STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING TITLE : MOMENT INFLUENCE LINES (U2) 1.0 OBJECTIVE 1.1 To plot moment influence line. 1.2 To apply the use of a moment influence on a simply supported beam. 2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES 2.1 Application the engineering knowledge in practical application. 2.2 To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. 2.3 To communicate effectively in group. 2.4 To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application. 3.0 INTRODUCTION Moving loads on beam are common features of design. Many road bridges are constructed from beam, and such have to be designed to carry a knife edge load, or a string of wheel loads, or a uniformity distributed load, or perhaps the worst combination of all three. To find the critical moment at a section, influence line is used.
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STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING
TITLE : MOMENT INFLUENCE LINES (U2)
1.0 OBJECTIVE
1.1 To plot moment influence line.
1.2 To apply the use of a moment influence on a simply supported beam.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
2.1 Application the engineering knowledge in practical application.
2.2 To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through
laboratory application.
2.3 To communicate effectively in group.
2.4 To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through
laboratory application.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Moving loads on beam are common features of design. Many road bridges are
constructed from beam, and such have to be designed to carry a knife edge load,
or a string of wheel loads, or a uniformity distributed load, or perhaps the worst
combination of all three. To find the critical moment at a section, influence line is
used.
4.0 THEORY
Definition: Influence line is defined as a line representing the changes in either
moment, shear force, reaction or displacement at a section of a beam when a unit
load moves on the beam.
An influence line for a given function, such as a reaction, axial force, shear force, or
bending moment, is a graph that shows the variation of that function at any given
point on a structure due to the application of a unit load at any point on the structure.
An influence line for a function differs from a shear, axial, or bending moment
diagram. Influence lines can be generated by independently applying a unit load at
several points on a structure and determining the value of the function due to this
load, for example shear, axial, and moment at the desired location. The calculated
values for each function are then plotted where the load was applied and then
connected together to generate the influence line for the function.
For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in
Figure 1, is found by applying a unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the
structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This can be done
by solving the support reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting
unit load. One such equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.
Figure 1 - Beam structure for influence line example
Figure 2 - Beam structure showing application of unit load
MB = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)
-YA(L)+1(L-x) = 0
YA = (L-x)/L = 1 - (x/L)
The graph of this equation is the influence line for the support reaction at A (See
Figure 3). The graph illustrates that if the unit load was applied at A, the reaction at A
would be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load was applied at B, the reaction at A
would be equal to 0, and if the unit load was applied at C, the reaction at A would be
equal to -e/L.
Figure 3 - Influence line for the support reaction at A
Once an understanding is gained on how these equations and the influence lines they
produce are developed, some general properties of influence lines for statically
determinate structures can be stated.
a
‘cut’
L
b
x1 (unit load) Mx
Mx
Part 1: This experiment examines how moment varies at a cut section as a unit
load moves from one end another (see diagram 1). From the diagram, moment
influence equation can be written.
For a unit load between 0 ≤ x ≤ a ,
Mx = (L – x)a - 1(a-x) …………(1) L
For a unit load between 0 ≤ x ≤ b ,
Mx = _xb_ - (x-a) …………(2) L
Figure 1
RA = (1-x/L) RB = x/L
y1 y3y2
x2
x1
x3
F1 F2 F3a + b = L
Moment influence line for cut section
Part 2: If the beam is loaded as shown below, the moment at the ‘cut’ can be
calculated using the influence line. (See Figure 2).
Moment at ‘cut’ section = F1y1 + F2y2 + F3y3……………(3)
(y1, y2 and y3 are ordinates derived from the influence line in terms of x1, x2, x3,
a, b and L).
Figure 2
5.0 APPARATUS
5.1 Bending moment Machine
5.2 Weights (Loadings)
6.0 PROCEDURES
6.1 Part 1
6.1.1 The Digital Force Display meter is checked that it reads zero with
no loading that the structure is subjected to.
6.1.2 A hanger with a 200g mass is placed on the left of the cut.
6.1.3 The Digital Force Display reading is recorded in Table 1.
6.1.4 Repeat steps to the next grooved hanger until to the last grooved
hanger at the right hand support.
6.1.5 Calculation in Table 1 is completed.
6.2 Part 2
6.2.1 The Digital Force Display meter is checked that it reads zero with
no loading that the structure is subjected to.
6.2.2 Three loads were placed with 100g, 200g and 300g and place them
at positions between the supports. The positions and the Digital
Force Display were recorded and the force reading is converted
into bending moment (Nm) using:
Bending moment at a cut (Nm) = Displayed Force x 0.125
6.2.3 The theoretical bending moment at the cut and also the support
reaction, RA and RB are calculated and entered into Table 2.