Mol_2011_Bringing Interaction Into Higher Spheres

8/3/2019 Mol_2011_Bringing Interaction Into Higher Spheres

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Corinne L. Hofman &

Anne van Duijvenbode

edited by

Essays in archaeology, ethnohistory & ethnography of

the Amerindian circum-Caribbean


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contact

Sidestone Press


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Essays in archaeology, ethnohistory & ethnography of

the Amerindian circum-Caribbean

Corinne L. Hofman &

Anne van Duijvenbode

edited by

contact


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ISBN 978-90-8890-063-1

2011 Ahr

Pbhd by Sd Pr, Ldwww.d.Sd rgr br: SSP60550001

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Bkgrd g: D r yr wh ph h bdrk h E Cb, DRpb, AD 1000-1500 (Ph by A.V.M. S).

Bk vr, rgh: Ar, -zd rpr h rhg E Chrr d M, Cb ,AD 1200-1600 (Ph by A. v Djvbd). / Wd r dh rvrd r h d D,dd bw AD 1315-1427. Cg br ECB40669, E By C, Ry BGrd, Kw, UK (Ph by J. Opkwz). / Cy Fgr d h Lv , S. L, AD 1200-1500 (ph by M.L.P. Hgd).

Fr vr, rgh: Mp Gdp pbhd by Chp 1859 (Ph by A.J. Brgh). / T r-Oky vg Ap h dw Sr 2007 (Ph by J.L.J.A. M). / Fr vw h ppr r d dvd 72B r h E Chrr d M, Cb, AD 1200-1600,hwg d d (Ph by H.L. Mkbrgh).


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bringinginteractionintohighersPheres

Sodsnenhelecemaegeeanessseenhouhehnohsoounsndhedsbuonofsovubes

Angus A.A. Mol

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E r z brv r d d r d r pr r-qg Crb, pd brvr d j r -h d rbj d. Sgd , prr d d r

dr Prd Cr rd d A Myr, bd r-b d r d r d rqg rpg: r d r, r d rb y r . Uzd hr y vz b d vr dr Prd Cr rd, rr r q d d r rby r pr d rdd br q b drb d pj d r.

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62 communities in contact

Winston Churchill is attending an English upper-class party. While standing in a corner, pufng

away on his Romeo y Jullietta cigar, he spots a good-looking socialite in the crowd. He boldly walks

up to her, takes a 6-carat diamond ring out of his pocket and asks: My dear lady, would you spend

the night with me in exchange for this ring? The ladies eyes widen with surprised delight: Oh my!

Mr. Churchill, of course I would spend the night with you! Well, then, would you also sleep with

me for the sum of 10 pounds? Churchill asks cheekily. Mr. Churchill! What kind of woman do

you take me for! the scandalized socialite cries out. Churchill replies: Weve already established that,

madam; we are just establishing the depth of your commitment.

inoduon

Pr-Cb Crbb rhgy rr. Whr h d-p d dyg y bxd rhg r h wd hr- p h -p vry ddr (Cr 1992; R 1992; Sg1992), rrhr r w ry rvwg h g-hd b. h rd,r xp, h r dvp d h hgh-v hr (Kg 2007:Chpr 1; Kg d Rdrgz R 2004; M 2007; rr 2010), hdg(Fzprket al. 2009; H et al. 2008; Rd 2008; rr 2005), (r)rpr rhg d hhr d (H et al. 2007; Kg 2007; Ovr2009; Sg 2010), d h ggrph d r rg rrh h Crbbb wh (Hrw et al. 2006; H d Hgd, h v; Kg pr; Rdrgz R 2007, 2008; Rdrgz R et al. 2008). Ahgh hprpd hg w hr d h r h , h Crbb rhgy h rdy hgd r gd.

Ev wh h r phv, hr g d whh vry Crbb r-hg brb d w brb h r: h d h r-hrpr h Crbb r b drbd hrgh r, bh r dxr. I h wh Crbb rhg d pr-Cb r h-ry rd h bv d. Agy Chrh d h dy,w r rdy wgy r wgy d h prp r xv d v h d pr pr-Cb d r (H et al. 2007; R 1986; rr d Rdrgz R 2008; Wr 1997) b w r dbg hw dp r h prp hd b. A dbwhh r y h x h r d h r d r whhhy w (H d Brgh 2008).

Hry, qr h r pr-Cb r hv bw, hwvr, dp bg h prp Crbb rhgy. S, whhr r y d h k r ky , h rrg prpdryg h pr r r ddrd.2 D h r rgy r wh r r wd hv k r h

1 T d ry k Chrh prg h , b rbd vr hr gr h Or Lv d Brrd Shw h r d prg r h ry rd h d bw h R Mr Arhg d h Skp Grd Sd(Fry 1976:251-253).

2 Nb xp r h r bk by J Ovr (2009) d h wrk h L Ar SArhgy Sh. I hr h rr, b h r hr rwrk.


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bhvr d pr pr-Cb d dvd d wh hrr r gh b.

h y h hr r wrk ddrg h r pr-Cbr. h p xhg prr h hr br.3M b h rgrd r d h h xhg vr vb

d r prg bd p h -p r (Cr 1996;Ovr 2009). h d xhg , whrby gr hr r- wh hr hr rdr r bg d r rvv, rd r hry Crbb rhgy (H et al. 2011;Kg 2004; Krh 1988; Wr 1997; Wr d R 1989).4

h r dd pr xp pr yp r, b hy yrpr r h wh g pb pr. h pvrvw r r d by Br (2000:Chpr 11), wh dv hpr vr Sdd/Brrd r. H d vry wk drg r, .. p xhg d xhg v (. Lv-Sr 1943),

h wd hv pyd pr r g h Ery Cr Ag h Wdwrd d d h Sh Ar d. Ahgh h vrvw qxv, d hg r r drdg r hrCrbb rg d prd.

h prv hr pr-Cb r r h h xp -r d y rg d d, yp hkg whh y r hwrk ry r-hr rhg (Chd 1925; M 1899). Ry,Rdrgz R h b wrkg r r prdg (Shr dUrb 1998), whh hd h r bw r h r rhr h hxp, d h hv v p hr rprd, v, d/r p

(Rdrgz R 2007: 46). Hw h r wd hv b rrd pr r r r Rdrgz R wrk, hwvr.

I h h wrk Irvg R r h b Crbb xp -p hry r (R 1939, 1986, 1992), R drv w xp h rg d hg pr-Cb r (Sg 1996), , ghrwh pp v d dvp, r w h y hr gxp r h hg h d hr wd h rhg rrd. Rdd r ky p r h vg, ryg r pp v xp dhr d ggrph h y. Nvrh,rg d b h r r h pr-Cb Crbb r pr

h wrk: Ir h h whrby r r d ry gh br pp [] d h xr d r h -br pp r pp hr (R 1986: 11).

3 Whvr hr d xhg, hy r ry kg b xhg. S, - xhg k p wh r, h r d hr ry hg r b-vr r.

4 Ahgh h b prdy d r h Ery Sdd, h hry d y d b

ppd hr .g. h L Cr Ag prd Ch Od (Hgd d H1999).


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A r g R vr r rhr dd, bg yrd wh h h xp h hrg -d r y r h rhg rrd. Nh, hr r p g h hry dpb pd d rv whh k h hry prp b h.

theespheesnneonheoyR d hr wr prd by h p h r phr g r wrk d Hpw r h ry 1960 (Br 2000; Hvr 1991;R 1986). Cdw prpd rpr h -d Hpw ph - pr hrd r r r rg r Er Nrh Ar, g vr d vr z d r rd, drg h 200 BC AD400 Mdd Wdd prd (Dy 2005) - h dr rg rdh wr kd hrgh rg r phr (Cdw 1964).

Ahgh hr gh vr g d (Ah 1978; Brd 1965;Cdw 1964; Fzprk 2008; Gr d Hdbrd 2009; Gz 2009; Hvr 1991;Hyd d Shg 1997; Shr 1989; Srvr d Hr 1972), rphr y b brdy dd r d xhg wrk hrgh whh-p r w y p d hr r r (Br2000:1). S, hr x prp h hry h hv wy bk p by bq wrk. Fr xp, Cdw h b xpd h b xpd hphr wh hgh dgr r dpy grr ry -r p-r h r wh w dgr r. I dd, b xpd hphr wh hgh dgr r dpy hghr r v h rwh w dgr r, whh y h r d rhgy d v (Cdw 1964).

Ahgh hy ppr b , h r pr bdry hr h r phr hry d hd b pry dpd wh kg . S,hr r b gv bh h. Rgrdg h r -v hry pr h v y prg rh r vrhr r, h r, , xp q dvd gd p hpp. I dd, r rvry whhr v- prg rh r r r d hv b vd y, h h h -d Pr-Arwk pry hrz h Grr A (Rdrgz Ret al. 2008). I , d b y h r v d -

rg . Wh rp h d h hgh dgr r r hgh dgr ry r r, h b d h hr -- rrbw h qy hrd r r d h y r. Hwvr(paceRdrgz R 2007:46), I wd y h h d h qy r rhg , h , dv h yp d gd h r- whh h prpd.

h pr bdry prp h r phr wy -d rd prr kd r. Cdw, r , prpd h hrdrg dgy w h r h Hpw r phr (Cdw1964). h d h hrd r r bw h Grr A d

Nrhr Lr A r d by r r, rhr h v xhg rw r r vb, hr prp r h rg r


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phr (Ar 1990). hr r hr Crbb xp b gv. h drb Ch pry r P M h Er D Rpb p zd r phr bd h xhg r r (Crdet al. 2008; S 2010:94; v A et al. 2008). Whr ggrphy xv hxhg y hv b h r bhd h prpd Nrhr Lr A r-

phr (Crk 2000; Hvr 1991; Kppbrg 2006). A prpd by RdrgzR, p-Crbb r phr gh b dd h b Crbb-wd r h xhg -d jd (Rdrgz R 2010).

Fr h w h h r h hr r phr wd hv rgr d r rg drb h h h r . h hp r b h hr prr y vr d d r p by hr pr ppy d dd.Hwvr, h rg p h r h xhg y wd hv brd r -r v by h pr prkg hprr xhg y (. Grbr 2001).

O h r d b h h vb wr pr pr phr xhg. h hrpg d hd h hr r y xhg whh bj r gd dr r gr v h hv rr xhg wh hr prpr gry, b h r pb-y v vr bw gr (S 2006). I h xhg y hNgr v, r , d d vry-dy b ry xhgd g hr, wh hr phr xhg h br rd,, v, wh h d g , d hr phr g dpdpr, .g. w d hdr (Bh 1955).

Exhg phr gd vr pp wh hy wr dd h x

dr dz (Kpy 1986), b h hgrph xp - phr xhg r h P d Ar, wh vry w r- d h rg (S 2006).5 I hd b rgzd h xhgvr k p v, b rr hr r d r r wh (Mwk 1922:92), whh wd k hrd dg phr xhg pr-Cb pp xhg pr (. Srvr d Hr 1972). Y, Ihk h h x xhg phr hd b rgrdd r pby hCrbb, b h r hgrph -d gg. Ih L Cr Ag hguazas w hw, r xp, h h v-b wr pr xhg phr h bj h wr py

b xhgd wh xr- hr (M 2007).h x prhr phr xhg, v hgh q ky, y

r xp h x pr-Cb r phr. I r hh -r dy h r d r phr r pry dr-d by rhg (Hyd d Shg 1997). hrr, hrd phr d b ddd h prpd rhg r hry, y h phr.

h d, bd Sh (1972) d rpry d khp d, r rg h r wrd r h h hrd grp Sh d wrd h x, .. h kw. h

5 Ahgh Lwd Sh Ar xp x (D 1994).


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pd by d r vry pyhgy h hw h dvd g d - dr rg rgz hr vr xpdg r. Frh w h pr rgy grzd rpry drg rpry (Fhr d Fhbhr 2003; H 1964,b; M 2010). I hphr byd h, h h vg, h prv rgy wd

x dr rpry, rpr r d grp r (Rhr d Byd2004; rvr 1971). I h -d rb phr rg wd y dr rpry (Rhr d Byd 2004; Chp 1980; M 1990). I rrbr gv rpry h gdg prp r, whh gh phy v, b g yp r, h gvg rdr h r xg rb hrgh hr r, r hr xp gv r-pry (Brd 1977:192; Bw 2009; Sh 1972:195-196). Prdxy, -r h k p h rg, bd x, r hr r , brhr rkd by d b y.

Figure 1 A modied version of Sahlins model of primitive exchange (Sahlins

1972:199). In this version the exotic has been added as the outer zone of

the social sphere.


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h hr hr r rd hr r y pprv, ddrgdr p rhg r hry. Ir k p r-g phr h dvd d h r d hrghhr gd d r xhg wrk. Mp r phr gh x h rg, b h xhgd r d r r gh bg

p r gr, .. phr xhg. h r phr dphr xhg r hrrzd by hr rg, r r-prd r - . Cvry, h r gr r d r -r d h rg d qy r xhg d r phr hv rrg h rg d h r. I pr h -bd hr r wy hkg h k r rg d y,yp xhg vb d h rdr ddr pr-Cb -r h Crbb b. hw hw h hr gh b d r wr pprh w b k. h r w b y Grr A pr-hr r g hhr d. h d w b br vrvw

y, r, d L Cr Ag (AD 800-1492) vb.

Exponneonnhepoo-conpeod

h vry r yr r rg hr w rgh, b r v r pr- r rhg wh p r pr-Cb Ay br h rrvrb dr dg wy h ry C p-rrvrb dr dg wy h ry C p-rd. I w-kw h h dy ry r h drb h C xpr-I w-kw h h dy ry r h drb h C xpr- h A prb.6 hrr, wh hhry d hdb d prgy d ry d rdr w hr d r hyphh r rd v rhg prb h hw wr rphr rd d wh wr h prvg rg d r d h

6 Fr hr h h hhr d r gr r d hv b pddw r rg, h d gh b wh h pby vry h hr rrbrv

r. A, py rrbg h w-kw prry r d g h r h r hrpr Crbb r r, h rg, g h h h rdy bd xvy (Fwk 1907; Fwk 1922; Lv 1935 ; R 1948,b). Trdy, h b pdh hhry h wy dg rhg h p, whh d dprpr r p bjv d d hr rh (Mhh d Kg1990). T prhp why, drg h Ld h Crbb Syp whr h ppr w prd, w pd h h r I y y r hghy prb r hr prpv, b h r b rd g hr r. I bv h hr hd b d prgy d hd b rd p r dd drp h dg wy . T prb py h r pr y y h r xp dg bhvr drz drbd by Erp bjv r, whh k , I gr, wh v.T d pr y y r d h r hr pr h x r r . I rj h p h r h y h r hd b d . Sh drv rq r h wh

r y rd h hry h d Erp d dg , b r hwh wh xpr hyph h p xp h h p.


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phr (. M 2008)? Wh kg h pr hhr , h h wg k r h r dy r h Dry Cb r-rbd by L C b q rv (Nvr 1922: 33):7

unes 1 de Octubre []unes 1 de Octubre []

Y estando medio golfo destas dos islas, es de saber de aquella de Santa Mara y de esta grande, la cual pongo nombre la Fernandina, fall un hombre solo en una almadia que sepasaba de la isla

de Santa Mara la Fernandina, y traia un poco de su pan, que seria tanto como el puo, y una

calabaza de agua, y un pedazo de tierra bermeja hecha en polvo y despues amasada, y unas hojas secas

que debe ser cosa muy apreciada entre ellos, porque ya me trujeron en San Salvador dellas en presente,

y traia un cestillo su guisa, en que tenia un ramalejo de cuentecillas de vidrio y dos blancas, por las

cuales conosc quel venia de la isla de San Salvador, y habia pasado aquella de Santa Mara, y se

pasaba a la Fernandina.

h prr xrp brg wh r b h r rw dy r h r bw dg Bh d C. hr -

r b h yp rv r d hr r rv, h pd d rry rd rv, vd xhg vb, d h r r rv: prd hw Cb rrv. I dd, hw h hr hv b rphr h d R Cy, Lg Id d S Svdr. A, h w rryg bj h wr hghy vd g h dr, b w rd drvg . S, h hv b y dr dgr, b w qppd w y pb h ghbrg , .. pby bd by gh pwdr r bdy dr d brg b g. hrr qrb h h prr r whh h w vg w dwhr h dp h phr d, .. h v Sh rb

(Sh 1972:194-195).h drp h r bw Cb d dg Bh

h dry b d rhr xpr pr-C Bh r d - phr.8 Prry, h r h Cb gv b h bhvr hdg Bh gd ghg h rgrd. Cb d w rry v dg Bh r h d hv h dpyd hr Sv, b h ry h r wh hr dg-

7 A r r dpd r Bkwh d Fr r (Bkwh d Fr 1990), b hrr h b bd by h I hr r wh h r x(Nvr 1922):

Mdy, Obr 15

Wh I w bw h w d, .. S Mr [R Cy] d h rg whh I d Frd[Lg Id], I prg [] gg r h d S Mr Frd. Hhd wh h , h z h , grd wr, rd rh grd pwdr d d p, d drd v, whh h pp gry prz, r hy prd S Svdr. H hd bk d hr v h whh h hd rg g bd dw blancas[Sph ]. Fr h hg I kw h h hd r h d S Svdr, hdhd S Mr, d w w gg Frd.

8 Kg (1992:Chpr 8) h d Cb r d pr- Bh hrg.


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grp d r ggrph d r r.9 A gr pr h vh wd w, h v gd dd j hr w v, b wr bdd r h d S Svdr h 14h Obr 1492.10 A r h rd p, whh h gd y wh h d hr h wg gh. O hr gd p r h h wg

dy, wh Cb w hrd h R Cy (Nvr 1922:Obr 15).Fwg p wr hwrd d Cb hp h Bh rhp-

9 I h wy b yry hw Cb d h hr Ibr d wh h dg pp h Crbb drg . I hd hwvr b rg h Cb d y hr

wr rvd wh hd b wrkg hr wy hrgh rr whh -vrb - w y. T gh b d h dg pp h Crbb, wh gh hvprk r phr h wr hdrd by gg brrr.

10 Dg 14 d Obr[ E] g y p r, vr vr Az d q y h r pr vr ydprdr r b y vv (Nvr 1922:29).

Sdy Obr 14

T pp r h p, yr Hgh [Ib I d Frdd II] w r h vh I k b brgh [ h r], gh r gg, d rrd h.

Figure 2 A suggested model of the social sphere of the Bahamian guides.

Regions and distances between them are not in scale. Only locations have

been displayed for which information is available.


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g h rg dd g hr h p. I d h h w b hy wr rvd hr d wr y hk h br, b rhrb hy rd h hb h hr rg Cb vd.

I h kd r h w rr bd d -r phr r h pr-Cb hb S Svdr. h r p

- drk dy d drb rk h rr - r xp, r-g r h d h hr wr r d bw h hb- S Svdr d R Cy. I h yp -r h d bxpd bd bhd pr grzd r rg rpry. I dd,h wg drk r p b pr g hr pp h Bh d vd by Cb, dg h h S Svdr pydd hr h rg bd wh h.

Nh, h kdppd gd hv b rby r wh h, ggrphy d -p hr d h Crkd Id dFr Id (Nvr 1922:19 d 21 Obr). Wh drg h xrp

h rvg h wh brg h w Cb rrv, h d rg h h rg w hrrzd by r phr whh r-g r h rd v h phr dr rpry d rprr bd grp y wd hv dd.

Byd h Bh rhpg h gd hv d grp r. hy hv kwdg rv r h Gbr rg d r-rdg rg h rh Cb d ppr b q wg wh h pp hr (Nvr 1922: 26, 29, 30 d 31 Obr). h dh hr w bd y bw h, prhp b hyhd hd p dg r hd gd r hrgh xhg prr.

Wh Cb byd h pr Cb h h Bh d rg, hy b r d r r h hb (Nvr 1922:1Dbr). h rrp Cb dry gg vr h hBh gd d b xry rd prgrg wrd Hpd rrdg d. hy wr h v Canima pp h v rg rd d Boho wh r -yd r wh dg (.g. Nvr 1922:26Nvbr).11 h gg h r bw h p rg h Bhgd d h rg wr prgrvy - r. I h kwdghrgh xpr r hr-y bd by pr d yh ggrphy. Ah bd xrp h Bh gd d v rr hr

bd d r phr (Fgr 2).h hd b drd r vr p rgg h-

ry. Fr , h r d d wd hv hd -y h pr-Cb Crbb dpdg g-p pr ddvd d. I dd, h d h r h b y rd

11 T rr Canima pp y h r rr d h w r fd wh hr h r b (Kg 2007: 36).I h dg Cb r h R d Mr rg wrd Cb vg h h hd y g y d hr wh dg zz wh h hy pr, d bqy dp, drk hr bd, d hr g. Fry,

wh b vd wy vd r b, h vb vd d h x- h rr h r y.


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p r h dd rpr. h xrp r h hd L C whbrgh h w bjv gd h rrp rpr d bhv-r y v dvd, wh hd gd r rhy. Mrvr, hywr rprd by Cb, wh hgh xprd rvr b d bjv hgrphr.

Nvrh, h d drvd r hhr r b bkdp by ggrph d d d h b d h-r d drbg ry dg r. hr , r xp,h r Ch prvd b h rg h Id Crb D dGdp 150 leguasr 630k (390) , whh rrpd wh h Bhrg h xp - bhvr (Ch 1992:23).12 I dd, hr r h h bw q r Hgy d Pr R hM Pg r, phr h p rghy 350k (220; Ovr 2009).13 Uy,rhr vd h b prvdd hrgh d h rhg x prpd r phr. hr r, hwvr, hr wy xpr r

g h hhr rrd.

infomonexhnenhegeeanes

h dry Cb hd hr pr h hv b hghypr pr-Cb r wrk: h xhg r. Shrgr v y h d py pr r h r- d r wrk (Axrd 1997; Gbr et al. 2009; Lv2006). Nvrh, vz r xhg hrgh h rhg rrd gh pb wh h wr r.

A h bv xrp h h rryg h C d bdhw, h w Cb rrv w pr p r h rvdq qky g xg r r. h wg y w hw h y h w h rrv Cb, b rr h bhvr wrd hdg pp h Crbb rvd q rpdy.

h dry r hw Cb rd pp g h rd d bhvr h wd hv b qvy drd by h dg- pp hr rdy, r r h h pr Cb. hwr pd h r r h dr Cb y h Crbbdrg h r vyg. F r rg h bhvr h dg

pp wrd Cb w d d hr dp wrd h w pd h . hr dp d b bjvy ggd wh h d h hy xd hp, gg wh Cb drb rd, rCb d bd hr vg, r hr wh r gg h. h rq bg yp bhvr whh wr grzd r h k brvy rdy, rd, dr, r h, rpvy.

12 T d rghy r h d vr whh h Kalinago pp, wh r h hr -rpr h Id Crb, hv xpd - bhvr, viz. dgg k drk h h by hr h d (M 2009).

13 T d , k prp gy wh hr rhpg r phr, h hrh x h M K rg (Mwk 1922).


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h rg grph (Fgr 3) hw kb r r dg dvd- d h Cb. h Cb rprry rvg h rgrd. I hd b rbrd h h grp Erpr wr x rgr h y h rg hb h Crbb.Irg wh h rd ppr, b hd r dgr. Mrvr, h h Cb pr 27 , w d hdr d rr 23 h wy hhp Sp hd b drd r dg prpv, whh rdg dbd prbby bgd h gry h . Wh vb rh grph h whvr Cb bd pp, h dp h h b-qy r drp dr r h. I h r g py g, hr y wy prv. I h Ibr kp g by r r gdd v prv h p h vr dvd d vy hpCb. h dg pp h Crbb ry w rgy h bd r d hg h rdg rgr, b p pb r wh

Cb b g y.14

h rg hr h Cb dd r wh j dgrpr. S, dg dvd d rpd Cb hy r wr h r hr r d rg. h y hvhppd hrgh h v drb r g xg d

14 I rkg h h rgy h dg pp hr r wh Cb rrr h bpb rgy Ird Prr D, d g g hry whhrvv rd r d dr (Axrd 1997). T rgy bd r pprh h r pr, b ph rdr, wh wg h rdr br hr bhvr rdr r pr. T hw g h h dg pp h Crbb wr q dp

hdg rr d wr q bhg p r wh hrvr vr (. M 2007, 2008).

Figure 3 A graph ploing Columbuss behaviour and the aitude of the indigenous people towards himin the months October, November, December and January of AD 1492 and 1493. There are three types

of nodes: triangle (Bahamas), circle (Cuba) and square (Hispaniola). Separate nodes in the graph cover

three days in the diary. The colour of the nodes entails either social (light grey) and antisocial (dark

grey) behaviour, or no interaction (white).


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73Mol

r r. By rkg h drbd h Cb dry d pr-g h wh h r h dg pp g Cb r pb dy h r r dr p r. O h xp h r- h pr x pp h Bh d Nrj r Cb. Cbrv wrd r h, y h w hv rvd r, Cb d

hv y hr r h r Br h 27h

Nvbr. h -hb h r ry prv Cb r dg, whh ry r gh h 1 Dbr. Cb g d h , hgh, d yp xhg .

Wh d h shortest distance r d dvd h by h maximumnumber dy d hv k h r rv r h rg p hd p h r, pb h minimum speed of the spread of infor-mationper day. I h wy pb d pd r/dy h gh pr d r r dpr.15 Wh h pd rh dr r r bd, h pd/dy b d r all these

routes together. h r d d 15k (9.3) pr dy.16

Wh h pr-pd pd rv by h Crbb k , whh d b rd 5,5 6,5 k (3.5 4 )/hr g-d rp wh rg (Brrd et al. 2009; Brd et al. 2009). h rrpd grp 20 d/r w rvg h hr r hr pr dy by rdr rhh d dd by h vrg pd r prd pr dy.17

S j p r drbd, .. h dg S Svdr,b vr d p r, h hv rvd hrgh h r g dvd r grp . S, b Bh E Hp rhr b rjd, r hv prd ry b g d

rd r r.18 h h, pr xp rrgr phr whh pr r phr r rkd r h prp h

15 T v r h dvd r h d b dd r w: Wh h Bh 17k(10.5)/dy; Bh Cb 25k (15.5)/dy, Cb Nrh C A 15-18k (9.3-11.2)/dy;Cb Nrh C B 10-12k (6.2-7.5)/dy; Cb Hp 13-15k (8.1-9.3)/dy; Bh Hp Arv 8-10k (5-6.2)/dy; Hp Nrh C A 17-18k (10.5-11.2)/dy;Hp Nrh C B 8-10k (5-6.2)/dy.

16 B r vb pr-Cb r r h rg h A hhr d k r prry p d ggd h h r w h . I hrr rv h b k by kppg h r vr kg pg h

wd hv vvd hr jry p . T br dy wd hv k r r

prd ry x, b hr wy xy wh h r h rrvd r p br Cb rrv h . T d p pd r prd,

whh d hv b hghr pr. Nvrh h y rrpdg d d ggh h pd r xhg wd hv b rd 15k (9.3)/dy.

17 A gr g h prbb rprg r g pr-Cbr r. Wkg wd hv b pb, b r d rgy g. T ry 6Dbr Cb dry prvd dr r d: g r, whh r ggd pb xp r h rg br h wr drg h gh (Nvr 1922:91). Ahgh hr d hv d g wr Cb rrv, h wd hv b b d vy r b Cb bhvr. Prr h r dd hv brrrd ry.

18 I h b grd h h rrv h Erp h b v p r h hry hCrbb. T x d h pd wh whh h r Cb d h hr Ibr rvd

wd prbby rf h. Nh, h drvd pd r y r h Cprd h r wd hv b dprd g pr-Cb r r.


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drb prr kd vb, h r. I d kw xy wh h prr rgy w bhd h drb r- h L Cr Ag Crbb. Exp r hr pr h wrd g-g h r py h dp hr q ryxhgd pr dr d rg rpr rg (Fhr d Fhbhr 2003;

M 2010).

ineonndmeuue

Ahgh hhr d hd gh h r r r pr-hr r (M 2007), h ry gh xp h r -r r pr-Cb r . Wh xrpg rr h rhg rrd, hwvr, rhgy d hrp: h p r h r h (Brd 1962).

I k h r r pr-Cb Crbb r r r-v hy gv h pr h ry vry rg rd wh vry hrrg, r r hr y r r r wh hr r-g. Cvry, wh zg h rhg rg r v,

Figure 4 A social interactional model based on Late Ceramic Age socialvaluables (photos taken by author ).


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75Mol

h wr dr r h, hgh hy wd hv hrd hr-r wh ghbr, hv q r r d hrr q r.h r-v vw grphy dgy hrgd -r r, whr h r-v vw hg r y d r. O hr vw d h rh r pr d g vr rg

dr, wh h hr d vw pr-Cb -rpr. Prdxy, hr h vw ry wrg. hy py rprdr d h r pr (Fgr 4).

h r d Sh (1972) phr dCdw (1964) r phr, b grd py wrd h v -r r. I prry rpr pr h d xhg phr h hrr r yp r wh v d prr rrg h r phr. Fr r-r rvw xhg pr pb y h h yp d prr phr b -dr by vr prg (M prp.). Nvrh, h r phr

y -ry rd d g vr rr d hr pr. h rr h hyph d h rd hrhd hrr b hvg vr p, b py rd wh hL Cr Ag Grr A d.

h yp rgy d h dr rg h d r hyhzd d h w drbd rr (Fgr 1), b hr r r py p r. h r rg rpr r r h vd zdzdr g hr d, .. h hhd r , y, g -r. B hgh prv dy--dy pr h h r rr bd hb , .g. -r r, d d

.h rd v rprg r rgr vg, h d h -

rg hrrzd by bj h rpr rpr v (Gdr 1999).Exp gh b r bj, h d, prphr d r r-, d wd hv rg y d r drb h dpd h z h rgr . hy y hv rgr rg drb, by d r wd vry ghy dry vr h rg, whh wd rprrkd r phr.

Mvg rhr wrd, h x rg rpr r vr xdd ggrph- d d d r hrrzd by w dr yp vb: xhg

vb d rrr vb. Exhg vb r bj h r hghy v-b d p, b h b d r hr v y. hy h gry dr, b hy hv hr hgh v wh pry dpy. Irrr vb r bj h r ry pr h rrr g-d r. hr d h y prr r vr xdd d. Obj h h dh r by g pr r h vrydy d prvd dr r whhh r d. Cr r r vr xp h bj(Sh 1975). Vh r rpr - gd wh pzd g d h r (Mwk 1922) - r r r p.


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h r rg rpr h wd hv rd prpr p r phr, b whh r ry d rrrhgy (b Ch d Mdz 2007). h rg d h rg d wh h bj h wd hv b pr h phr, .. x(H 1988). h bj d k y r g hy hv x ggrph

d rg. Hwvr, h dgr bw r wh h grh dgr bw r wh h gr kw d h b rd p wy: hr by rbg h xry hgh v, r vry v b h bj by b zd y v.

O r, bj d y bg gry. hr v x-y dpd. h r bw r xp gh b d drg p - y dr, w r ghbrhd v r hgh rg g.Hwvr, prv d r r r phr. I h b d h h d wrkg hyph d w b brd by r xpd d r wrk. Nvrh, L Cr Ag xp w b bry

prd hr.Sg h rpr h v vrby y d r - wh v dry-g dr h chane opratoired -r x - h Odr h Grr A L Cr Ag rpr v r vr r rhg h h Ery Sdd (Kg 2004). I -y pd h h M d Ch br hd rhr b - r - Chd d Md - h r y d hrgh d p.Frhrr, hr r gg r phr zd px d y, whhr d r h bggr pr. h P R rhg rg hPr P d M Cr prv h Nrh D Rpb, prvd

gd xp hw rgr y r r px r d phr. Hr hv b d wh drg, pr y h h Chd d Md h hb , wh dd xdy h drw r bh (U Hg, pr 2009).Frhr y by U Hg pdg, b rdy pb h h rh-g rrd h P R rg h dy r -r d phr h wd hv b pyd hr rvy rg d d v hv b dd h v (. Dr d Hrbh 1998).R rrh h hw h r px x dr rg hGrr A, h h Chzd Md h Cb prv Hg r

h d Md r J (Kg d Ak 2006; Vr Rj2002).

I r bj h hv rrg drb h A, h rghr-pd zemi h xp L Cr Ag r -r. h p r gry wd hv rprd d rd rprv bh wh h y d r wh hr d pr-h bg. h r drb h hr-pd zemies, hwvr, h rg (Ovr 2009:91). I d h rg h Chdhrd wh hrr xp hr rg. Ev wh h hr-d pb dy dr rg y d r - .g. bw Pr R

d h D Rpb. Mrvr, r r h r rdy pr


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77Mol

h hrd (R 1992) - .g. rh D Rpb - hv ydd yrg hr-pd zemies d (U Hg 2009, pr ). Ebrhr-pd zemiesr xp rpr vb h wd hv b rypr r r r d y h rg whh hy r d (. Ovr 2009). hy wd prbby hv hd h -

d hr d r drb, whr hr yp r rwd hv pyd r r .g. J hv phr pd hr r wh brd grphy, whh k h dd r prbrpr r.

r p-A gr r r r . h r duho- h w xp h ph. Ahgh duhosdy vry y vr h rg, d hr r d hy wd hv b rgzdr h Bh dw h Wdwrd Id d prbby byd (Opkwz etal., h v). I gg h hr -x r xhg bw xhgprr wd hv b h r ry h r-rgy. Duhoswd

hv grd r h rvd r, b y brdg rg d prb dd g h r p h ShAr Lwd d r d y hr r (Kwj dRvr 1988; Sh 1975).

Sh hv qy rg r drb h duho. h b-j, kw guazas pr-C Hp, wr hghy vd rxhg vb d hr by r d xhg prr(M 2007). I b d r r whhr hy hd r LrA xhg y, b hr rw r, yLobatus gigaswh x-p Lobatus costatus, r d b grphy ry h vr rg r.

h h Lr A h wd hv b q rgzb gGrr A d v vr. h wd k h dpb vrphr xhg d r d hv wd h r rg.

Pemnyonusonsonlecemaesoneon

h bv r r xp hw vr r b pr dr phrd hrr hv dr v dr r phr. hr qy d hr b v, .. rgy xpdd hr prd, r h p-

phr whh hy r d. hr drb d y vr r hr, w d h yp r phr whh hywd hv b d, .. hr, rd d xdd d. I h bd h p r d gry prv h d d h hr --rr bw dr r g, whh h r gr ppby h prpd d wh. Nvrh, h p bhd h d r -vr g h h hr vr dy dg r rg r phr xhg d r.

Bh h hhr -d w h xp L Cr Ag -r r hv hw h xprg p r bd b r-

, xhg d phr hr b h L Cr Ag. I hwh Crbb wr rd dr v hrgh rkd -


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Mol_2011_Bringing Interaction Into Higher Spheres

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