat

trien cho to chc. Trong khi o cap cang thap th

thng s dung chc nang ieu khien nhieu hn, bi v

ho thng co nhiem vu hng dan, on oc, ieu

khien cac thanh vien di quyen trong cac cong viec

thng ngay va ban than ho cung lam cac cong viecchuyen mon cu the nh nhng ngi cap di.

Tnh pho bien nay c minh hoa hnh 1.2 sau:

Hnh 1.2 : Ty le thi gian danh cho moi chc nang theo

cap bac

CAP QT H TC K KT

CAO 28% 36% 22% 14%

T-GIAN 18% 33% 36% 13%



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C S 15% 24% 51% 10%

II. II NHA QUAN TR .

iv. 1/ Cac khai niem:

Trong mot to chc phai co ngi tha hanh vanha quan tr, ho co nhng v tr va nhiem vu rieng,

nhng eu tap trung hng en muc tieu chung cua to

chc

8. Ngi tha hanh:

Ho la nhng ngi trc tiep thc hien cong viec nao

o va khong co trach nhiem trong coi cong viec cua

ngi khac, chang han nh cong nhan trong mot doanh

nghiep, au bep trong mot nha hang .Cap tren cua

ho chnh la cac nha quan tr trc tiep.

9. Nha quan tr:

Ho chnh la ngi ieu khien cong viec cua ngi

khac, v du nh giam oc, ke toan trng, to trng

oi vi nha quan tr cap c s ho con lam ca cong

viec cua ngi tha hanh, chang han nh to trng to

gia cc trong mot doanh nghiep vien thong, ho va

quan ly nhan vien trong to va s dung nghiep vu

chuyen mon e nghien cu va e xuat cac chnhsach gia cc vien thong.



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CHNG I


v. 2/ Cap bac quan tr trong mot to chc:

Tuy theo to chc ma cap bac quan tr co the

phan chia khac nhau, nhng e thuan li cho viec nghien

cu cac nha khoa hoc phan chia cac nha quan tr trong

mot to chc thanh 03 cap quan tr nh sau (hnh 1.3):

Hnh 1.3 : Cac cap quan tr trong to chc

Cap cao : Vach chien lc, muc tieu dai han,

giai phap ln

Cap gia : Cu the hoa muc tieu cua cap cao, -

khien cap di

Cap c s : ieu khien, on oc cong nhan,

nhan vien..

Ngi tha hanh



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10. Cac nha quan tr cap c s (first line

manager):

Nha quan tr cap c s la nhng nha quan tr

cap bac cuoi cung trong he thong cap bac cua nha

quan tr trong mot to chc. Nhiem vu cua ho la

thng xuyen hng dan, on oc, ieu khien ngi

tha hanh va ho cung tham gia trc tiep thc hien cac

cong viec cu the nh nhng ngi di quyen ho. V du

trong cac doanh nghiep ta de thay ho la nhng totrng, trng nhom, trng ca .

11. Cac nha quan tr cap trung gian

(middle manager):

Nha quan tr cap trung gian la nhng nha quan tr

cap ch huy trung gian, ng tren cac nha quan tr cap

c s va di cac nha quan tr cap cao. Ho cu the

hoa cac muc tieu cua cap cao, thc hien cac ke hoach

va chnh sach cua to chc, ho va quan tr cac quan

tr vien cap c s va ieu khien cac nhan vien

khac. V du nh cac trng phong, quan oc phan

xng.

12. Cac nha quan tr cap cao (super

manager) :

Nha quan tr cap cao la nhng nha quan tr cap

bac toi cao trong to chc, ho chu trach nhiem ve

thanh qua cuoi cung cua to chc. Cong viec cua ho

tap trung xay dng chien lc hanh ong va phat trien

to chc, vach ra cac muc tieu dai han, thiet lap cac



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CHNG I


giai phap ln e thc hien. V du nh Chu tch hoi

ong quan tr, tong giam oc, giam oc .Trong hau

het cac to chc, nha quan tr cap cao la nhom nho

so vi cac cap quan tr khac (tr cac to chc oan

the co tnh chnh tr).

vi. 3/ Ky nang cua nha quan tr:

e thc hien tot 04 chc nang quan tr, theo Robert

Katz th nha quan tr can co 03 loai ky nang quan tr

nh sau:

Ky nang ky thuat (technical skills):

Ky nang ky thuat chnh la trnh o chuyen mon

nghiep vu cua nha quan tr, hay la nhng kha nang

can thiet cua ho nham thc hien mot cong viec cu

the nao o. Ky nang nay nha quan tr co c bang

cach thong qua con ng hoc tap, boi dng ma co.

V du nh thiet ke may moc cua trng phong ky

thuat, to chc cong tac ke toan cua ke toan trng,lap trnh ien toan cua trng phong may tnh, xay

dng chng trnh nghien cu th trng cua trng

phong Marketing

Cap quan tr cang cao, ky nang nay giam dan va

ngc lai cap quan tr cang thap ky nang nay la can



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thiet, bi v cap cang thap th nha quan tr thng

tiep xuc trc tiep vi cong viec cu the, vi tien trnh

san xuat, ay chnh la moi trng ma tai nang ky

thuat ac biet s dung nhieu hn.

13. Ky nang nhan s (human skills):

Ky nang nhan s phan anh kha nang cung lam

viec, ong vien va ieu khien con ngi va tap the

trong to chc nham tao ieu kien thuan li va thuc

ay hoan thanh cong viec chung. Chang han nh ky

nang thong at hu hieu (viet & noi), co thai o quan

tam en ngi khac, xay dng bau khong kh hp tac

gia moi ngi, ong vien nhan vien di quyen

oi vi ky nang nhan s th yeu cau can thiet oi

vi ca 03 cap quan tr, v du thuoc cap nao, nhaquan tr cung phai cung lam viec vi tat ca moi

ngi.

14. Ky nang t duy:

Ky nang t duy yeu cau nha quan tr phai hieu ro

mc o phc tap cua moi trng va giam thieu sphc tap o xuong mc ma to chc co the oi

pho va thch ng c.

Ky nang t duy la mot ky nang kho tiep thu nhat

va rat quan trong oi vi nha quan tr cap cao. Cac

chien lc, ke hoach, chnh sach va quyet nh cua nha

quan tr cap cao thng phu thuoc vao t duy chien lc



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CHNG I


cua ho. Hnh 1.4 sau dien ta ky nang quan tr cua cac

cap nh sau:

Hnh 1.4 : Ky nang quan tr cua cac cap quan tr

Nha QT cap c

s

Nha QT cap

trung gian

Nha QT cap cao

Ky nang ky

thuat

Ky nang nhan

s

Ky nang t duy

4/ Vai tro cua nha quan tr:

e lam ro cac cong viec cua cac nha quan tr,

cung nh cac cach ng x khac nhau cua ho oi vi

moi ngi va moi to chc khac, Henry Mentzberg a a



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ra 10 loai vai tro khac nhau nh sau ma nha quan tr

phai thc hien va chia chung thanh 03 nhom ln:

1. Nhom vai tro quan he vi con ngi (gom 03

vai tro) :

Vai tro ai dien, hay tng trng, co tnh chat nghi le

trong to chc : Co ngha la bat c mot to chc nao

cung eu phai co ngi ai dien cho to chc o

nham thc hien cac giao dch, oi thoai vi cac ca

nhan va to chc ben ngoai. Ngay ca tng bo phan

trong to chc cung phai co ngi ng au bo phan

o e lnh hoi cac y kien, chnh sach, ke hoach cua

cap tren.

Vai tro lanh ao: Vai tro nay phan anh s phoi hp

va kiem tra cua nha quan tr oi vi cap di cua

mnh.

Vai tro lien lac: The hien moi quan he cua nha

quan tr oi vi ngi khac ca ben trong va ben

ngoai to chc

2. Nhom vai tro thong tin (gom 03 vai tro) :

Vai tro tiep nhan va thu thap thong tin lien quan en

to chc : Nha quan tr phai thng xuyen xem xet,

phan tch moi trng xung quanh to chc nham xac



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CHNG I


nh moi trng tao ra nhng c hoi g cho to chc,

cung nh nhng moi e doa nao oi vi to chc. Vai

tro nay c thc hien thong qua viec oc sach bao,

van ban hoac qua trao oi tiep xuc vi moi ngi

Vai tro pho bien thong tin : Co nhng thong tin can

tuyet oi gi b mat, nhng cung co nhng thong tin

ma cac nha quan tr can pho bien en cho cac bo

phan, cac thanh vien co lien quan trong to chc, tham

ch pho bien en cho nhng ngi ong cap hay cap

tren cua mnh nham lam cho moi ngi cung c chia

se thong tin e gop phan hoan thanh muc tieu chung

cua to chc.

Vai tro cung cap thong tin cho ben ngoai: Tc nha

quan tr thay mat cho to chc cua mnh cung cap cac

thong tin cho ben ngoai nham e giai thch, bao ve hay

tranh thu mot s ong tnh, ung ho nao o.

3. Nhom vai tro quyet nh (gom 04 vai tro) :

Vai tro doanh nhan : ay la vai tro phan anh viec

nha quan tr tm moi cach cai tien to chc nham lam

cho hoat ong cua to chc ngay cang co hieu qua.



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Chang han ieu chnh ky thuat ma to chc ang ap

dung hay ap dung mot ky thuat mi nao o

Vai tro giai quyet xao tron: Bat c mot to chc

nao cung co nhng trng hp xung ot xay ra trong

noi bo dan ti xao tron to chc nh s nh cong cua

cong nhan san xuat, s mau thuan va mat oan ket

gia cac thanh vien, bo phan .Nha quan tr phai kp

thi oi pho, giai quyet nhng xao tron o e a to

chc sm tr lai s on nh

Vai tro phan phoi cac nguon lc: Neu cac nguon lc

doi dao (tien bac, thi gian, quyen hanh, may moc,

nguyen vat lieu, con ngi ) th nha quan tr se tien

hanh phan phoi mot cach de dang; Nhng ngay nay,

khi cac nguon lc ngay cang can kiet oi hoi nhaquan tr phai phan bo cac nguon lc o cho cac

thanh vien, tng bo phan sao cho hp ly nham am

bao cho cac thanh vien, bo phan hoat ong mot cach

on nh va hieu qua.

Vai tro thng thuyet : Tc phan anh viec thngthuyet, am phan thay mat cho to chc trong cac giao

dch vi cac ca nhan, to chc ben ngoai. V du am

phan ky ket hp ong lao ong, hp ong kinh te

III OI TNG, PHAM VI, PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU

CUA QUAN TR



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CHNG I


1/ Cac ac iem cua quan tr :

a- Quan tr la mot hoat ong kho khan va phc tap.

* Trc het la cac yeu to ve con ngi

Quan tr suy cho en cung la quan tr con ngi,

trong moi con ngi hay nhom ngi eu co nhng ac

iem tam sinh ly khac nhau. Muon quan tr co hieu

qua th trc het phai hieu ve ho; hieu c ho la

ieu khong de, nhng e thoa man c nhng nhu

cau cua ho lai cang kho khan va phc tap hn nhieu

lan, no luon luon la muc ch vn ti cua cac nha

quan tr. Tam ly con ngi thng hay thay oi theo s

bien oi cua hien thc khach quan, do o lam cho hoat

ong quan tr von a kho khan phc tap lai cang lam

them kho khan va phc tap. Mat khac, con ngi la

tong hoa cho cac moi quan he xa hoi, song trong mot

to chc, o moi ngi co moi quan he nhieu matvi cong ong mang tnh xa hoi nh: quan he chnh tr,

quan he kinh te, quan he ban be ong nghiep chung

an xen vao nhau tao thanh nhng moi quan he phc

hp, tac ong thng xuyen va chi phoi lan nhau.

* Cac yeu to moi trng hoat ong cua to chc



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Cac yeu to nay luon bien ong, cung mot luc co

the co nhieu yeu to tac ong bat li tao nen nhng

rui ro thach thc to ln oi vi to chc, trong o co

nhng yeu to vt khoi tam kiem soat cua cac nha

quan tr.

Nh vay, quan tr co hieu qua la mot cong viec

kho khan va phc tap nhat trong nhng cong viec kho

khan va phc tap.

b- Lao ong quan tr la lao ong sang tao

Khac vi lao ong thong thng, lao ong quan tr

chu yeu la lao ong bang tr lc. San pham cua lao

ong quan tr trc het la cac quyet nh cua nha

quan tr, trong bat c mot quyet nh quan tr nao

cung cha ng mot ham lng khoa hoc nhat nh. S

phu hp trong cac tnh huong, trong tng giai oan khac

nhau cua cac quyet nh quan tr lam cho no mang tnh

kha thi, tat yeu, cac san pham o phai bang s lao

ong sang tao.

c- Quan tr va la khoa hoc va la mot nghe

thuat

Bi quan tr khong nhng oi hoi phai hoan thanh

cac muc tieu a e ra ma phai hoan thanh chung vi

hieu qua cao nhat.



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CHNG I


* Tnh khoa hoc cua quan tr the hien:

+ Th nhat, quan tr phai am bao phu hp vi s

van ong cua cac quy luat khach quan. ieu o, oi

hoi viec quan tr phai da tren s hieu biet sau sac

cac quy luat chung va rieng cua t nhien va xa hoi.

+ Th hai, tren c s am hieu cac quy luat khach

quan ma van dung tot nhat cac thanh tu khoa hoc.

Trc het la triet hoc, kinh te hoc, tam ly hoc, xa hoi

hoc, toan hoc, tin hoc, ieu khien hoc, cong nghe hoc

Cung vi nhng kinh nghiem trong thc te vao thc

hanh quan tr.

+ Th ba, quan tr phai am bao phu hp vi ieu

kien, hoan canh cua moi to chc trong tng giai oan

cu the. ieu o, oi hoi cac nha quan tr va kien tr

cac nguyen tac va phai van dung mot cach linh hoat

cac phng phap, hnh thc va cac ky nang quan trphu hp cho tng ieu kien hoan canh nhat nh.

* Tnh nghe thuat quan tr the hien:

Ky nang, ky xao, b quyet, cai meo cua quan tr.

Neu khoa hoc la s hieu biet kien thc co he thong,



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th nghe thuat la s tinh loc kien thc e van dung cho

phu hp trong tng lnh vc, trong tng tnh huong. Sau

ay la nhng v du ve nghe thuat mot so lnh vc

cu the:

+ Nghe thuat dung ngi:

Noi ve thuat dung ngi, Khong T a co day:

Dung nhan nh dung moc . Moi con ngi eu co

nhng u nhc iem khac nhau, neu biet s dung th

ngi nao cung eu co ch, ho se cong hien nhieu

nhat cho xa hoi, cho cong ong ma ho ang sinh song.

ieu o, oi hoi nha quan tr phai am hieu cac ac

iem tam ly cua tng ngi, nen s dung hoc vao

viec g, au la phu hp nhat. Co nh vay, moi ca

nhan mi co ieu kien, c hoi phat huy het kha nangcua mnh, cong hien nhieu nhat cho tap the.

+ Nghe thuat giao duc con ngi.

e giao duc con ngi, thong thng ngi ta s

dung cac hnh thc: khen, che, thuyet phuc, t phe bnhva phe bnh, khen thng va ky luat Nhng khong

phai luc nao cung co tac dung tch cc.Vi ai, nen ap

dung hnh thc nao, bien phap g, mc o cao hay thap,

va no c tien hanh trong khong gian va thi gian

nao ? eu la nhng van e mang tnh nghe thuat. Bi

moi quyet nh khac nhau se cho ra cac ket qua khong

giong nhau. S khong phu hp chang nhng khong giup



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CHNG I


cho con ngi ta phat trien theo chieu hng tch cc ma

trai lai se lam tang them tnh tieu cc trong t tng

lan hanh vi cua ho.

+ Nghe thuat ng x trong giao tiep:

c the hien trong qua trnh giao tiep. S la chon li

noi, cach noi va thai o phu hp vi ngi nghe la

nghe thuat ng x trong giao tiep. Ca dao Viet Nam co

cau: Li noi chang mat tien mua, la li ma noi cho

va long nhau o la t tng c ban cua thuat la

li trong giao tiep. Cach noi thang, noi tnh thai, noi gi

y, noi triet ly, noi hien ngon, noi ham ngon la

nhng cach noi can la chon cho phu hp vi tng

trnh o, tam ly cua ngi nghe. Thai o ton trong,

thanh y, khiem ton, vui ve, hoa nha, t tin, iem am,

linh hoat ng x la nghe thuat giao tiep khong the

thieu trong qua trnh giao tiep.

Tom lai: khoa hoc ch ton tai trong ly thuyet con

nghe thuat hien dien trong thc te. Hay noi cach khac,

nghe thuat xuat hien trong qua trnh van dung cac khoa

hoc o vao thc tien.



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2/ oi tng, pham vi va phng phap nghien cu

quan tr hoc :

oi tng nghien cu: Qua trnh quan tr dien ra trong

mot to chc, mot doanh nghiep.

Pham vi nghien cu: Nghien cu nhng van e quan

tr cap vi mo to chc, doanh nghiep. Khong nghien

cu quan ly v mo nha nc.

Phng phap nghien cu: Da tren phng phap luan

cua duy vat bien chng, phng phap lch s, phng

phap tong hp, phng phap he thong .

Tr v u chng

Tr v u trang



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CHNG II

S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR

CHNG II


---oooOooo---

I BOI CANH RA I.

Co the noi hoat ong quan tr ra i t rat lau

trong xa hoi nguyen thuy, nhng ly thuyet quan tr

thuoc ve san pham cua xa hoi hien ai. Viec nghien

cu s phat trien cac ly thuyet quan tr co y ngha

rat quan trong oi vi nha quan tr, v qua o giup cho

cac nha quan tr hieu c s phat trien o va giup

cho ho tm c cac cac phng phap e quan tr to

chc mnh nham at muc tieu vi hieu qua cao nhat.

Trong thi ky Trung co, ly thuyet ve quan tr chac phat trien, v n v san xuat kinh doanh ch gii

han trong pham vi gia nh, ngi cha ch truyen nghe lai

cho con cai. Hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh cua moi gia

nh chu yeu bang ky thuat va thng hieu ac biet

cua ho.



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en the ky 18, ay la thi ky tao nen cuoc cach

mang cong nghiep nh hai cu hch manh nhat la t

tng kinh te th trng t do canh tranh cua Adam Smith

va phat minh ra ong c hi nc cua Jame Watt, viec

san xuat luc nay chuyen t gia nh en nha may,

ay la mot to chc co quy mo ln hn. Chu nhan

cua nha may t mnh ng ra ieu khien hoat ong

san xuat, ho khong phan biet c chc nang cua

ngi s hu va chc nang cua ngi quan tr, qua

trnh quan ly hoat ong san xuat cung ch tap trungchu yeu vao kha canh ky thuat san xuat hn la vao

cac noi dung cua hoat ong quan tr thc chat (hoach

nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra). Nh vay, trong

giai oan au cua cuoc cach mang cong nghiep cha co

nhng ly thuyet quan tr. Cho en gia the ky 19, luat

phap cac nc Chau Au chnh thc cho phep thanh

lap to chc cong tykinh doanh, ac biet la cong ty co

phan. ay la mot hnh thc cong ty ma trong o co

nhieu ngi gop von, tc co nhieu chu s hu, co

chu s hu tham gia quan ly cong ty va co chu s

hu khong tham gia quan ly cong ty; Tc giai oan nay

a phan biet chc nang cua ngi s hu va chc

nang cua ngi quan tr mot cach ro ret. Chnh sphan biet nay a tao ieu kien cho cac nha nghien

cu tap trung vao cac hoat ong quan tr mot cach

manh me hn. en cuoi the ky 19, cac ly thuyet quan

tr a ra i, nhng van con mi me va chu yeu van

tap trung vao ky thuat san xuat la chnh. Mai en

cuoi the ky 19 au the ky 20, nhng kha canh khac

cua hoat ong quan tr mi c cac ly thuyet quan



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CHNG II


tr nghien cu mot cach sau sac hn. Va Frederich

Taylor chnh la ngi a at nen mong au tien cho

quan tr hoc hien ai. Co the chia s phat trien cac ly

thuyet quan tr theo cac giai oan nh sau:

+ Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan biet lap, ay

la giai oan can c vao trnh o va yeu cau cua nha

quan tr, ho xay dng ly thuyet phuc vu cho mnh, sau

o pho bien rong rai

+ Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan hoi nhap (sau

1960)

+ Cac khao hng quan tr hien ai

o II GIAI OAN BIET LAP.

1. NHOM CAC LY THUYET CO IEN

VE QUAN TR.

1/ Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc cua Taylor ngi

My (1856-1915):



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Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc co nhieu tac gia, nhng

ai bieu u tu nhat chnh la Frederich Winslow Taylor.

Taylor c goi la cha e cua nganh quan tr va quyen

sach noi tieng cua ong ve quan tr la Cac nguyen

tac quan ly theo khoa hocxuat hien vao nam 1911.

Noi dung hoc thuyet quan ly theo khoa hoc cua

Frederich Winslow Taylor co the tom tac nh sau:

a.Cai tao cac quan he quan ly gia chu va th:

Taylor cho rang hoc thuyet cua ong la mot cuoc

cach mang tinh than v ai, v no khong ch la mot

he thong cac giai phap ky thuat, ma con e ra cac

t tng triet hoc va ao c mi. No lam thay oi

tinh than va thai o cua hai ben (ngi chu va ngi

th), thay chien tranh bang hoa bnh, thay s mau thuan

bang s hp tac, thay tnh a nghi canh giac bang niem

tin gia oi ben.

b.Tieu chuan hoa cong viec:

Tieu chuan hoa cong viec la cach thc phan chia

cong viec thanh nhng bo phan va cong oan chnh

va nh mc lao ong hp ly, tao cho cong nhan co

ieu kien tang them thu nhap va ong thi e hoan

thanh cong viec mot cach tot nhat; Co ngha la phan

chia cong viec cua moi ca nhan thanh nhieu thao tacn gian, ap dung phng phap tot nhat mot cach khoa



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CHNG II


hoc e thc hien cac thao tac o, qua o tang nang

suat lao ong

c.Chuyen mon hoa lao ong:

Trc het chuyen mon hoa oi vi lao ong quanly, ay la mot quan iem tien bo hn so vi nhng

quan iem trc o cho rang toan bo cong viec thc

hien ra sao la do cong nhan phai chu trach nhiem

Ke en la chuyen mon hoa oi vi cong nhan, co

ngha la chon va huan luyen cong nhan mot cach

khoa hoc, moi cong nhan chuyen ve mot thao tac e

anh ta thc hien no mot cach co hieu qua nhat. Nh

ap dung phng phap quan ly khoa hoc tai Hang Symond

Rolling Machine ma ong a ch ra c mot ieu la 35

co gai a lam c cong viec cua 120 co gai.

Ngoai ra ong con ch ra la phai tm ra ngi gioi

nhattrong so cong nhan, nham giup cho nha quan tr

e ra cac nh mc hp ly va con la tam gng thuc

ay nhng ngi khac phan au tang nang suat lao

ong va thu nhap cua ho. Taylor a th nghiem chat

che 75 cong nhan tai Cong ty thep Bethleham, sau o

chon ra 4 ngi kha nhat, nhng ngi nay c ong



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CHNG II


viec v the can a anh ta vao khuon phep ky luat,

lam viec theo c che thng-phat, t o ong a ra

chnh sach tra lng theo san pham va thng cho

nhng san pham vt nh mc .

Qua ly thuyet quan tr cuaTaylor ta co the rut ra mot

so u iem va khuyet iem sau:

* u iem:

- Lam viec chuyen mon hoa

- Tuyen dung va ao tao nhan vien mot cach chuyen

nghiep

- Ha gia thanh

- Xem quan tr nh mot nghe va la oi tng khoa hoc.

T o tang nang suat lao ong va co hieu qua.

* Nhc iem:



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- Quan niem khong ay u ve to chc, ve hieu qua,

ve nang suat lao ong

- Cha chu trong nhu cau xa hoi va nhu cau tinh than

con ngi

- Trong tam cua quan tr la ngi tha hanh

2/ Ly thuyet quan tr hanh chnh cua Henry Fayol ngi Phap (1841-1925):

Thuyet quan tr hanh chnh c a ra Phap bi

Henry Fayol, co the goi ong la mot Taylor cua Chau Au,

ngi cha cua mot trong nhng ly thuyet quan ly hien

ai quan trong nhat Thuyet quan ly hanh chnh, nam

1916 ong xuat ban cuon sach noi tieng Quan ly

hanh chnh chung va trong cong nghiep (Administration

Industrielle et Generale) e cap en cac nguyen tac

quan tr.

Noi dung thuyet Quan ly hanh chnh cua ong co the

tom tac nh sau:

a.Quan niem va cach tiep can:

Cach tiep can nghien cu ve quan ly cua Fayol

khac vi Taylor. Taylor nghien cu moi quan he quan ly

chu yeu cap oc cong va ngi th, t nac thang



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CHNG II


thap nhat cua quan ly cong nghiep roi tien len va

hng ra. Con Fayol xem xet quan ly t tren xuong

di, tap trung vao bo may lanh ao, ong chng minh

rang quan ly hanh chnh la mot hoat ong chung cho

bat ky to chc nao.

Fayol phan loai cac hoat ong cua bat ky mot to

chc thanh 06 nhom hoat ong nh sau: 1. Cac hoat

ong ky thuat; 2. Thng mai; 3. Tai chnh; 4. An ninh; 5.

Hach toan-thong ke; 6. Quan ly hanh chnh. Trong o

hoat ong Quan ly hanh chnh se ket noi 05 hoat ong

con lai tao ra sc manh cho to chc.

Ong nh ngha Quan ly hanh chnh la : d tnh (d

oan + ke hoach), to chc, ieu khien, phoi hp va

kiem tra. ay chnh la 05 chc nang cua nha quan tr.

oi vi cap quan tr cang cao th yeu cau kha nang

quan tr hanh chnh cang ln va ngc lai cap quan tr

thap th kha nang chuyen mon ky thuat la quan trongnhat

b. 14 nguyen tac quan tr hanh chnh:

1.Chuyen mon hoa: Phan chia cong viec (ca ky thuat

lan quan ly)



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2.Quyen han i oi vi trach nhiem: Nha quan tr co

quyen a ra menh lenh e hoan thanh nhiem vu nhng

phai chu trach nhiem ve chung.

3.Tnh ky luat cao: Moi thanh vien phai chap hanh cac

nguyen tac cua to chc nham tao ieu kien cho to

chc van hanh thong suot.

4.Thong nhat ch huy, ieu khien: Ngi tha hanh ch

nhan menh lenh t mot cap tren trc tiep, tranh

mau thuan gia cac menh lenh

5.Thong nhat lanh ao: Moi hoat ong cua tat ca cac

thanh vien, cac bo phan phai hng ve muc tieu

chung cua to chc va ch do mot nha quan tr phoi

hp va ieu hanh.

6.Li ch ca nhan phu thuoc vao li ch to chc: Phai

at li ch to chc len tren li ch cua ca nhan. Neu

mau thuan ve 02 li ch nay, nha quan tr phai lam

nhiem vu hoa giai.

7.Thu lao tng xng vi cong viec: Nen lam sao e

thoa man tat ca

8.S tap trung: Fayol ung ho van e tap trung quyen

lc, va xem ay la trat t t nhien



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CHNG II


9.Trat t th bac : Pham vi quyen lc xuat phat t ban

lanh ao cap cao xuong ti nhng cong nhan cap

thap nhat

10.Trat t : vat nao cho ay va bieu o to chc la

mot cong cu quan ly quy gia nhat oi vi to chc

11.Tnh cong bang hp ly: Nha quan tr can oi x

cong bang va than thien vi cap di cua mnh

12.On nh nhiem vu: Luan chuyen nhan s cao se

khong em lai hieu qua

13.Sang kien: Cap di phai c phep thc hien

nhng sang kien

14.oan ket: oan ket se mang lai s hoa hp, thong

nhat t o lam cho to chc cang co sc manh.

c-Van e con ngi va ao tao trong quan ly:

Khac vi Taylor ch yeu cau ngi lao ong tnh ky

luat va s tuan lenh, Fayol yeu cau cac nha quan ly

phai oi x tot ep va ky cac thoa thuan lao ong



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vi ho, ong thi chu y en mat tinh than va khuyen

khch tai nang cua ngi lao ong. oi vi lao ong

quan ly ong yeu cau phai la ngi va co tai va

va co c. Ong cung thay ro tac dung cua giao duc

va ao tao e phat trien mot nguon nhan lc manh

cho to chc.

Qua ly thuyet quan tr cua Fayol ta co the rut cac u

iem va khuyet iem nh sau:

* u iem :

- C cau ro rang, am bao nguyen tac

* Nhc iem:

- Khong e cap en tac ong cua moi trng

- Khong chu trong tnh hp ly trong hanh ong cua nha

quan tr

- Trong tam cua quan tr la nha quan tr

2. NHOM CAC LY THUYET TAC PHONG

(TAM LY XA HOI QUAN HE CON NGI).

1920s, 1930s cac nc cong nghiep phat trien, isong ngi dan nang cao, nang suat lao ong tang,



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CHNG II


gi lao ong giam xuong di 50 gi/tuan, chnh phu

can thiep manh vao cac doanh nghiep, s phat trien

cua cac nghiep oan lao ong cua cong nhan, ly

thuyet quan tr co ien khong con phu hp; t o

xuat hien ly tuyet tac phong, ly thuyet nhan manh

en nhu cau va nguyen vong cac thanh vien, moi quan

he con ngi.

1/ T tng quan tr cua ba Mary Parker Follet -

ngi My (1868-1933):

Nhng t tng quan tr cua Follet nhan manh en

cac noi dung sau:

a- Nha quan tr phai quan tam en nhng ngi lao

ong trong qua trnh giai quyet van e, co ngha phai

chu y en toan bo i song cua ho, bao gom ca

yeu to kinh te, tinh than va tnh cam

b- Nha quan tr phai nang ong thay v ap dung cac

nguyen tac cng nhac, trong qua trnh giai quyet cong

viec ho can phai co s phoi hp va ba cho rang s

phoi hp se gi vai tro quyet nh oi vi cac hoat

ong quan tr. Ba a ra cac cach thc phoi hp sau:



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CHNG II


Nhc iem:

Do ng dung triet hoc va tam ly hoc vao kinh doanh

ma khong qua th nhiem nen t tng quan tr cua

ba cha tr thanh mot hoc thuyet ay u.

2/ Hoc thuyet cua Elton Mayo-ngi Uc (1880-1949):

Mayo a co cong trnh nghien cu tai nha may

Hawthorne thuoc Cong ty ien lc mien tay Chicago-My

va co the tom tac nh sau: Ong chia thanh 02 nhom

cong nhan, nhom th nhat la nhom th nghiem,

nhom th hai la nhom oi chng lam viec trong ieu

kien bnh thng. Nhom th nghiem lam viec trong ieu

kien co nhieu thay oi nhieu lan, cong nhan c

phep t chon gi giai lao, c uong ca phe, c trao

oi khi lam viec va ket qua la san lng cua nhom

tang len.

Chnh ket qua nghien cu nay, ong cung cac ong

s a ra ly thuyet quan tr hanh vi vi cuon sach

Nhng van e con ngi cua nen van minh cong

nghiep xuat ban vao nam 1933.



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Co the tom gon noi dung chnh cua ly thuyet cua

ong nh sau

a. Nang suat lao ong khong ch phu thuoc vao cac

yeu to vat chat ma no con phu thuoc vao cac tap

hp tam ly xa hoi rat phc tap khac cua con ngi,

ong nhan nh rang Khi cong nhan co s chu y ac

biet th nang suat lao ong se tang len rat ro ret bat

ke cac ieu kien lam viec co thay oi hay khong

khong thay oi. Hien tng nay goi la hieu ng

Hawthorne

b.S hnh thanh cac nhom khong chnh thc la nguyen

nhan tang nang suat lao ong, Mayo a phong van

nhieu cong nhan va cung nhan c cau tra li :

Cuoc song ben trong va ngoai nha may la buon teva thieu y ngha, ban be tai ni lam viec a em lai

cho cuoc song va lam viec cua ho co y ngha hn.

Do o chnh s thuc ay cua cac ong nghiep a

tac ong manh en tang nang suat lao ong.

Mot so u iem va nhc iem ve ly thuyet quan

tr cua Mayo:

* u iem : Giong vi t tng quan tr cua Follet



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CHNG II


* Nhc: Th nghiem gii han trong nha may, cha kham

pha ra pham vi nen tang xa hoi rong hn. e cao thc

nghiem ma bo qua ly thuyet.

3/ Ly thuyet ve ban chat con ngi cua Douglas

Mc Gregor - Ly thuyet Y- ngi My (1906-1964):

Vao nam 1960, Gregor xuat ban cuon Kha canh con

ngi cua to chc kinh doanh a a ra mot tap hp

nhng nhan nh rat lac quan ve ban chat con ngi.

Ly thuyet ve con ngi cua ong c goi la ly thuyet

Y. Sau ay la bang so sanh ve ac iem con ngi

gia ly thuyet Y va ly thuyet X (ly thuyet co ien) qua

bang 2.1 sau.

Bang 2.1 : Bang so sanh ac iem con ngi gia

thuyet X va thuyet Y

Thuyet X Thuyet Y

+ Con ngi thng khong

thch lam viec, li bieng

va se lang tranh cong

viec khi ieu kien cho

phep

+ Lam viec la mot hoat

ong ban nang, mot nhu

cau khong the thieu cua

con ngi.



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+ Con ngi ch lam viec

khi b bat buoc va khi ho

lam viec phai co s

giam sat chat che

+ Con ngi eu muon b

ieu khien. Ho luon tm

cach lan tron trach

nhiem, co rat t khat vongva muon c yen on

+ Con ngi eu co nang

lc t ieu khien, t kiem

soat ban than neu ho

c uy quyen.

+ Con ngi se gan bo

vi cac muc tieu cua to

chc hn neu ho c khen

thng kp thi va xngang

+ Con ngi bnh thng

co the am nhan nhng

trong trach va dam chu

trach nhiem

+ Nhieu ngi bnh thng

co kha nang sang tao

T o cach thc quan tr ve con ngi gia 02

thuyet X va Y cung co s khac nhau nh sau:

a. Thuyet X : ong vien con ngi co ban chat X thong

qua vat chat, giao viec cu the & kiem tra on oc ho



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CHNG II


b. Thuyet Y : ong vien con ngi co ban chat Y bang

cach danh cho ho nhieu quyet nh trong cong viec, ton

trong sang kien cua ho, tao ieu kien e ho chng to

nang lc hn la on oc va kiem tra

4- Ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con ngi cua

Maslow (1908-1970) :

Co the noi ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con

ngi cua Maslow la ly thuyet noi troi nhat trong

nhom cac ly thuyet tac phong.

a. Nam nhu cau cua con ngi:

Maslow a ra 05 nhu cau cua con ngi theo th t t

thap en cao nh sau:

Nhu cau sinh ly: an uong, ngu, tnh duc

Nhu cau ve an ninh, an toan: Tranh cac moi nguy hiem

than the, tai san

Nhu cau co tnh chat xa hoi: Tham gia cau lac bo, ang

phai



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Nhu cau ve t trong: Thch danh tieng, tang danh hieu

Nhu cau ve t than van ong (t khang nh mnh):muon hoan thien, phat trien nhan cach, sang tao

Nam nhu cau tren c phan thanh 02 cap bac cao va

thap :

- Nhu cau bac cao: tac ong ben trong con ngi, gomnhu cau t khang nh va nhu cau ve t trong

- Nhu cau bac thap: tac ong ben ngoai con ngi, nhu

cau ve xa hoi, nhu cau an toan va nhu cau vat chat

b. Cach thc ong vien con ngi:

T 05 nhu cau tren, Maslow a ra chnh sach ong vien

con ngi oi vi cac nha quan tr nh sau:

Loai nhu

cau

Chnh sach ong vien cua nha quan tr

T the

hien mnh

Tao ra nhng thach thc trong cong viec

oi vi ho

Tao c hoi tien bo



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CHNG II


Tao c hoi sang tao

Tao ong c e at thanh tch cao

S ton

trong

Tao ra nhng hoat ong quan trong trong

cong viec

Ten cong viec phai anh bong ra sao e

moi ngi knh ne

Tao ra s co trach nhiem cho ho

S tha nhan cong viec o mot cach

cong khai

Xa hoi

Tao ra cho ho nhu cau giao tiep trong xa hoi

S on nh cac nhom lam viec

S khuyen khch hp tac

An toan ieu kien lam viec toi u hoa



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Phai am bao co viec lam

Phu cap ve long

Vat chatieu kien lam viec, nhiet o, anh sang,

tien lng

C - LY THUYET QUAN LY TO CHC CUA BARNARD

Ngi MY (1886-1961).

Cac tac pham ve quan tr cua Barnard gom co To

chc va quan ly, ac biet tac pham noi tieng Chc

nang cua ngi quan ly. Nhng noi dung chnh cua ly

thuyet quan ly to chc cua ong gom cac noi dung

sau:

1. Quan iem quan tr:

Khai niem ve to chc: o la mot he thong co s

tac ong cua nhieu ngi tren c s phoi hp vi

nhau.

Ly thuyet cua ong co 02 tnh cach mang ln, gom:

Th nhat, ong ch ra c moi quan he hu c co he

thong gia cac bo phan trong mot to chc



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CHNG II


Th hai, can khai thac cac tnh troi cua he thong to

chc. Co ngha la to chc se tao c ket qua ln

hn ket qua cua tng bo phan trong to chc cong lai,

chang han NSL cua tap the bao gi cung ln hn NSL

cua tng ca nhan, bo phan cong lai. Hoac tao ra

nhng kha nang mi cua he thong, v du chiec ong

ho, neu cac linh kien nam ri rac th khong ch thi

gian c va ngc lai neu cac linh kien c sap xep

lai (lap rap) th no se co kha nang ch ung thi

gian.

Quan tr la cong viec chuyen mon e duy tr he

thong to chc hoat ong va nham phat trien scmanh cho he thong to chc o.

2. 03 noi dung c ban cua to chc:

Theo ong moi to chc phai co 03 noi dung c ban sau:

Trc het, o la s san sang hp tac, bao gom cac

kha canh hp tac sau:

- Hp tac gia nha quan tr vi nhan vien, gia nha

quan tr vi nha quan tr, gia nhan vien vi nhan

vien.



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- Hp tac mang tnh ch ao.

- Hp tac mang tnh ho tr bo sung cho nhau

- Cng o va mc o hp tac cua moi bo phan la

khac nhau

Th hai, muc tieu chung cua to chc phai co cac ieu

kien sau mi kha thi:

- Muc tieu phai mang tnh pho bien & moi thanh vien

phai hieu ro.

- am bao muc tieu to chc va muc tieu ca nhan

khong mau thuan nhau.

Th ba, thong tin can am bao cac nguyen tac sau:

- Nha quan tr ong vai tro trung tam cua he thong

thong tin

- Cac kenh thong tin phai c cu the hoa thong qua

viec cong khai hoa quyen han va chc vu cua moi ca

nhan



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CHNG II


- Phai xac nh v tr cua moi thanh vien trong to chc

e giup ho xac nh c cac nguon tin can nhan c

& cac thong tin can cung cap cho bo phan khac.

- Cac tuyen thong tin phai ngan gon, trc tiep, lien tuc

- Thong tin phai xac thc

3. Cac cong cu e quan tr to chc:

+ Co s chuyen mon hoa

+ Chnh sach ong vien nhan vien : ong vien bang

vat chat lan tinh than

+ Quyen hanh

+ Ra quyet nh

+ He thong chc v

+ ao c cua nha quan tr



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Qua o ta thay ly thuyet cua ong co cac u iem va

nhc iem sau:

* u iem :

+ e cao vai tro ca nhan, khai thac sc manh ca nhan

e hnh thanh sc manh cua to chc tren c s thoa

man li ch ca nhan t o thoa man li ch cua to

chc

+ e ra c cac cong cu quan tr e thc hien tot

muc tieu chung

+ Co cac yeu to ao c trong quan tr ben canh cac

yeu to kinh te va tam ly khac.

* Nhc iem:

+ Nhan manh nhieu ve kinh nghiem va linh cam cua

ngi ra quyet nh

+ Cha xet en moi trng ben ngoai ma ch da vao

nguon lc ben trong to chc e ra quyet nh.

+ Trong thc te kho co li ch ca nhan phu hp vi li

ch tap the.



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CHNG II


3. LY THUYET QUAN TR NH LNG.

Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng thnh hanh trong 02

thap nien 1970s+1980s, nhng ngi e xng ly

thuyet nay chu trng s dung cac ky thuat nh lng

thong qua s ho tr cua may ien toan e phuc vu cho

viec la chon quyet nh toi u . Ly thuyet quan tr

nh lng gom 04 ac trng c ban sau:

+ Trong tam chu yeu la phuc vu cho viec ra quyet nh,

giai phap tot nhat la nh cac ky thuat phan tch nh

lng

+ Lng hoa cac tieu chuan kinh te e co hanh ong

la chon quyet nh toi u, nh lng hoa chi ph, doanh

thu, ty le hoan von au t va nhng tac ong cua

thue vv

+ Dung cac mo hnh toan hoc e tm giai phap toi u

+ Can co may ien toan

Tuy nhien ly thuyet nay cung co cac u va nhciem sau



58/267


59/267

CHNG II


Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh MBP (Tac gia tieu

bieu la Harold Koontz) th lay khach hang lam trong tamphan tch va c cau to chc theo kieu dan ngang (mo

hnh cai chan giay paper weight organization- hnh 2.2),

cac cap quan tr trung gian giam toi a, nhan vien trang

b kien thc tong hp e co kha nang a ra nhng

quyet nh oc lap.

Hnh 2.2 : Mo hnh to chc kieu cai chan giay



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2/ Ly thuyet he thong:

Trng phai quan tr he thong xem to chc la mothe thong m, gom nhieu phan t tap hp thanh, c

sap xep mot cach co he thong, tac ong qua lai vi

nhau, tao ra nang lc mi, tnh chat mi cho ca he

thong. Thong qua cac phan t cua he thong co the

giam bt cac bat trac hoac tan dung cac c hoi e

t o hoan thanh muc tieu chung cua to chc vi

hieu qua cao nhat. Hnh 2.3 cho thay tong quan ve he

thong cua mot to chc.

Hnh 2.3 : He thong cua mot to chc


Moi trng

To chc

Phan hoi

au

vao

Bienoi

au ra

60


61/267

CHNG II


3/ Ly thuyet Z cua William Ouchi:

Da tren s phan biet gia thuyet X va thuyet Y,

Ouchi a a ra mot thuyet mi Thuyet Z. Ong cho

xuat ban Thuyet Z vao 1981, cuon sach c xep

vao loai ban chay nhat nc My. So sanh gia doanh

nghiep Nhat ban va doanh nghiep phng Tay, ong tm

ra s tng phan gia chung qua bang 2.2 sau:

Bang 2.2 : Bang so sanh doanh nghiep kieu Z va doanh

nghiep kieu A

DN Nhat (kieu Z)DN Phng Tay (kieu

A)

Viec lam suot i Viec lam gii han trong

thi gian

anh gia va e bat cham

(tham nien)

anh gia va e bat

nhanh

Nghe nghiep khong

chuyen mon hoa

Nghe nghiep chuyen

mon hoa



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C che kiem tra mac nhien C che kiem tra hien

nhien

Quyet nh tap the Quyet nh ca nhan

Trach nhiem tap the Trach nhiem ca nhan

Quyen li toan cuc Quyen li co gii han

Gia tr cua thuyet Z noi len nh s trnh bay ve vai

tro cua mot nen van hoa kieu Z oi vi s phat

trien nhanh va vng chac cua mot doanh nghiep, ong

cho rang van hoa cua doanh nghiep bao gom mot tap

hp bieu tng, nghi le,huyen thoai, triet ly cho phep

truyen at en ngi lam viec cac gia tr va niem tin

noi than cua doanh nghiep, hat nhan cua van hoa

mot doanh nghiep la triet ly kinh doanh cua no. Ong

ac biet chu trong en tinh than va gia tr tap the

cua phng phap quan ly Nhat ban. Trong tam va muc

tieu c ban cua thuyet Z la qua trnh cong nghechuyen t doanh nghiep kieu A en kieu Z. Mot so

cong ty ln cua My nh Kodak, General Motors a thanh

cong khi ap dung thuyet Z cua ong.

4/ Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien:



63/267

CHNG II


Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien chu trng quan tr

theo tnh huong ngau nhien khong rap khuon may moc

cac nguyen tac, trai lai phai het sc linh hoat, sang

tao, van dung phoi hp cac ly thuyet quan tr vao

tng tnh huong cu the.

IV CAC KHAO HNG QUAN TR HIEN AI.

1/ Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao Waterman &

Peter (My):

Vao thap nien 1980s, Robert H.Waterman va Thomas

J.Peter a a ra mot ly thuyet nham thuc ay cac


Tnh huong quan trLy thuyet quan tr

Vandungphuhp


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hoat ong quan tr at en s tuyet hao, hai ong a

e ra 08 nguyen tac em lai s tuyet hao nh sau:

1/ Khuynh hng hoat ong : Quy mo nho se hieu qua

hn

2/ Khach hang: Thoa man cao nhat cua khach hang la

y thc chung cua moi thanh vien, bo phan, cua ca to

chc

3/ T quan & mao hiem : Chap nhan rui ro-that bai,

phai luon oi mi & au tranh, c cau linh hoat, khuyen

khch t do sang tao.

4/ Coi trong nhan to con ngi: Pham gia con ngi c

xem trong; biet nuoi dng long nhiet tnh, long tin va

tnh cam gia nh cua moi ngi; khuyen khch moi ngi

gi bau khong kh lam viec vui ve, thoai mai va cam

thu c y ngha ve s hoan thanh nhiem vu

5/ Pho bien va thuc ay cac gia tr chung cua to

chc nh triet ly cua to chc, pham chat ca nhan

c thao luan cong khai trc tap the, cung co cac

he thong tn ieu cua cong ty, nha quan tr phai tch

cc va li noi phai i oi vi viec lam



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CHNG II


6/ Sau sat va gan bo chat che cong ty: Nha quan tr

phai luon gan bo cong ty, chu trong phat trien t

ben trong, khong thon tnh hoac mua lai

7/ Hnh thc to chc n gian, nhan s gon nhe: Quyen

lc cang phan tan cang tot, nhan s hanh chnh gon

nhe, nhan tai c tung vao thng trng

8/ Quan ly tai san chat che va hp ly

Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao cua 02 ong co cac

u, nhc iem sau:

* u iem : e cao nhan to con ngi

* Nhc iem: Nhan manh s phat trien t than, xem

trong nhng noi lc ben trong to chc ma cha anh

gia ung mc moi trng ben ngoai.

2/ Khao hng quan tr sang tao (cua cac nha

nghien cu Nhat):

Cac nha nghien cu Nhat Ban thuoc Vien nghien

cu Nomura cho rang quan tr sang tao la phong cach



66/267


quan tr cua the ky 21. Nhng ac trng chu yeu cua

khao hng quan tr sang tao bao gom:

+ Chien lc kinh doanh phai ro rang, biet c hng i

cua tng lai nham phan bo nguon lc hp ly & d bao

c moi trng ben ngoai

+ C cau to chc theo mo hnh mang li (hnh 2.4), lay

moi thanh vien la mot n v c s, cho phep cac n

v thanh vien toi a hoa cac quan he trao oi trong to

chc.

Hnh 2.4 : Mo hnh to chc mang li



67/267

CHNG II


+ Quan tr nguon nhan lc, xem nguon nhan lc la quan

trong nhat, cac chnh sach tuyen dung, ao tao, phat

trien va ong vien nhan vien can het sc c chu

trong

+ Quan tr thong tin, phai chia se nhng thong tin ve

khach hang, ve cong ty cho cac thanh vien. Toi k

oi thong tin trong cac thanh vien, bo phan trong to

chc.

Tom lai khoa hoc quan tr la mot dong chay lien

tuc, mang tnh ke tha. Nhng ly thuyet quan tr ra i

nhng giai oan sau se ke tha, bo sung va hoan

thien cho nhng ly thuyet trc, t o lam cho bc

tranh khoa hoc quan tr ngay cang sinh ong va nhieu

mau sac.

Tr v u chng

Tr v u trang



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CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

---oooOooo---

I MOI TRNG LA G ?

Trong ly thuyet quan tr he thong co mot ong

gop het sc quan trong cho nganh quan tr o la

khong co mot to chc nao ng hoan toan biet lap

vi moi trng ben ngoai, ma hoat ong cua mot to

chc va phu thuoc cac yeu to noi tai ben trong cua

no va chu tac ong cua cac yeu to ben ngoai.

Nhan nh nay chung ta co the thay rat ro qua cac s

kien sau:

Tnh hnh gia ca nhien lieu (dau mo) tai cac nc

OPEC To chc cac nc xuat khau dau mo gan ay

co chieu hng ngay cang tang va ieu nay lam

anh hng en tat ca cac quoc gia va cac to chctren the gii .

Hoac cac vu khung bo hien nay ang dien ra cac

nc nh My, Anh, Nga, Irac, Indonesia vv a co nhng

tac ong rat ln khong ch cho rieng kinh te, chnh tr

cac quoc gia o ma con lam cho cac quoc gia



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CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

khac, to chc khac phai co nhng bien phap e

phong.

Hoac trong lnh vc Vien thong ve kinh doanh dch vu

ien thoai di ong Viet Nam, trc ay Tong cong ty

Bu chnh Vien thong Viet nam (VNPT) oc quyen trong

van e gia cc qua mang Vinaphone va Mobiphone th

ke t khi co cac oi thu canh tranh mi nh Cong ty

Co phan dch vu Bu chnh Vien thong Sai gon (SPT) vi

mang di ong S-Fone va Cong ty Vien thong Quan oi

vi mang di ong Viettel th gia cc ien thoai di ong

a tuot xuong mot cach ro ret. Nh vay tac ong

cua cac yeu to moi trng len to chc la khongtranh khoi, co the co nhng tac ong tao ra cac c

hoi cho to chc va cung co nhng tac ong gay nen

nhng moi nguy c, e doa oi vi to chc. Nh vay,

moi trng la g? Co may loai moi trng va cac yeu

to cua no la g? Cac noi dung sau se giai ap cho

chung ta nhng van e o.

1/ Khai niem ve moi trng :

Moi trng cua mot to chc la cac yeu to, cac

lc lng, nhng the che nam ben ngoai to chc

ma nha quan tr kho kiem soat c, nhng chung co



70/267


anh hng trc tiep hoac gian tiep en hoat ong

va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc.

2/ Cac loai moi trng :

Cac nha kinh te hoc chia moi trng cua mot to

chc thanh hai loai : Moi trng v mo con goi la moi

trng tong quat va moi trng vi mo con goi la moi

trng ac thu.

II - MOI TRNG V MO (MOI TRNG TONG

QUAT)

1-Khai niem:

Moi trng v mo gom cac yeu to, lc lng, the

che nam ben ngoai to chc ma nha quan tr kho

kiem soat c, nhng chung co anh hnggian tiep

en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc.

2-ac iem moi trng v mo:

Moi trng v mo co ba ac iem sau:

+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo thng co tac

ong gian tiep en hoat ong ong va ket qua hoat

ong cua to chc



71/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo thng co moi

quan he tng tac vi nhau e cung tac ong en to

chc

+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo co anh hng

en tat ca cac nganh khac nhau, cac lnh vc khac

nhau va tat ca moi to chc.

3-Cac yeu to c ban cua moi trng v mo (hnh

3.1) :

Hnh 3.1 : Moi trng v mo cua to chc


Yeutokinhte

Yeuto

chnhtr,

chnhphu To

chc

Yeuto xa

hoi


72/267


a) Yeu to kinh te:

Tang trng kinh te, phat trien kinh te:

Tang trng kinh te la s tang them (hay gia tang)

ve quy mo san lng cua nen kinh te trong mot thi

ky nhat nh. o la ket qua cua tat ca cac hoat

ong san xuat va dch vu cua nen kinh te tao ra. e

bieu th s tang trng kinh te ngi ta dung mc

tang them cua tong san lng nen kinh te (tnh toan

bo hay tnh bnh quan au ngi) cua thi ky sau so vithi ky trc; Hoac mc tang phan tram (%) hay tuyet

oi hang nam, hay bnh quan trong mot giai oan. S

tang trng kinh te ch co y ngha khi no em lai s

phat trien kinh te.

Phat trien kinh te la mot qua trnh ln len (hay tang

tien) ve moi mat cua nen kinh te trong mot thi ky


Yeuto tnhien

Yeuto kythuat congnghe

72


73/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

nhat nh. Trong o bao gom ca s tang them ve quy

mo san lng (tang trng) va s tien bo ve c cau

kinh te xa hoi. Phat trien kinh te la mot khai niem

chung nhat ve mot s chuyen bien nen kinh te t

trang thai thap len trang thai cao hn. Do o khong co

tieu chuan chung ve s phat trien, e ch trnh o

phat trien cao, thap khac nhau gia cac nen kinh te

trong moi thi ky cac nha kinh te hoc phan qua trnh

nay thanh cac nac thang: kem phat trien, ang phat

trien va phat trien.

Cac ai lng c ban o lng s tang trng kinh te

hien nay bao gom:

+ Ch tieu GDP : Tong san pham quoc noi (tong san

pham trong nc), la toan bo san pham va dch vu

mi c tao ra hang nam trong pham vi lanh tho quoc

gia.

+ Ch tieu GNP : Tong san pham quoc dan, la toan bo

san pham va dch vu cuoi cung ma tat ca cong dan

mot nc tao ra khong phan biet san xuat c thc

hien trong nc hay ngoai nc

GNP = GDP + thu nhap tai san rong t nc ngoai



74/267


+ Ch tieu NNP (NI) : San pham quoc dan thuan tuy

(thu nhap quoc dan san xuat), la gia tr con lai cua

tong san pham quoc dan sau khi tr i gia tr khau hao

TSC (Dp) trong ky

NNP = GNP - Dp

+ Ch tieu NDI : Thu nhap quoc dan s dung, la phan

ma nhan dan nhan c va co the tieu dung, hay la

phan thu nhap rong sau khi a tr i thue gian thu (T i),

thue trc thu (Td) va cong vi tr cap Sd.

NDI = NNP (Ti + Td) + Sd

+ Ch tieu GDP/ngi hoac GNP/ngi : Phan anh thu

nhap bnh quan au ngi cua mot quoc gia

Nh vay, trong tien trnh tang trng va phat trien

kinh te, doanh nghiep se ong vai tro chu ao, ong

thi mc tang trng kinh te va phat trien kinh te se

co nhng tac ong tch cc hay tieu cc oi vi tat ca

cac to chc noi chung.

Chnh sach kinh te cua quoc gia:

Chnh sach kinh te the hien quan iem, nh hng

phat trien cua Nha nc thong qua cac chu trng,

chnh sach ieu hanh va quan ly nen kinh te. Cac



75/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

chnh sach kinh te tao ra mot moi trng kinh doanh va

tac ong len tat ca cac to chc theo hai khuynh hng

sau:

+ Tac ong khuyen khch, u ai mot so nganh, mot

so lnh vc hoac khu vc nao o, v du nhng ac khu

kinh te se co nhng u ai ac biet so vi nhng khu

vc khac hay nhng nganh Nha nc oc quyen quan

ly se co li the hn nhng nganh khac.

+ Chnh phu a ra nhng bien phap che tai nh nhng

nganh b cam hay han che kinh doanh

Cac cong cu thng c Nha nc s dung e

khuyen khch hay che tai la cac luat thue, lai suat,

chnh sach gia ca, chnh sach tien lng, ty gia hoi

oai

Chu ky kinh te:

Chu ky kinh te c hieu o la s thang tram ve

kha nang tao ra cua cai cua nen kinh te trong nhng

giai oan nhat nh. Cac nha kinh te chia chu ky kinh te

thanh bon giai oan sau ay:



76/267


Giai oan phat trien, la giai oan nen kinh te co toc

o tang trng nhanh va ong thi co s m rong ve

quy mo. Trong giai oan nay cac doanh nghiep co ieu

kien, c hoi phat trien m rong quy mo va gia tang

th phan cua mnh len

Giai oan trng thanh, la thi iem nen kinh te

phat trien cao nhat cua no va bat au i vao giai

oan suy thoai.

Giai oan suy giam, la thi ky nen kinh te co mc

tang trng cham va ky sau thap hn ky trc. Trong

giai oan nay quy mo doanh nghiep thng b thu hep lai

so vi trc.

Giai oan tieu ieu cc iem, la thi iem suy thoai

cua nen kinh te xuong mc cc tieu, giai oan nay co

the thay co hang loat cac doanh nghiep b pha san.

Nh vay, co the thay chu ky kinh te co anh hng

rat manh me en s ton tai va phat trien cua tat ca

cac doanh nghiep va cac quyet nh cua cac nhaquan tr.

Khuynh hng toan cau hoa kinh te:

Ngay nay, the gii ang dien ra mot khuynh hng

ngay cang manh me o la xu hng khu vc hoa va



77/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

toan cau hoa kinh te. Nh vay, cac doanh nghiep trong

moi quoc gia muon ton tai va thanh cong tat yeu

phai khong ngng oi mi cong nghe, nang cao chat

lng san pham, tang nang suat lao ong va ha gia

thanh san pham nham ng au vi qua trnh canh

tranh ngay cang khoc liet.

b) Yeu to chnh tr va chnh phu:

The che chnh tr gi vai tro nh hng va chi phoi

toan bo hoat ong cua xa hoi, trong o co hoat ong

kinh doanh. No c the hien qua cac yeu to nh tnh

on nh cua he thong chnh quyen, he thong luat

phap cua Nha nc, ng loi va chu trng cua

ang, cac chnh sach quan he vi cac to chc va cac

quoc gia khac tren the gii. Trong thc te nhieu cuoc

chien tranh thng mai a tng no ra gia cac quoc gia

nham gianh u the trong canh tranh kinh te va ngay nay

cac cuoc chien tranh ve sac toc, ton giaosuy chocung cung v muc ch kinh te. Trong nhng cuoc chien

tranh nh vay se co mot so doanh nghiep hng li va

tat nhien cung co mot so doanh nghiep ng au vi

nhng bat trac va kho khan. Qua o co the thay

rang gia cac lnh vc chnh tr, chnh phu va kinh te

co moi lien he hu c vi nhau. S tac ong cua chnh



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tr va chnh phu oi vi kinh te the hien mot so

phng dien sau:

Vai tro cua chnh phu oi vi kinh te:

Vai tro cua chnh phu oi vi kinh te the hien qua cac

ac trng sau:

+ Tao lap va thuc ay y ch tang trng va phattrien kinh te cho toan dan thong qua cac hanh ong

va quyet tam sau:

- Gia tang tiet kiem tieu dung e au t cho san xuat

- Chong quan lieu, tham nhung va buon lau

- Duy tr trat t ky cng xa hoi va cac hoat ong kinh

te.

+ Duy tr s on nh kinh te v mo thong qua viec kiem

soat 03 yeu to :

- Bao am s can oi thu, chi ngan sach nha nc

nham km gi lam phat mc co the kiem soat c.



79/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

- Bao am can oi trong can can thng mai thong qua

s dung ty gia hoi oai hp ly gia ong noi te va

cac loai ngoai te.

- Bao am can oi gia tch luy va au t nham tranh

s le thuoc oi vi ben ngoai

+ Ton trong cac quy luat cua nen kinh te th trng nh

quy luat gia tr, quy luat cung cau, quy luat canh tranh

bang cac bien phap sau:

- M rong va thuc ay canh tranh lanh manh

- Bao am mot c cau hp ly gia cac loai hnh doanh

nghiep, chong hanh vi thon tnh, sat nhap mot cach

bat hp phap.

- Bao am gia ca phan anh chnh xac chi ph xa hoi

+ Bao am can oi c cau tch luy von trong va ngoai

nc, co nghia la can duy tr mc huy ong von t

noi bo nen kinh te mot ty le thch hp va ieu quan

trong la s dung nhng nguon von noi bo vao nhng

khu vc (he thong c s ha tang, phat trien cong nghe



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cao, phat trien nguon nhan lc) tao ra tang trng va

phat trien ben vng cho nen kinh te. Con cac nguon

von ben ngoai ch co tac dung khi ong nen kinh te

trong giai oan au phat trien va no can c lien ket

chat che vi nguon von trong nc e xac nh lnh

vc au t thch hp.

Cac tac ong cua chnh tr, chnh phu oi vi

kinh te:

C che bao ho san xuat trong nc thong qua cac

bien phap nh thue quan, han ngach, tr gia hang trong

ncnham giup cac to chc trong nc tranh hoac

giam bt s canh tranh va nhng bat li t ben ngoai.

am bao mot s on nh chnh tr nham tao ra long

tin va hap dan cho cac to chc kinh doanh trong nc

lan ngoai nc. Muon vay moi quoc gia can phai thc

hien cac van e sau:

- Tranh nhng bat on trong nc nh khung hoang chnh

phu, lat o chnh quyen, ao chnh

- Tranh xung ot, thu ch vi cac quoc gia khac..

- Xu hng chnh tr phai phuc vu cho viec phat trien kinh

te va xa hoi.



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CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

- Can co nhng nh hng chung ve nen kinh te mot

cach hp ly nh chnh sach kiem soat ve tai chnh, ve

th trng, chnh sach moi trng-tai nguyen

c) Yeu to xa hoi:

Gia cac to chc va moi trng xa hoi co nhng

moi lien he chat che, tac ong qua lai vi nhau, cac

to chc eu hoat ong trong mot moi trng xa hoi.

Xa hoi chung cap cho cac to chc nhng nguon lc

au vao, ngc lai san pham dch vu cua cac doanh

nghiep tao ra se ap ng cho nhu cau ngay cang tang

cua ngi tieu dung noi rieng va cua xa hoi noi

chung. Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng xa hoi tac ong

len cac hoat ong va ket qua cua to chc bao gom:

Dan so va thu nhap:

Ta thay cac tieu chuan ve dan so va thu nhap nh

o tuoi, gii tnh, mat o, thu nhap, nghe nghiep, trnh

o van hoa, tnh trang hon nhan, tn ngng, ong c,

thoi quen, s thch, hanh vi mua sam .ay la cac tieu

chuan giup doanh nghiep lam can c e phan khuc

th trng, hoach nh ke hoach nh v nha may, san

xuat, phan phoi san phamChang han nhng vung



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co nhieu ngi ln tuoi th se co nhu cau cao oi vi

cac dch vu y te bao ve sc khoe, con nhng vung

co nhieu tre em th se co nhu cau cao oi vi cac dch

vu giao duc, san pham quan ao-o chi .Hoac nhng

vung ma thu nhap va i song ngi dan c nang

cao th sc mua cua ngi dan tang len rat nhanh, ieu

nay tao ra nhng c hoi thuan li cho cac nha san

xuat

Thai o oi vi cong viec:

Thai o cua ngi lao ong oi vi cong viec the

hien thong qua 02 tieu thc c ban la ao c lam

viec va long trung thanh vi to chc. Thai o nay

cua ngi lao ong c chia thanh 02 xu hng nh sau:

Th nhat, ngi lao ong gan bo, trung thanh oi vi

to chc, ho em het tam huyet, sc lc phuc vu cho to

chc nham am bao mot s an toan ve cho lam viec

va e co c hoi thang tienXu hng nay thng

thay trong cac cong ty Nhat ban (ap dung che o lam

viec suot i), mot so nc Chau A khac. aychuan mc gia tr ao c c e cao hn tai nang

cua ngi lao ong

Th hai, do quy luat canh tranh, quy luat cua s ao

thaingi lao ong thng t gan bo va t trung thanh

vi mot to chc, ho quan tam en cuoc song rieng

va gia nh nhieu hn, ho chu y trau doi ky nang nghe



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+ Tang mc au t cho tham do va ay manh cac

hoat ong nghien cu, phat trien nham tm kiem

nhng nguon tai nguyen mi, tai sinh nguon tai

nguyen, s dung hieu qua nguon tai nguyen, han che

lang ph tai nguyen.

+ Thiet ke san pham tren c s hp ly hoa s dung

cac yeu to au vao

+ Tang cng s dung lai cac chat thai cong nghiep

va sinh hoat nham bao ve moi trng va tiet kiem

nguyen lieu.

+ Tm kiem va s dung cac nguon nang lng va

nguyen lieu thay the, chang han thuy tinh dan thay the

cho kim loai, gom s s dung nhieu trong cong nghiep

ien lc va hang khong

e) Yeu to ky thuat cong nghe:

Ngay nay yeu to ky thuat va cong nghe la yeu to

nang ong nhat trong cac yeu to moi trng kinh

doanh. Yeu to nay luon luon bien oi va tac ong

rat ln en cac doanh nghiep. S bien oi nay c

the hien :

Chu ky bien oi cong nghe ngay cang rut ngan

buoc cac doanh nghiep phai tan dung toi a cong nghe



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CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

nham thu hoi von au t, ong thi phai thay oi cong

nghe lien tuc e ng vng trong canh tranh

Vong i san pham ngay cang ngan hn, do cong

nghe bien oi lien tuc va chu ky bien oi cong nghe

ngay cang ngan nen ngay cang co nhieu san pham

mi va chu ky song cua no cung ngan hn, chnh ieu

nay buoc cac doanh nghiep phai co chien lc ve san

pham mot cach hp ly va thc te ngay nay ta thay a

so cac doanh nghiep theo uoi chien lc a dang hoa

san pham hn la kinh doanh ch mot hoac mot vai san

pham nao o.

Tac ong cua cuoc cach mang cong nghiep mi a

tao nen nhng cong cu va he thong hoat ong tien

tien nh may vi tnh, robot, t ong hoat o tao c

nhng mat tch cc nh giam chi ph, tang NSL, tang

hieu qua cho doanh nghiep, nhng cung e lai nhng

mat trai cua no ma cac to chc va xa hoi phaing au giai quyet nh nan that nghiep gia tang, chnh

sach ao tao lai nguon nhan lc ra sao ..

Chnh sach cua Nha nc ve nghien cu va phat

trien, chuyen giao cong nghe, bao ve bang phat minh-

sang checung can c chu trong



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87/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

trng vi mo bao gom cac yeu to c ban sau: oi thu

canh tranh hien tai, oi thu canh tranh tiem an, khach

hang, nha cung cap va san pham thay the.



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Cac oi thu

tiem an


Hnh 3.2 : S o moi trng vi mo trong nganh tac ong

len to chc

Nguy c e doa t nhng ngi

mi vao cuoc

Quyen mac ca Quyen

mac ca

cua ngi ban cua

ngi mua


- Cac oithu canhtranh trong

nganh- Cuoc canhtranh giacac oi

Ngimua

Ngiban

88


89/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

Nguy c e doa t san pham

va dch vu thay the

a) oi thu canh tranh hien tai:

Tm hieu va phan tch ve cac oi thu canh tranh hien

tai co mot y nghia quan trong oi vi cac doanh

nghiep, bi v s hoat ong cua cac oi thu canh tranh

co anh hng trc tiep en hoat ong va ket quacua doanh nghiep. Thng phan tch oi thu qua cac

noi dung sau: Muc tieu cua oi thu? Nhan nh cua oi

thu ve doanh nghiep chung ta? Chien lc cua oi thu

ang thc hien? Nhng tiem nang cua oi thu? Cac

bien phap phan ng cua oi thu? Ngoai ra can xac

nh so lng oi thu tham gia canh tranh la bao nhieu?


San pham

thay the


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ac biet can xac nh ro cac oi thu ln la ai va ty

suat li nhuan cua nganh la bao nhieu?

b) oi thu canh tranh tiem an:

oi thu canh tranh tiem an bao gom cac oi thu

tiem an (se xuat hien trong tng lai) va cac oi thu

mi tham gia th trng, ay cung la nhng oi thu

gay nguy c oi vi doanh nghiep. e oi pho vi

nhng oi thu nay, doanh nghiep can nang cao v the

canh tranh cua mnh, ong thi s dung nhng hang

rao hp phap ngan can s xam nhap t ben ngoai

nh : duy tr li the do san xuat tren quy mo ln, a dang

hoa san pham, tao ra nguon tai chnh ln, kha nang

chuyen oi mat hang cao, kha nang han che trong viec

xam nhap cac kenh tieu thu, u the ve gia thanh maoi thu khong tao ra c va s chong tra manh me

cua cac oi thu a ng vng.

c) Khach hang :

Doanh nghiep can tao c s tn nhiem cua khachhang, ay co the xem la tai san quy gia cua doanh

nghiep. Muon vay, phai xem khach hang la thng

e, phai thoa man nhu cau va th hieu cua khach

hang hn cac oi thu canh tranh. Muon at c ieu

nay doanh nghiep phai xac nh ro cac van e sau:



91/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

+ Xac nh ro khach hang muc tieu, khach hang tiem

nang cua doanh nghiep.

+ Xac nh nhu cau va hanh vi mua hang cua khach

hang bang cach phan tch cac ac tnh cua khach

hang thong qua cac yeu to nh : yeu to mang tnh ia

ly (vung, mien), yeu to mang tnh xa hoi, dan so

(la tuoi, nghe nghiep, trnh o, thu nhap, tn

ngng.); Hoac phan tch thai o cua khach hang qua

cac yeu to nh : yeu to thuoc ve tam ly (ong c,

thoi quen, s thch, phong cach, ca tnh, van hoa), yeu

to mang tnh hanh vi tieu dung (tm kiem li ch, mc o

s dung, tnh trung thanh trong tieu thu).

d) Nha cung cap:

Cac yeu to au vao (nguyen vat lieu, may moc

thiet b ) cua mot doanh nghiep c quyet nh bi

cac nha cung cap.

e cho qua trnh hoat ong cua mot doanh nghiep

dien ra mot cach thuan li, th cac yeu to au vao

phai c cung cap on nh vi mot gia ca hp ly,

muon vay doanh nghiep can phai tao ra moi quan he



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gan bo vi cac nha cung ng hoac tm nhieu nha cung

ng khac nhau cho cung mot loai nguon lc.

e) San pham thay the :

Sc ep do co san pham thay the se lam han che

tiem nang li nhuan cua nganh do mc gia cao nhat b

khong che. Phan ln cac san pham thay the la ket

qua cua cuoc cach mang cong nghe. Do o doanh

nghiep can chu y va phan tch en cac san pham

thay the e co cac bien phap d phong.

IV CAC YEU TO NOI TAI CUA TO CHC.

Ngoai cac yeu to thuoc moi trng tac ong en

to chc con co cac yeu to noi bo (yeu to bentrong to chc) tac ong mot cach trc tiep en hoat

ong va ket qua hoat ong cua mot to chc.

Cac yeu to noi tai la nhng yeu to ben trong to

chc ma nha quan tr co the kiem soat, ieu chnh

c va chung co anh hng trc tiep en hoat

ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc. Cac yeu to

noi tai cua mot to chc thng bao gom cac yeu to

nh sau:

Nguon nhan lc: Nguon nhan lc cua mot doanh

nghiep manh hay yeu the hien so lng va chat

lng nhan s, van e sap xep, bo tr, ao tao-phat

trien, cac chnh sach ong vien



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1.Viec tm hieu va phan tch cac yeu to moi trng (vi

mo + v mo) nham giup cho to chc xac nh cac van

e sau ay:

+ Xac nh cac c hoi - Opportunnities (O) oi vi to

chc : Tm cach tan dung c hoi

+ Xac nh cac moi nguy c, e doa Threats (T) oi vi

to chc : Tm cach han che, oi pho

2. Viec tm hieu va phan tch cac yeu to noi tai nham

giup cho to chc xac nh cac van e sau ay:

+ Xac nh nhng iem manh Strengths (S) cua to

chc : Khai thac va phat huy iem manh

+ Xac nh nhng iem yeu Weaknesses (W) cua to

chc : Can khac phuc, han che iem yeu

Qua xac nh cac iem S, W, O, T cac nha quan tr se

phoi hp chung hnh thanh nhng chien lc cho to

chc thong qua ma tran SWOT (se e cap ky chng

chc nang hoach nh)

V QUAN TR S BAT TRAC CUA MOI TRNG

1/ Xac nh v tr cua to chc trong moi trng:



95/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

Cac yeu to moi trng co the tao ra nhng bat trac

cho to chc, ngi ta chia mc o bat trac thanh 02

yeu to :

+ Mc o thay oi (on nh hay nang ong)

+ Mc o phc tap (n gian hay phc tap).

Moi to chc eu co moi trng cua no va can phai

xac nh mnh ng v tr nao, mc o bat trac ra

sao e giup to chc co nhng bien phap quan tr cac

bat trac ay. Thong thng ngi ta s dung cong cu

ma tran bat trac cua moi trng e nh v tr cho to

chc (bang 3.1):



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Bang 3.1 : Ma tran bat trac cua moi trng

Mc thay oi

On nh (1) Nang ong (2)

o

ph

c

tap

n

gia

n

(3)

A=1+3

+ MT on nh, t

yeu to, tien

oan c

+ t can kienthc phc tap

ve cac yeu to

B=2+3

+ MT nang ong, t

yeu to, khong

tien oan c

+ Can kien thcphc tap ve cac

yeu to



97/267

CHNG III

MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC

Ph

cta

p

(4)

C=1+4

+ MT on nh,

nhieu yeu to,

tien oan c

+ Rat can kien

thc phc tap

ve cac yeu to

D=2+4

+ MT nang ong,

nhieu yeu to,

khong tien oan

c

+ Rat can kien

thc phc tap ve

cac yeu to

Qua bang tren ta thay neu to chc v tr A, ay la

v tr ly tng, t bat trac; ngc lai neu ri vao v tr D,

ay la v tr rat kho chu, nhieu bat trac nen cannhieu bien phap quan tr bat trac hn.

2/ Cac bien phap quan tr cac bat trac cua moi

trng:



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1.Dung em: La nham giam bt hay thu hut nhng

cu soc do anh hng cua moi trng gay ra cho ca 02

pha au vao va au ra.

au vao: V du ton tr vat t, thc hien bao tr

phong nga, tuyen va huan luyen nhng nhan vien

mi.muc ch d phong cac bat trac xay ra.

au ra: V du nha san xuat ao ma ch phan phoi

hang cho nhng ca hang e ban vao mua ma. Tat

nhien ao ma van c san xuat quanh nam (Neu e

en mua ma san xuat th se co the thieu hang,

khong ap ng kp thi cho nhu cau th trng)

2.San bang: San eu anh hng cua moi trng.

MON QUAN TRI HOC- giao trinh

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