Molecule Fundamentals Biology Sumner HS
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Molecule FundamentalsMolecule FundamentalsBiology
Sumner HSBiology
Sumner HS
Molecules = Level up!Molecules = Level up!When atoms combine, their properties contribute to the formation of a molecule with new properties.
Atoms form bonds with other atoms: electron connections/interactions that keep them together.
What happens to the electrons determines the nature of the bonds.
When atoms combine, their properties contribute to the formation of a molecule with new properties.
Atoms form bonds with other atoms: electron connections/interactions that keep them together.
What happens to the electrons determines the nature of the bonds.
Chemical Formula Notation
Chemical Formula Notation
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
COCO22
CarbonCarbon
OxygenOxygen
Subscript # =Subscript # =# of that atom# of that atom
in moleculein molecule
How many How many atoms?atoms?
Chemical Formula Notation
Chemical Formula Notation
EthaneEthane
CC22HH66How many How many
atoms?atoms?
Chemical Formula Notation
Chemical Formula Notation
WaterWater
6H6H22OO
““Multiplier”Multiplier”Shows how Shows how
many many molecules molecules
are presentare present
How many How many atoms?atoms?
How many atoms?How many atoms?H2O
4CO2
6O2
2CH4
3NH3
3Co
6CH4O
C4H8O2
2NH5CO2
6C6H12O6
H2O
4CO2
6O2
2CH4
3NH3
3Co
6CH4O
C4H8O2
2NH5CO2
6C6H12O6
How many atoms?How many atoms?H2O =3
4CO2 =12
6O2 =12
2CH4 =10
3NH3 =12
3Co =3
6CH4O =36
C4H8O2 =14
2NH5CO2 =18
6C6H12O6 =144
H2O =3
4CO2 =12
6O2 =12
2CH4 =10
3NH3 =12
3Co =3
6CH4O =36
C4H8O2 =14
2NH5CO2 =18
6C6H12O6 =144
Molecular bondsMolecular bondsRemember, atoms like to have a “full” shell of electrons.
Can achieve that by sharing electrons with each other.
Electrons begin to spend time around both nuclei.
This is a covalent bond.
Remember, atoms like to have a “full” shell of electrons.
Can achieve that by sharing electrons with each other.
Electrons begin to spend time around both nuclei.
This is a covalent bond.
Forming Forming Covalent Covalent
BondsBonds
EO Wilson’s Life on Earth
Covalent Bonds pg. 48
EO Wilson’s Life on Earth
Covalent Bonds pg. 48
Where can they share?
Where can they share?
Atoms will share electrons to fill open “slots” in a shell.
Atoms won’t share in spots where there is a full pair of electrons.
Atoms will share electrons to fill open “slots” in a shell.
Atoms won’t share in spots where there is a full pair of electrons.
Some examplesSome examples
H2O = water: 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
O2 = oxygen (normal gas molecule): 2 oxygen.
CH4 = methane (natural gas): 1 carbon, 4 hydrogen
NH3 = ammonia: 1 nitrogen, 3 hydrogen
H2O = water: 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
O2 = oxygen (normal gas molecule): 2 oxygen.
CH4 = methane (natural gas): 1 carbon, 4 hydrogen
NH3 = ammonia: 1 nitrogen, 3 hydrogen
PIT Box: Summarize Covalent Bond Structure
PIT Box: Summarize Covalent Bond Structure
Covalent Bond Properties
Covalent Bond Properties“Sharing” in covalent bonds leads to
a strong bond.
Usually needs energy input (or the help of an enzyme) to be broken.
Spark, fire, digestive enzymes
Provides structural strength.
Collagen proteins in tendons.
Can store energy.
Carbohydrates, fats, etc.
“Sharing” in covalent bonds leads to a strong bond.
Usually needs energy input (or the help of an enzyme) to be broken.
Spark, fire, digestive enzymes
Provides structural strength.
Collagen proteins in tendons.
Can store energy.
Carbohydrates, fats, etc.
Campbell’s BiologyCh 2: Covalent BondsCampbell’s Biology
Ch 2: Covalent Bonds
PIT Summary: Covalent Bonds
PIT Summary: Covalent Bonds
Come from electrons being shared
The attraction of the nuclei for the electrons in shared orbit is what holds the atoms together.
This forms a strong bond.
Hard to break
Structural strength
A form of potential energy.
Come from electrons being shared
The attraction of the nuclei for the electrons in shared orbit is what holds the atoms together.
This forms a strong bond.
Hard to break
Structural strength
A form of potential energy.
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