Mon, 11.15h smith, ted impact of it manufacturing on workers and communities 2011

Challenging the Chip:

Labor rights and environmental justice in the

global electronics industry

挑战芯片：

全球电子产业中的劳工权利和环境正义 Organizing and Advocacy for Healthand Environmental Justice

in the High-Tech Industry

为高科技产业中的健康和环境正义而组织呐喊

Presented at Global Production, Economic Development, and labor

standards in the Information Technology Industry

Guangzhou, China

December, 2011

Ted Smith, Founder,

Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition;

Electronics TakeBack Coalition; and

International Campaign for Responsible Technology

www.icrt.co

Unions 工会

Organizing Silicon Valley„s High Tech Workers

by David Bacon

组织硅谷高科技产业里的工人

http://dbacon.igc.org/Unions/04hitec1.htm

• From the beginning, high tech workers had to face an industry-wide anti-union policy. Robert Noyce, who participated in the invention of the transistor, and later became a co-founder of Intel Corp., declared that "remaining non-union is an essential for survival for most of our companies. If we had the work rules that unionized companies have, we'd all go out of business. This is a very high priority for management here. We have to retain flexibility in operating our companies. The great hope for our nation is to avoid those deep, deep divisions between workers and management which can paralyze action."

Unions 工会

Organizing Silicon Valley„s High Tech Workers

by David Bacon

组织硅谷高科技产业里的工人

http://dbacon.igc.org/Unions/04hitec1.htm

• 高科技产业里的工人从一开始就面临行业层面的反工会政策。参与电晶体发明、日后成为英特尔公司创始人之一的Robert Noyce曾宣称： " 无工会状态对公司的生存至关重要。如果我们像那些有工会的企业一样被工人控制，我们就都玩不下去了。没有工会是管理的重中之重我们要保留公司运营的灵活性。这个国家的未来在于避免劳资双方之间导致无法行动的巨大分裂。”

History of organizing for better conditions

为更好待遇而组织工会的历史

• In the mid 70's, a small group of people started meeting to discuss concerns over the chemical-handling aspects of the semiconductor industry and what might be done to raise these issues publicly. The group was called ECOSH (later became SCCOSH). Electronics Committee for Occupational Safety and Health. ECOSH members included electronics workers, occupational nurses, attorneys, industrial hygienists, engineering and medical students, labor, environmental and religious leaders.

History of organizing for better conditions

为更好待遇而组织工会的历史

• 70年代中期，一部分人开始聚在一起，讨论半导体行业中的化学处理工序，以及如何提高这些问题的公共关注程度。这个组织被被称为ECOSH (后改名为SCCOSH).即电子行业职业安全和健康委员会。 ECOSH 的成员包括电子产业工人、职业护士、律师、卫生学家、工科和医科学生、劳工、环境和宗教领袖。

History of organizing for better conditions

为更好待遇而组织工会的历史

• Another early SCCOSH project was Injured Workers

United, a support group for workers already affected by

chemical exposures, trying to secure fair compensation,

decent medical care and retraining. The Silicon Valley

Toxics Coalition (SVTC) also started out as an early

project of SCCOSH in 1982.

• SCCOSH的另一个早期项目是受害工人联合会，这是一个为已经因为化学接触而感染的工人设立的组织，旨在帮助其获取赔偿、医疗服务和再培训。硅谷防毒联盟也是SCCOSH在1982年启动的一个早期项目。

纽约时报New York Times – November 10, 1984

标题：硅谷大量使用有毒物质引起担忧

Clean rooms and miscarriages 清洁厂房与流产

“ new concerns … may prove a potential black eye for a high technology industry that … sought to portray itself as clean and with little impact on the environment.

“新的忧虑在于……人们没有意识到……高科技产业将自己粉饰为对环境无害的清洁产业。

Women exposed to certain chemicals … in the nation’s semiconductor factories face a significantly higher risk of miscarriage, a broad industry-financed study has found. The study is the 3rd in 4 years to find that … glycol ethers have toxic effects. “

研究表明，半导体产业中暴露于某些化学物质的女性面临更高的流产风险。这是4年来第三个发现乙二醇醚有毒的研究。”

Oct 12 and Dec. 4, 1992

Chip plants not safe in Scotland 苏格兰的芯片工厂不安全

Wall Street Journal 华尔街杂志 October 5, 1998

• SEMICONDUCTOR PLANTS AREN'T SAFE AND CLEAN By BILL RICHARDS

• Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

• 半导体工厂既不安全也不干净 (作者BILL RICHARDS )

• GREENOCK, Scotland -- At the Inverclyde Advice and Employment Rights Center here, two dozen women crowd around a table. In angry Scottish burrs, they recite a litany of medical problems: cancers, birth defects, multiple miscarriages.

• 在因弗克莱德员工权利中心，二十多个女人围着桌子，用愤怒的苏格兰颤音历数健康问题：癌症、生育缺陷、多次流产。

IBM Corporate Mortality File IBM公司死亡率文件

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626450

• IBM maintained records of 30,000 workers that identified

cause of death over 30 years

• IBM记录：30年来30,000个工人因癌症而死

• Records were analyzed by Dr. Richard Clapp,

epidemiologist at Boston Univ.

• 波士顿大学的流行病学家Richard Clapp做出分析

• Breast cancer deaths in women at IBM were 2.42 times

the expected number

• 因乳腺癌而死亡的女性人数是预期数值的2.42倍

• Similar findings for brain cancer, kidney cancer, non-

Hodgikins lymphoma 脑癌、肾癌和非霍奇金淋巴瘤也有相似发现

Workplace PELS (if any) for carcinogens and

developmental toxics are much weaker than

environmental standards

工厂对致癌和有毒物质的防范标准远低于环境标准

•If the air you breathe at work contains 1 ppm

benzene, you are getting over 500 times the

dosage set by EPA to protect the most

vulnerable level of benzene with every breath

you take (industrial health standards are not

set to prevent birth defects in workers kids)

•If you breathe1 ppm of benzene at work, it

takes only 166 hours to get a complete lifetime

dose (using the federal public health exposure

limit. )

Workplace PELS (if any) for carcinogens and

developmental toxics are much weaker than

environmental standards

工厂对致癌和有毒物质的防范标准远低于环境标准

如果你工作场所的空气含1ppm苯，每一次呼吸你吸入的苯会500倍于美国环境保护署确定的最有害苯吸入量（工业健康标准没有保护员工免于生育缺陷）

如果你在工厂呼吸1ppm苯的空气，只需要166个小时就会吸入常人一辈子才会吸入的苯（根据联邦公共卫生化学接触限制）

Toxic Agent

有毒物质防控机构

Best OCC STDD 8 hr. TWA

最高工作标准

8小时TWA浓度

Best Env. STDD

最高环境标准 NSRL or MCL

Env. STDD converted to 8

hr. TWA

将环境标准转化为8小时TWA浓度

Yield in improved worker

protection

工作标准与环境标准的比例

Benzene 苯 1 part per

million 7 ug/day 1 part per billion 1,000:1

TCE三氯乙烯 25 ppm 80 ug/day 7 ppb 3,571:1

Perc四氯乙烯 25 ppm 14 ug/day .3 ppb 8,333:1

Methylene Chloride 25 ppm 0.005 mg/L 1 ppb 25,000:1

The wake up call !! 警世钟

The Fairchild Case --Groundwater

pollution in Silicon Valley poisons families 硅谷地下水毒害家庭

排污区域生育缺陷率高

Moore‟s Law 摩尔定律

Inside an iPhone

iPhone里面

Inside your iPhone

你的iPhone里面

Our movement expands as

Industry moves out of S.V. 产业移出S.V.的同时我们的运动也在扩展

Global High-Tech Production is Undergoing the Largest

Industrial Expansion in the History of the World

全球高科技生产在经历有史以来最大的扩张

Source: SEMI

We are undergoing the “Largest

industrial transition in history” 有史以来最大的产业转移

• 127 new fabs 127个新工厂

– Total exceeds $115 billion 超过1千1百50亿的总投资

– $1- 3 billion each 每个工厂10到30亿

– 300 mm fabs may double the cost

• 200 mm to 300 mm fabs: $14 billion

– “Largest industrial transition in history”

出口危害：亚洲的高科技垃圾

E-Waste problems continue 电子垃圾问题在延续

• Wired for gold - (China Daily) • 电线里的黄金《中国日报》

• Updated: 2011-11-16 07:59

• By Cheng Anqi and Erik Nilsson

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/life/2011-11/16/content_14104157.htm

Recent studies from Taiwan

台湾近年的研究

Sung TI, Wang JD, Chen PC. Increased risks of infant

mortality and of deaths due to congenital malformation

in the offspring of male electronics workers. Birth

Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2008.

男性电子工人后代的先天畸形导致婴儿死亡风险增大

Chang YM, Tai CF, Yang SC, et al. Cancer incidence

among workers potentially exposed to chlorinated

solvents in an electronics factory. J Occup Health

2005;47:171-80.

电子产业工人暴露于氯化溶剂环境下的致癌几率

Summary of Occupational

Illness in Korean electronics 韩国电子业职业病情况统计 (compiled by Dr. Kong of SHARPS)

Samsung Electronics 三星电子

Total 总计

Semiconductor 半导体

LCD Mobile

Phone 手机

Etc. 其他

Subtotal 小计

No.of Victims 受害者数量

Total 总计

79 16 3 9 107 149

Cancer 癌症

63 10 2 6 81 114

No.of Deaths

死亡数量

Total 总计

27 7 2 5 41 59

Cancer 癌症

23 6 1 5 35 53

KEY FINDINGS 5: BRANDS TURNED PROACTIVE

Comp any Name 公司名称

Replied to NGO

Letter

Checked the

Purpose of the Study

Checks on Supplier

Violation Cases

Use of Public I Information to Enhance

Supply Chain Management

Push for Suppliers to Make

Corrective Action & Disclose Information

Further Extension of Environmental

Management into the Supply Chain

Performed Initial

Checks

Performed In-depth Checks

Considered Establishing

a Search Mechanism

Decided to Establish a Search

Mechanism

Corrective Action

& Explanation

Regular Disclosure of

Discharge Data

Directly Extended to Main

Materials Suppliers

Pushing Tier 1 Suppliers to Manage Tier

2

Siemens西门子 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X

Vodafone沃达丰 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X √

Philips飞利浦 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X √ X

Nokia诺基亚 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X

Alcatel-Lucent √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X

BT √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X √

HP惠普 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X

Samsung三星 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X

Sanyo三洋 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X

Sony索尼 √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X X

Toshiba东芝 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X

Panasonic松下 √ √ √ v √ X X X X X

Sharp夏普 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

Lenovo联想 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

Intel因特尔 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

Seiko Epson √ X √ √ √ X X X X X

Motorola摩托罗拉 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X

Hitachi日立 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X

Canon佳能 √ X √ √ X X X X X X

Cisco思科 √ X √ √ X X X X X X

Dell戴尔 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X

Apple苹果 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X

Haier海尔 √ √ √ X X X X X X X

TCL √ √ √ X X X X X X X

Foxconn富士康 √ √ √ X X X X X X X

SingTel √ √ √ X X X X X X X

BYD比亚迪 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

IBM √ X √ X X X X X X X

LG √ X √ X X X X X X X

Ericsson爱立信 √ X √ X X X X X X X

BlackBerry- Rim √ X √ X X X X X X X

KEY FINDINGS 5: BRANDS TURNED PROACTIVE

公司名称 回复NGO信件

确认调查目的

对供应商违规情况的检查

利用公开信息进行供应链管理的情况

要求供应商正确行事并公开信息

供应链环境管理的进一步延伸

进行初步检查

进行深度检查

考虑设立搜索机制

决定设立搜索机制

正确行事并解释

定期发布排污数据

直接延伸至主要原材料供应商

要求1级供应商管理2级供应商

Siemens西门子 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X

Vodafone沃达丰 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X √

Philips飞利浦 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X √ X

Nokia诺基亚 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X

阿尔卡特 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X

BT √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X √

HP惠普 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X

Samsung三星 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X

Sanyo三洋 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X

Sony索尼 √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X X

Toshiba东芝 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X

Panasonic松下 √ √ √ v √ X X X X X

Sharp夏普 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

Lenovo联想 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

Intel因特尔 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

Seiko Epson √ X √ √ √ X X X X X

Motorola摩托罗拉 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X

Hitachi日立 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X

Canon佳能 √ X √ √ X X X X X X

Cisco思科 √ X √ √ X X X X X X

Dell戴尔 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X

Apple苹果 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X

Haier海尔 √ √ √ X X X X X X X

TCL √ √ √ X X X X X X X

Foxconn富士康 √ √ √ X X X X X X X

SingTel √ √ √ X X X X X X X

BYD比亚迪 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X

IBM √ X √ X X X X X X X

LG √ X √ X X X X X X X

Ericsson爱立信 √ X √ X X X X X X X

黑莓 √ X √ X X X X X X X

International Campaign for

Responsible Technology (ICRT)

责任技术国际运动

Global Symposium on Strategies for a

Sustainable High-Tech Industry

November 14-17, 2002

San Jose, CA

可持续高科技产业战略的全球论坛

http://www.svtc.org/icrt/index.html

International Campaign for

Responsible Technology (ICRT) 责任技术国际运动

Mission Statement, 使命声明

adopted November 16, 2002

• We are an international solidarity network that

promotes corporate and government

accountability in the global electronics industry.

We are united by our concern for the lifecycle

impacts of this industry on health, the

environment and workers' rights.我们是促进公司和政府在全球电子产业中负责人的国际劳工网络。我们因对该产业导致的健康、环境和工人权利问题的关注而团结起来。

UN expert meeting charts the way forward on

hazardous chemicals in electronic products

Historic meeting addresses entire lifecycle of electronics

For the first time, more than 100 experts from

around the world gathered in Vienna, Austria to

make recommendations for a UN process on

reducing and eliminating hazardous chemicals in

the design, manufacturing, and end of life stages

of electronic products. Concerns over toxic

exposures during manufacturing, use, and

recycling of electronic products provoked

governments, the private sector, and public

interest NGOs from around the world to call for

the meeting at a global conference in 2009.

UN expert meeting charts the way forward on

hazardous chemicals in electronic products

联合国专家针对电子产品中的有害化学物质起草文件

Historic meeting addresses entire lifecycle of electronics

针对电子产品生命周期的历史性会议

• 有史以来第一次，来自世界各地的100多位专家聚集在奥地利维也纳，为联合国旨的一个活动做出建议，该活动旨在消除电子垃圾设计、生产和丢弃时产生的有害化学物质。对电子产设计、制造、使用和回收过程中产生的电子垃圾的担忧促使世界各地的政府、企业界和公益组织号召在2009年的一次国际会议上讨论这个问题。

Key Recommendations from

SAICM in Vienna 维也纳SAICM的主要建议

Delegates developed key recommendations:

• eliminating chemical hazards during design;

• phasing-out hazardous substances;

• improving information transparency and flow;

• ensuring equal protection of workers,

communities, and consumers;

• preventing export of hazardous electronic

wastes from developed to developing countries;

• and controlling export and import of near-end-

of-life equipment.

Key Recommendations from

SAICM in Vienna 维也纳SAICM的主要建议

• 代表们形成的主要建议：

在生产环节消除化学危害；

• 逐渐淘汰有害物质的使用；

• 促进信息透明和流动；

• 保证对工人、社区和消费者的同等保护；

• 防止有害电子垃圾从发达国家向发展中国家的转移；

• 控制即将达到使用寿命的设备的进出口

What about EICC?

EICC又如何呢？

Key critique by Good Electronics: – EICC code is not sufficiently aligned with international

labour standards/ILO conventions (This point was

supported by Verité)

– Very problematic that right to collective bargaining is not

included. (This point was supported by Verité)

– Code lacks specific details and enforcement

– Language of the EICC code is – in places – vague and

ambiguous

– As a result, code lacks credibility and effectiveness

What about EICC?

EICC又如何呢？ • Good Electronics的主要批评：

• EICC规则不充分符合国际劳工标准或国际劳工组织传统；

• 集体谈判的协议没有包括在内，这点很成问题；

• 规则缺乏细节和执行力；

• EICC规则的语言含糊不清；

• 结果是，规则没有可信度和效果

Key Points from the ANROEV Electronics Workshop

the ANROEV 电子业研讨会的要点

Jaipur India Nov 17,2001

• Broadening our electronics network

扩展电子业网络

• Improving communications (internal and external)促进内部和外部交流

• Mapping (supply chain and health)

绘制产业链和健康关系图

• Continued research to link toxic exposure to health in

electronics

继续对电子业中暴露于有毒物质与健康关系的研究

• Planning for ICRT‟s 10th anniversary in 2012

2012年ICRT10周年纪念的计划

For Further Information:

更多信息

Ted Smith – International Campaign for Responsible Technology &

Electronics TakeBack Coalition

[email protected]; +408-242-6707

www.icrt.co; www.electronicstakeback.com/home/

http://www.archive.org/details/pioneeractivistsil00smitrich

http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt2b69r7hf;style=oac4;view=dsc