Module02 Ct[1]New2010

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

1/57

Module 2:Thinking Tools

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

2/57

Do You Agree with These Statements?

There are many students who are

educated but few who canthink out ofthe box. Pak Lah

We want the development of modal insan

(model citizen), students who canthinkcriticallyandcreatively, who are able tosolve problemsand have theability toadaptthemselves to an ever-changing

global environment.

- Blueprint for Education Development (2006 2010)

Why?

* During the launch of the National Education Blueprint 2006-2010 at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre 16/01-2007.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

3/57

How many faces can you see in the image?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

4/57

Questions?

Look at this picture. What kind of questions can weask in relation to this picture?

Use your imagination

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

5/57

Questions?

Look at this picture. What kind of questions can weask in relation to this picture?

Use your imagination

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

6/57

But first, What is a Thinking Tool?

A Thinking Toolis an instrument that can help us inusing our minds systematically and effectively. With the use

of thinking tools, the intended ideas will be arranged moresystematically, clearly, and easy to be understood.

This module will explore four (4) types of thinking Tools:

Questioning

Concepts

Mindmaps

Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT)

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

7/57

Module 2: Thinking Tools

1. Questioning

4. Cognitive ResearchTrust (CoRT)

2. Concepts

3. Mindmaps

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

8/57

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

9/57

2.1 Questioning

Questioning is one approach to motivate others to:

Get information

Test understanding

Develop interestEvaluate the ability of individuals towards

understanding certain things.

A person who asks questionsis a person who thinks.

- William Wilen

Why

me?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

10/57

2.1 Questioning (2)

Look at this picture. Lets construct questions

usingWhat, Who, Where, When, WhyandHow.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

11/57

2.1 Questioning - Five Ws and H

The Five Ws and H, is aninfluential, inspirational and

imaginative checklist (often used

by journalists) to generate:

Data-gathering questions,

during the early stages of

problem solving when you are

gathering data.

Idea-provoking questions (e.g.

whilst brainstorming).

Criteria for evaluating options.

What

WhoWhere

When

Why

How

5Ws

H

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

12/57

2.1 Questioning - Blooms Taxonomy

Knowledge

Interpretation

Application

Analysis

Synthesis

Evaluation

Lower-level

Thinking

Higher-Level

Thinking

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

13/57

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

14/57

2.1 Questioning Interpretation

InterpretationSeek to select and organize factsand ideas, discovering the relationships betweenthem.

What is the main idea of

Retell in your on words what happened.

There are many students who are educated

but few who can think out of the box. Pak Lah

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

15/57

2.1 Questioning Application

ApplicationHelp ustake knowledge or conceptslearnt in one situation and apply them to othersituations.

How would you apply the principles of decision

making when seeking a job?

How do you apply this rule in your daily life?

YoureFired!

Really?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

16/57

2.1 Questioning Analysis

Analysis- To separate the entire process intocomponent parts and understand the relation ofthese parts to the whole.

What are the parts or features of

What evidence can you present to support

Explain the reasons why you think

I was firedbecause Iwas1. Intelligent2. Hardworking

3. Proactive

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

17/57

2.1 Questioning Synthesis

Synthesis- to combine ideas and come to aconclusion.

What ideas can you add to

What might happen if you combine with ?What solution would you suggest for

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

18/57

2.1 Questioning Evaluation

Evaluation- to make informed judgments anddecisions by determining the reliability of things.

Do you agree with?

Why or why not?

What criteria would you use to assess

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

19/57

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

20/57

WHAT DOES CONCEPTUAL MEAN?

Well basically its about an idea(s), thought(s) or feeling(s).

Resolving or portraying them from your creative mind as

best as you can make it your concept. An idea is only

powerful unless it is expressed well and unless you wish to

express a message. Without meaning or feeling it is not a

concept. So just taking a snapshot photograph does not

make it a conceptual piece. Its when you put the concept to

it that it becomes something more. The photo alone shouldspeak for itself, even though it can sometimes be

ambiguous. Thats where you take that challenge to direct

the message in the path that you would like it to go.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

21/57

2.2 Concepts

Concepts - General ideas that we use to identify andorganize our experience.

Structure of Concepts:

1) Sign- word/symbol that names the concept

2) Referents- examples of the concept

3) Properties- qualities that all examples of the conceptshare in common.

Properties

ReferentsSign

Concepts

Words are the vocabulary of language;

Conceptsare the vocabulary of thought.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

22/57

2.2 Concepts: Example

Properties:Wheels, Engine, Seats, Dashboard

Sign:Automobile

Concept:Automobile

Referents:

LamborghiniProton Satria Neo

Aristotle oncesaid that anintelligent

person is a'master ofconcepts'.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

23/57

2.2 Forming Concepts

You form concepts by the interactive process of:

Generalizing- Focusing on thecommon properties shared by a

group of things.

Interpreting Findingexamples of the concept.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

24/57

2.2 Forming Concepts: Example

Study the following dialogue on the concept ofFriendship:

Amir Is 'friendship' what happens when two people meet and say hello?

Alfonso No, I think 'friendship' takes time to develop.

Amir Does 'friendship' occur after they have an interestingconversation?

Alfonso I think 'friendship' involves an amount of trust and loyalty, whichcan hardly be established after just one interesting conversation.

Amir So can I say that the relationship between my employee and I atwork as a 'friendship'.

Alfonso I think in a 'friendship', trust and loyalty is given willingly andunconditionally. It should touch on different aspects of people's

lives; and not just work.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

25/57

2.2 Forming Concepts: Example

By studying the dialogue, we can imply that in order to

determine which concept to apply to a situation, we have to:

Be aware of the properties that form the boundaries of the

concept.

Be sure that the experience meets the properties or

requirements.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

26/57

2.2 Applying Concepts

Applying conceptsmeans meeting the conceptsnecessary requirements. In determining exactlywhat the requirements of the concept are, ask:

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

27/57

2.2 Applying Concepts (2)

Using Concepts to Classify

When you apply a concept to an object, idea, orexperience, you are in effect classifying the object, idea, orexperience by placing it into the group of things defined by

the properties/requirements of the concept.

The way you classify reflects and influences the way yousee the world, the way you think about the world, and theway you behave in the world.

The specific categories you use depends on the purposesof your classification.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

28/57

2.2 Applying Concepts: Example

Some may attribute a girl'sBEAUTYto her fairskin, rosy cheeks and long silky hair. Others,however, may attribute beauty to the kindness of

her heart and considerate nature.

How do you classify the concept ofBEAUTY?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

29/57

2.2 Applying Concepts

Defining Concepts

Giving an effective definition of a concept means both:

Identifying the general qualitiesof the concept, which

determine when it can be correctly applied.

Using appropriate examplesto demonstrate actualapplications of the concept. That is, examples that embody

the general qualities of the concept.Role

Models?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

30/57

2.2 Defining Concepts: Example

How would you define the word car?What are the properties of a car?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

31/57

Tony Buzan

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

32/57

2.3 Mindmaps

A mindmapcan be defined as a visual presentationof the ways in which conceptscan be related toone another.

Its theUltimate

Learning Tool!

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

33/57

2.3 Mindmaps Why?

It Helps Youto:

Save timeas it uses only keywords (or concepts).

Understand better

Increase your ability to rememberby utilizing the sevenprinciples of Super Memory:

Visualization

Association

Making Things Outstanding

Imagination

Colour

Rhythm

Holism

The RockAgrees!

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

34/57

2.3 Mindmaps: When?

Mindmapsare useful for:

Note taking(listening)

Oral presentation(speaking)

Writing

YEAH!

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

35/57

2.3 Mindmaps: How?

Step 1:Draw the topic at the centre.Step 2:Add the Sub-Headings.

Step 3:For each Sub-Heading, Add the MainPoints and Supporting Details.

Step 4:Use your Imagination (pictures/images)to make it outstanding and memorable.

The Rock SaysYou Must Try!

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

36/57

2.3 Mindmaps: Example

The RockLikesBarryMapp!

Source: http://www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Mind_Matters/mapp18b.jpg

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

37/57

Edward de Bono

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

38/57

CoRT Thinking Method

The essence of the CoRT (Cognitive ResearchTrust) Thinking Method is to focus attentiondirectly on different aspects of thinking and to

crystallize these aspects into definite concepts and

tools that can be used deliberately.It is designed to encourage students to broaden

their thinking.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

39/57

CoRT Thinking Tools

CAF: Consider All Factors

FIP: First Important Priorities

PMI: Plus, Minus, Interesting (ideas)

APC:Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices

OPV: Other People's Views

AGO:Aims, Goals, Objectives (purpose)

C&S: Consequence and Sequel

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

40/57

CAF: Consider All Factors

Used to look as widely as possible at all the factors

involved in a situation.

Steps involved:

List down all the factors.Consider each factor.

What is the appropriate decision to be made?

Example:a lot of woman nowadays love to smoking. You are appointed to draft a

advertisement to prevent woman from smoking. Please do a CAF to create that

advertisement.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

41/57

Principles:

Doing a CAF is useful

before choosing, deciding

or planning

It is better to consider all

the factors first and thenpick out the ones that

matter most.

If you you have to ask

someone else to tell youwhether you have left out

some important factors.

If you have left out an

important factor your

answer may seem right but

will later turn out to be

wrong.

If you do a CAF onsomeone elses thinking

you may be able to tell the

person what has been left

out.

FIP Fi I P i i i

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

42/57

FIP: First Important Priorities

Choosing from a number of different possibilities and

alternatives (e.g. putting priorities in order).

Steps involved:

What are the important matters involved?Which is the most important one to be considered?

Which one should be given priority?

Example:

Helping the flood victims in Johor.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

43/57

Principles:It is important to get as

many ideas as possible

first and then to start

picking out priorities.

Different people may havedifferent priorities in the

same situation.

You should know exactly

why you have chosensomething as a priority

If it is difficult to choose the

most important things, then

try looking at it from the

other direction: drop out the

least important and see

what you are left with.The ideas not chosen as

priorities must not be

ignored. They too are

considered- but after thepriorities.

PMI Pl Mi I t ti

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

44/57

PMI: Plus, Minus, Interesting

Examining an idea for good, bad or interesting points,

instead of immediate acceptance or rejection.

Steps involved:

List down all the plus points.List down all the minus points.

List down all the interesting points.

What is your decision after considering all the factors?

Example:In Malaysia about 51% population is female. Imagine one day we have a one

party politic special for female. Discuss PMI.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

45/57

The PMI is important

because without it you may

reject a valuable idea that

seems bad at first.

Without a PMI you are

unlikely to see thedisadvantages of an idea

that you like

The PMI can show that

ideas are not just good orbad but can also be

interesting they lead to

other ideas.

Without a PMI most

judgements are based not

on on the value of the idea

itself but on your emotions

at the time.

With a PMI you decidewhether or not you like the

idea after you have explore

it instead of before

APC Alt ti P ibiliti Ch i

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

46/57

APC: Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices

Generating new alternatives and choices, instead of

feeling confined to the obvious ones.

Steps involved

What are the other alternatives to overcome theproblem?

What are the implications incur if every step is taken?

What is the best solution?

Example

Today, we have to pay toll to use highway. Please do

APC how toll company can get paid without paying toll.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

47/57

Principles:If you cannot think of any

alternatives yourself, you

should ask someone else.

You go on looking for

alternatives until you findone that you really like.

There is almost always an

alternative, even if there

does not appear to be oneat first.

You cannot know that the

obvious explanation is the

best until you have looked

at some of the others.

To look for alternatives

when you are not satisfiedis easy but to look for them

when you are satisfied

requires a deliberate effort

OPV Oth P l ' Vi

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

48/57

OPV: Other People's Views

Moving out of ones own viewpoint to consider the points

of view of all others involved in any situation.

Steps involved

Will this idea influence others?

Others people opinion on this matter?

Is your idea relevant before actions are taken?

Example:A Girl decide to marry her ex-boy friend who are

married. Please do OPV

AGO Ai G l Obj ti

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

49/57

AGO: Aims, Goals, Objectives

Picking out and defining the objectives so as one is

clear about his own aims and understanding those ofothers (Purpose).

Steps involved:

What is the AGO of the plan?

Are the implementations out of The AGO?

How do I make sure that the AGO is achieved?

Example

You are asked to produce a TV show special forfarmer. Please do AGO

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

50/57

Remember:-You can do somethings out

of habit, because everyone

else is doing it, or as a

reaction to a situation.

These are called becausereasons. But there are also

times when you do

something in order to

achieve some purpose orobjective.

It can help your thinking if

you know exactly what you

are trying to achieve. It can

also help you to

understand other peoples

thinking if you can see theirobjectives.

C&S C d S l

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

51/57

C&S: Consequence and Sequel

Considering the immediate, short (e.g. 1 - 2 years),

medium (e.g. 2 - 5 year) and long term (e.g. over 5years) consequences.

Steps involved:

What are the long term effects?

What are the risks I have to face?

To what extent the new plan would bring changes?

Example:

The future of e-Learning at UNITAR.

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

52/57

Principles.

Other people may be able

to see the consequences of

your action more easily

than you can yourself.

It is important to knowwhether the consequences

are reversible or not.

consequences you should

consider.You should look at the

consequences not only as

they affect you but as they

affect other people as well.

The immediate

consequences and the long

term consequences may

be opposite; immediate

consequences may be

good and long termconsequences may be bad,

or the other way round.

You should do a full C&S

before deciding whichconsequences you should

consider.

Group ActivityThe Rock

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

53/57

Group Activity

Break into groups of 4-5, and then discuss:

How can UNITAR students help the floodvictims in Malaysia?

Choose one member of your group to take notes.

10 min Use one (or more) of the CoRT thinking tools

to come up with suggestions.

5 min Draw a mindmap of your group findings.

15 min Group presentation & discussion

LikesUNITAR.

Summary

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

54/57

Summary

1. Questioning Questioning is one approach to motivate others to get

information, test understanding, develop interest, and evaluatethe ability of individuals towards understanding certain things.

Tools include the 5 Ws and H, Blooms taxonomy, etc.

2. Concepts Concepts are general ideas that we use to identify andorganize our experience. Structure of Concepts: Sign,

Referents and Properties.

3. Mindmaps Helps you to save time as it uses only keywords (or concepts),understand better and Increase your ability to remember. It is

useful for: Note taking, Oral presentation and Writing.

4. CoRT CAF: Consider All Factors

FIP: First Important PrioritiesPMI: Plus, Minus, Interesting

APC: Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices

OPV: Other People's Views

AGO: Aims, Goals, Objectives

C&S: Consequence and Sequel

Any Questions?

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

55/57

Any Questions?

The End

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

56/57

The End

References

7/31/2019 Module02 Ct[1]New2010

57/57

References

Online Resources

Courseware

Module 1:http://cw.unitar.edu.my/ugb2013/c1/index.htm

Module 6:http://cw.unitar.edu.my/ugb2013/c6/index.htm

Mindmapping in 8 Easy Steps:http://www.thinksmart.com/mission/workout/mindm

apping_intro.html