Molecular Design

By: H

arka

ran, D

hruvi

n, Teg

bir, H

arm

an

•A functional group, where an “oxygen atom is attached to two alkyl groups” (Methyl, Ethyl etc...)

O

R R

“Where R represents an alkyl group”

Methyl Ethyl Propyl Isopropyl

CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3

CH3 CH CH3

Butyl Sec-Butyl Iso-Butyl Tert-Butyl

CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3

CH CH2CH3

CH3

CH2 CH

CH3

CH3

C CH3

CH3

CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

methyl propyl

•IUPAC Name: 1-methoxypropane•Common Name: methyl propyl ether

H3C —O— CH

CH3

CH3

methylisopropyl

•IUPAC Name:2-methoxypropane•Comman Name: isopropyl methyl ether

1)Find the Largest alkyl group attached to the oxygen atomuse this as the parent alkane Give it an alkane name (“suffix”)

2)Treat the second alkyl group as an alkoxy group Replace the –yl in the alkyl name with –oxy, to represent that it is attached to the oxygen.(“prefix”)

3)Give the alkoxy group a position number according to the position number of carbon atom attached to the oxygen on alkyl group with longest chain.

4)Put the prefix and suffix together.

1)CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

Larger chain alkyl group: propyl3 carbon atoms, therefore root: propAlkane, -ane endingPropane, suffix

2)CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3MethylMethoxy, prefix

3)Position Number of Methoxy?CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

4)Put the prefix and suffix together1-methoxypropane

1 2 311-methoxy

H3C —O— CH

CH3

CH3

1) Longest chain: isopropyl 3 carbons, pro One bond, Alkane ending, -ane Propane

2) Second Group: Methyl Change to alkoxy group, methoxy

3) Position Number: 2-methoxy

21

32

4) Put the prefix and suffix together: 2-methoxypropane

1) Place the alkyl groups joined by the oxygen atom as the prefix alphabetical

CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

propylmethyl

“methyl propyl”

2) Put ether at the end of name as the suffixmethyl propyl ether

H3C —O— CH

CH3

CH3

1)Isopropyl methyl

2)Isopropyl methyl ether

There is bent shape around the oxygen atom ,which is formed due to a C-O bond, meaning that the oxygen molecule has 2 lone pairs which ends up giving it a slight “–” charge and the two Carbons on either side, a slight “+” charge

Illustration : The two lone pairs are responsible for making the molecule polar.

cannot use hydrogen bonds because lacks O-H, the H-F or the N-H bonds. does not use hydrogen bonding, unless if the bond is provided by a water molecule as now it has the O-H required to use the Hydrogen bondbecause of small polarity, it is soluble in water as it uses hydrogen bondsbeing a polar molecule, it will use dipole- dipole interactions which are relatively weak

•reason why, boiling and melting points of ethers are much lower when compared to those of other polar compounds like alcohol

Ethers are extremely flammable and explosive and are recommended to be used with caution. Should be kept away from sources of ignition

While stored, an Ether may form explosive peroxides

Vapors may cause drowsiness and repeated exposure may cause dry and irritated skin.

An Example of a compound containing this functional group is Methoxyflurane which is commonly known as Penthrane. It is a halogenated ether.

used for general anesthetics until side effects such as nausea and vomiting were discovered

•Ex) ethoxyethane “diethyl ether”clear, colourless, and highly inflammable liquidsolubility in water is very limitedto used as a recreational drug 19th centaury

EthoxyethaneMolecular formula

C2H5OC2H5

Molar mass 74.12 g/molMelting point −116 °C Boiling point 34.6 °C

•Ex) methoxyfluranepowerful pain relieving agent which is used as an emergency painkiller in some hospitalsreceive decreasing concentrations due to the risk of nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidney)

Methoxyflurane

Molecular formula

C3H4Cl2F2O Molar mass 164.965 g/mol

Melting point −35 °C

Boiling point 105 °C

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)Type of polyether (Polyethers are compounds with more than one ether group)Properties

•Molecular formula C2n+2H4n+6On+2 Molar mass 44n+62 Flash point 182 - 287 °C (The temperature at which any flammable material will burst into flame)•PEG is soluble in water because of the presence of the OH group

Clinical Uses: •Used in laxatives (drugs or foods that induce bowel movements, loosen stools and used for treatment against constipation)•Used as lubricant for colonoscopy and bowel surgery

Other Uses: •Used in a number of toothpastes to prevent chemical compounds from adhering in the toothpastes •injection of PEG leads to faster recovery of spinal injuries in research animals. •used in eye lubricant drops

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

Diethyl etherProperties Molecular formula C4H10OC2H5OC2H5 Molar mass 74.12 g/mol, Appearance clear, colorless liquid Boiling point 34.6 °C (307.75 K)Uses:

•used as a general anesthetic •inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase ,slows down the metabolism of ethanol a type of alcohol found in beer and rum. •Used in the production of cocaine