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BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
CHAPTER 38Conservation Biology
Modules 38.6 – 38.8
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• Habitat degradation can lead to population fragmentation
– Portions of populations are split and subsequently isolated
– It often results in species being designated as threatened or endangered
38.6 There are two approaches to studying endangered populations
CONSERVATION OF POPULATIONS AND SPECIES
Figure 38.6A
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• The Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines an endangered species as one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
– Example: the northern spotted owl
• The ESA defines a threatened species as one that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Figure 38.6B
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• Some conservation biologists believe that the smallness of a population will ultimately drive it to extinction
• The small-population approach
– Identifies the minimum viable population size for a threatened species
– Focuses on preserving genetic variation
• The declining-population approach diagnoses and treats the causes of a population's decline
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• Identifying the specific combination of habitat factors that is critical for a species is pivotal in conservation biology
• The red-cockaded woodpecker requires three habitat factors
– A mature pine forest
38.7 Identifying critical habitat factors is a central goal in conservation research
Figure 38.7A
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– Low growth of plants among the mature pine trees
– Controlled fires to reduce forest undergrowth
Figure 38.7B, C
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• Increased fragmentation threatens many species
– This includes those whose populations were historically highly fragmented
38.8 Connection: Increased fragmentation threatens many populations: A case study
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• One example is the endangered bull trout– It inhabits lakes, rivers, and mountain
streams in northwestern Canada and the United States
Figure 38.8A
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• The bull trout requires cold, fast-flowing streams with pebble-covered bottoms and little or no silt
Figure 38.8B
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• Before human intervention, the bull trout population consisted of four subpopulations
Figure 38.8C, left
S1
S3 S2
S4
Egg-laying sites in mountain streams
Regular, frequent dispersal and gene flowbetween subpopulationsIrregular, infrequent dispersal; minimal geneflow between subpopulations
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• The bull trout population has been further fragmented and reduced by– the construction
of hydroelectric dams
– logging
– road building
– mining Figure 38.8C, right
s1
s3
s2
s5s4
Mill sitefor silvermine
Hydroelectricdam
Hydroelectricdam
Egg-laying sites in mountain streams
Clear-cut (logged) areasRoadsIrregular, infrequent dispersal; minimal geneflow between subpopulations
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• Conservation biologists often use computer simulations in a population viability analysis (PVA)
– PVA incorporates as much information about a population's current status as available
– It predicts a species' chance for long-term survival