MOLETRONICS

MOLETRONICSMOLETRONICS

MANISH KR. PATHAK MANISH KR. PATHAK

EC 3EC 3rdrd Yr.(A1) Yr.(A1)

08001310490800131049

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

► INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION►WHAT IS MOLECULAR WHAT IS MOLECULAR

ELECTRONICS ???ELECTRONICS ???►HISTORYHISTORY►WHY MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS ?????WHY MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS ?????►OPERATIONOPERATION►ROADBLOCKSROADBLOCKS

MOORE’S LAWMOORE’S LAW

► The number of transistors that can be The number of transistors that can be fabricated on a silicon integrated circuit and fabricated on a silicon integrated circuit and therefore the computing speed of such a therefore the computing speed of such a circuit is doubling circuit is doubling every 18 to 24 months. every 18 to 24 months.

► After four decades, solid-state After four decades, solid-state microelectronics has advanced to the point microelectronics has advanced to the point at which 100 million transistors, with feature at which 100 million transistors, with feature size measuring 180 nm can be put onto a size measuring 180 nm can be put onto a few square centimeters of siliconfew square centimeters of silicon

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Molecular Electronics is recognized as a Molecular Electronics is recognized as a keykey candidate candidate to succeed the silicon to succeed the silicon based technologybased technology once we have arrived once we have arrived at the end of the semiconductor at the end of the semiconductor roadmap. The use of organic molecules roadmap. The use of organic molecules in nanoscale nonlinear circuits offers in nanoscale nonlinear circuits offers many opportunities for new types of many opportunities for new types of devices, which will differ in fabrication, devices, which will differ in fabrication, functionality, and architecture functionality, and architecture

BASIC IDEABASIC IDEA

MOLECTRONICSMOLECTRONICS Molecular electronics involves the Molecular electronics involves the

study and application of molecular study and application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components.electronic components.

It investigates the electronic transport It investigates the electronic transport and current flow at the molecular and current flow at the molecular level. level.

HISTORY OF MOLETRONICSHISTORY OF MOLETRONICS

► 1950s1950s- INVENTION OF TRANSISTOR- INVENTION OF TRANSISTOR

► 19561956- ARTHUR VON GAVE IDEA ABOUT- ARTHUR VON GAVE IDEA ABOUT MOLECULAR ENGINEERINGMOLECULAR ENGINEERING► 1960s & 1970s-1960s & 1970s- EXPERIMENTS ALL AROUND EXPERIMENTS ALL AROUND

THE THE WORLDWORLD► 19811981-”STM” INVENTED (FIRST TOOL TO -”STM” INVENTED (FIRST TOOL TO PROVIDE ABILITY TO SEE AT ATOMICPROVIDE ABILITY TO SEE AT ATOMIC LEVEL)LEVEL)

WHY MOLETRONICSWHY MOLETRONICS

►SMALLER SIZESMALLER SIZE►NEW FUNCTIONALITIES NEW FUNCTIONALITIES ►POWER/ SPEEDPOWER/ SPEED►LOW MANUFACTURING COSTLOW MANUFACTURING COST

SIZESIZE

►Molecular Electronics is a way to Molecular Electronics is a way to extend Moore’s Law past the limits of extend Moore’s Law past the limits of standard semiconductor Circuits.standard semiconductor Circuits.

►100X smaller100X smaller than their counterparts than their counterparts

POWER/SPEEDPOWER/SPEED

►Currently Transistors cannot be Currently Transistors cannot be stacked, which makes them quite stacked, which makes them quite ineffecient!ineffecient!

►Molecular technology will be able to Molecular technology will be able to add a add a 3 dimension3 dimension..

►FemtosecondsFemtoseconds switching times. switching times.

MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING

►Most designs use either Most designs use either spin coatingspin coating or or Self-Assembly process. Self-Assembly process.

► Individual MoleculesIndividual Molecules can be made can be made exactly the same by the exactly the same by the Billions.Billions.

►Molecular Molecular assemblyassembly tends to occur at tends to occur at Room Temperature.Room Temperature.

MOLECULAR SWITCHMOLECULAR SWITCH

►Semiconductor switches can be made Semiconductor switches can be made on a very small scale.on a very small scale.

►Perform computational functions when Perform computational functions when placed in the right combination.placed in the right combination.

►Molecular switch is orders of Molecular switch is orders of magnitude magnitude smaller.smaller.

OPERATIONOPERATION

► In practice, the switch is triggered by In practice, the switch is triggered by light and controlled with an electric light and controlled with an electric field.field.

►Both of these actions can change the direction Both of these actions can change the direction of the molecule’s dipole by 180 degrees. of the molecule’s dipole by 180 degrees.

MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS

►THIS GENERALLY REFERS TO THIS GENERALLY REFERS TO ““CONDUCTING POLYMERSCONDUCTING POLYMERS””

►CONDUCTING POLYMERS ARE CONDUCTING POLYMERS ARE ORGANIC POLYMERS THAT CONDUCTS ORGANIC POLYMERS THAT CONDUCTS ELECTIRCITY IN BULK STATE (GOOD ELECTIRCITY IN BULK STATE (GOOD CONDUCTIVITY).CONDUCTIVITY).

Eg. CONDUCTING POLMERSEg. CONDUCTING POLMERS

►POLYACTLENEPOLYACTLENE►POLYTHIOPENEPOLYTHIOPENE►POLYANILINE etc.POLYANILINE etc.

FUTUREFUTURE

►SOONER Si BASED DEVICE WILL BE SOONER Si BASED DEVICE WILL BE REPLACED BY THE MOLECULAR BASED REPLACED BY THE MOLECULAR BASED ELECTRONIC DEVICES.ELECTRONIC DEVICES.

MOLETRONICS ROADBLOCKSMOLETRONICS ROADBLOCKS►Molecular electronics must still be Molecular electronics must still be integrated with integrated with

Silicon.Silicon.

► Among the important issues is the determination of Among the important issues is the determination of the the resistance of a single moleculeresistance of a single molecule (both theortical (both theortical and experimental). and experimental).

► It is difficult to perform direct characterization since It is difficult to perform direct characterization since imaging at the molecularimaging at the molecular scale is often scale is often impossible in impossible in many experimental devices.many experimental devices.

► Interconnection Interconnection of two components at molecular levelof two components at molecular level