COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 1 MODULE-I Unit I INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 1.1 History of Computers 1.2 Generations of Computers 1.3 Block Diagram of Computer 1.4 Basics of Computer 1.5 Functional Units of Computers 1.5.1 Input Unit 1.5.2 Output Unit 1.5.3 Central Processing Unit 1.5.4 Memory Unit 1.6 Classification of Computers 1.7 Components of Computers Unit2 Introduction to Operating Systems 2.1 Fundamentals of Operating Systems 2.2 Disk Operating Systems (DOS) 2.3 MS-DOS 2.4 Files in MS-DOS MODULE-II Unit-I
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MODULE-I Unit I INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 1.1 History of Computers 1.2 Generations of Computers 1.3 Block Diagram of Computer 1.4 Basics of Computer 1.5 Functional Units of Computers 1.5.1 Input Unit 1.5.2 Output Unit 1.5.3 Central Processing Unit 1.5.4 Memory Unit 1.6 Classification of Computers 1.7 Components of Computers Unit2 Introduction to Operating Systems 2.1 Fundamentals of Operating Systems 2.2 Disk Operating Systems (DOS) 2.3 MS-DOS 2.4 Files in MS-DOS MODULE-II Unit-I
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Dos Commands 1.1 Internal Commands
1.2 External Commands
Unit-II Basics of Windows 2.1 The Desktop
2.2 The Bars and Start Button
2.3 How to organize the desktop icons
2.4 How to change the date and time
2.5 How to visualize the Tool Bars
2.6 Windows Explorer
2.7 Control Panel
MODULE-III Unit-I Windows Applications 1.1 Notepad
1.2 WordPad
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1.3 Paint
Unit-II Ms-Office Basics& Ms-Word 1.1 Ms-Office Basics 1.2 Parts of Ms-Word Window 1.3 Toolbars 1.4 Format Menu 1.5 Tools Menu 1.6 Table Menu MODULE-IV Unit-I Microsoft Excel
1.1. Spreadsheet Basics
1.1.1. Screen elements
1.1.2.Adding and renaming worksheets
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1.1.3.The standard toolbar - opening, closing, saving,
and more.
1.2. Customizing Excel
1.2.1.Menus
1.2.2.Customize toolbars
1.2.3.Recording a macro
1.2.4.Running a macro
1.3. Modifying A Worksheet
1.3.1.Moving through cells
1.3.2.Adding worksheets, rows, and columns
1.3.3.Resizing rows and columns
1.3.4.Selecting cells
1.3.5.Moving and copying cells
1.3.6.Freeze panes
1.4. Formatting Cells
1.4.1.Formatting toolbar
1.4.2.Format Cells dialog box
1.4.3.Dates and times
1.4.4.Styles
1.4.5.Style dialog box
1.4.6.Create a new style
1.4.7.Format Painter
1.4.8.AutoFormat
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1.5. Formulas and Functions
1.5.1.Formulas
1.5.2.Linking worksheets
1.5.3.Relative, absolute, and mixed referencing
1.5.4.Basic functions
1.5.5.Function Wizard
1.5.6.Autosum
1.6. Sorting and Filling
1.6.1.Basic ascending and descending sorts
1.6.2.Complex sorts
1.6.3.Autofill
1.6.4.Alternating text and numbers with Autofill
1.6.5.Autofilling functions
1.7. Graphics
1.7.1.Adding clip art
1.7.2.Add an image from a file
1.7.3.Editing a graphic
1.7.4.AutoShapes
1.8. Charts
1.8.1.Chart Wizard
1.8.2.Resizing a chart
1.8.3.Moving a chart
1.8.4.Chart formatting toolbar
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1.8.5.Copy a chart to Microsoft Word
1.9. Page Properties and Printing
1.9.1.Page breaks
1.9.2.
1.9.3.Page Setup
1.9.4.Print Preview
1.9.5.Print
1.10. Keyboard Shortcuts
Unit-II Microsoft PowerPoint
1.11. Getting Started
1.11.1. AutoContent Wizard
1.11.2. Create a presentation from a template
1.11.3. Create a blank presentation
1.11.4. Open an existing presentation
1.11.5. AutoLayout
1.12. Power Point Screen
1.12.1. Screen layout
1.12.2. Views
1.13. Working with Slides
1.13.1. Insert a new slide
1.13.2. Applying a design template
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1.13.3. Changing slide layouts
1.13.4. Reordering slides
1.13.5. Hide slides
1.13.6. Create a custom slide show
1.13.7. Edit a custom slide show
1.14. Adding Content
1.14.1. Bulleted lists On Design Templates
1.14.2. Bulleted lists from a Text box
1.14.3. Bulleted lists and New Slides From an
Outline
1.14.4. Numbered lists
1.14.5. Resizing a Text box
1.14.6. Text box Properties
1.14.7. Delete a text box
1.14.8. Adding notes
1.14.9. Video
1.14.10. Audio
1.15. Working with Text
1.15.1. Adding text
1.15.2. Formatting text
1.15.3. Replace fonts
1.15.4. Line spacing
1.15.5. Change case
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1.15.6. Spelling check
1.15.7. Spelling options
1.16. Color Schemes
1.16.1. Color schemes
1.16.2. Backgrounds
1.17. Graphics
1.17.1. Adding clip art
1.17.2. Adding an image from a file
1.17.3. Editing a graphic
1.17.4. AutoShapes
1.17.5. WordArt
1.18. Slide Effects
1.18.1. Action buttons
1.18.2. Slide animation
1.18.3. Animation preview
1.18.4. Slide transitions
1.18.5. Slide show options
1.19. Master Slides
1.19.1. Slide master
1.19.2. Header and footer
1.19.3. Slide numbers
1.19.4. Date and time
1.20. Saving and Printing
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1.20.1. Save as a web page
1.20.2. Page setup
1.20.3. Print
1.21. Keyboard shortcuts
1.22. Tips
1.22.1. Design tips
1.22.2. Presentation basics
Module V Unit-I Microsoft Access
1.23. Getting Started
1.23.1. A few terms
1.23.2. Getting started
1.23.3. Blank Access database
1.23.4. Access database wizards, pages, and
projects
1.23.5. Open an existing database Converting to
Access 2000
1.24. Screen Layouts
1.24.1. Database window
1.24.2. Design view
1.24.3. Datasheet view
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1.25. Creating Tables
1.25.1. Introduction to tables
1.25.2. Create a table in design view
1.25.3. Field properties
1.25.4. Primary key
1.25.5. Indexes
1.25.6. Field validation rules
1.26. Datasheet Records
1.26.1. Adding records
1.26.2. Editing records
1.26.3. Deleting records
1.26.4. Adding and deleting columns
1.26.5. Resizing rows and columns
1.26.6. Freezing columns
1.26.7. Hiding columns
1.26.8. Finding data in a table
1.26.9. Replace
1.26.10. Check spelling and AutoCorrect
1.26.11. Print a datasheet
1.27. Table Relationships
1.27.1. Declaring table relationships
1.28. Sorting and Filtering
1.28.1. Sorting
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1.28.2. Filter by selection
1.28.3. Filter by form
1.28.4. Saving a filter
1.28.5. Remove a filter
1.29. Queries
1.29.1. Introduction to queries
1.29.2. Create a query in design view
1.29.3. Query wizard
1.29.4. Find duplicates query
1.29.5. Delete a query
1.30. Forms
1.30.1. Create a form using the wizard
1.30.2. Create a form in Design View
1.30.3. Adding records using a form
1.30.4. Editing forms
1.31. Form Controls
1.31.1. List and combo boxes
1.31.2. Check boxes and option buttons
1.31.3. Command buttons
1.32. Subforms
1.32.1. What is a subform?
1.32.2. Create a form and subform at once
1.32.3. Subform wizard
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1.32.4. Drag-and-drop method
1.33. More Forms
1.33.1. Multiple-page forms using tabs
1.33.2. Conditional formatting
1.33.3. Password text fields
1.33.4. Change control type
1.33.5. Multiple primary keys
1.34. Reports
1.34.1. Using the wizard
1.34.2. Create in Design View
1.34.3. Printing reports
1.35. Importing, Exporting, Linking
1.35.1. Importing
1.35.2. Exporting
1.35.3. Linking
1.36. Keyboard Shortcuts
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1.1 History of Computers Computers as we know them today we have been developed over the past 60 years. A long, slow evolution of mechanical calculating devices preceded the development of computers. In the beginning many devices have been used in the processing of data. Abacus This is the first recorded computer, whose existence dates back 2500 B.C.The mechanical calculating device ABCUS was principally used to Add and Subtract. Nearly 5,000 years ago the abacus emerged in Asia Minor. The abacus may be considered the first computer. Pascalein In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented Pascaline, it is a brass rectangular box, used eight movable dials to add sums up to eight figures long. But it was only capable of performing additions and subtractions. Multiplication and
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division operations were carried out in terms of addition and subtraction. Difference Engine A young genius named Charles Babbage, an English mathematician gave much thought to the design of a device that used the differences between previous values in a table to produce new values. In 1822, constructed the “Difference Engine”. Analytical Engine In 1833, Charles Babbage developed the Analytical Engine. This machine consisted of five functional Units such as Input unit, Memory unit, Arithmetic unit, Control unit and Output unit and hence Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers. Eniac After introducing Semi conductor technology in 1946, they developed first ever electronic computer ENIAC. It is an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. This was able to carry out 5000 additions per second. Edvac To overcome the disadvantage in ENIAC, Neumann proposed a new concept of a large internal memory to store instructions and data. This is known as Stored Program Concept. The first ever computer developed on this principle. It is an acronym for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
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1.2 Generations of Computers
A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of the product. This term is also used in different advancements of computer technology.
The generations of computers are broadly classified into
Non-Electronic Generation This generation is also called as Zero Generation of Computers. These are made up of wooden or mechanical components. Ex: Abacus, Napier’s bones etc… Electronic Generation Computers built with electronic circuitry are called the electronic generation of computers. They are divided into 5 generations. First Generation of Computers These were developed during 1940-1956, and were built with Vacuum tubes. First generation computers relied on machine language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
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computing devices. Second Generation of Computers These were developed during 1956-1963, and were built with Transistors. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. Second-generation computers moved from machine language to assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time. Third Generation of Computers These were developed during 1964-1971, and were built with Integrated Circuits(IC’s). The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Computers for the first time became accessible to normal users because they were smaller and cheaper. Fourth Generation of Computers These were developed during 1972-1990 and were built with Micro Processors. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
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together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Fifth Generation of Computers The development of super computers was the key motivation of the fifth generation computers.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
1.3 Block Diagram of Computer
C.P.U
MONITOR
KEYBOARD
C.U A.L.U M.M.U
MOUSE
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The main parts of the computer are 1. Monitor 2. Keyboard 3. C.P.U 4. Mouse
Monitor It is the most commonly used Output device. It is also called as S.O.D, Standard Output Device. This is used to display Input as well as Output. Based on the display Monitors are classified into
1. Monochrome Monitors 2. RGB Monitors 3. Color Monitors
Monochrome Monitors Mono means single and chrome means color displays only one color. These monitors are only for text displays. RGB Monitors RGB stands for “Red Green Blue” monitors. These monitors are used for special purposes. Color Monitors It is used to display text, graphics and pictures in various colors. Today’s most computers use color monitors. Keyboard It is the most commonly used Input device. It is also called as S.I.D, Standard Input Device. It is used to enter
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data into the system. Based on the number of keys keyboards are classified into 81,101,104,106 and 108 keys respectively. 81 keys keyboard also called as Type writer keyboard and 108 keys keyboard also called as Multimedia Keyboard C.P.U C.P.U stands for Central Processing Unit. It is mainly divided into 3 main parts. They are C.U C.U stands for Control Unit. It controls all the parts of computer. It acts like brain in human body. A.L.U A.L.U stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit. It performs both arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations are ADD, SUB, MUL and DIV and Logical Operations are AND, OR and NOT. M.M.U M.M.U stands for Main Memory Unit. It is mainly used to store large volumes of data and information. MOUSE To interact with objects on the screen, the cursor is moved over the object by moving the mouse and a button on the mouse usually the left button is “clicked".
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1.4 Basics of Computer Data Collection of facts and figures given by the user. Facts means alphabets and figures means numbers. Information Processed data is called as Information. Input The data given by the user Output
The result given by the computer. 1.5 Functional Units of Computers
1.5.1 Input Unit An input unit lets you communicate with a
computer. You can use input units to enter data and issue commands. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, are examples of input units. Keyboard
Used to type data into the computer Most common input device today Has special keys for giving the computer commands
o Commands tell the computer to do something, like save the file
o These special keys are called command or function keys
Mouse
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Mouse moves objects on the screen and can do some action Scanner
A scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view them on the computer. You can also use software to edit the items you scan.
Used to put printed pictures and text into a computer Converts an image into dots that the computer can
understand To scan text, optical character recognition (OCR)
software is needed
1.5.2 Output Unit An output unit displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. A monitor, printer, and speakers are examples of output units. Monitor
Shows the processed information on a screen
A monitor uses a Picture Tube like a television with the image displayed on the front of the tube, which is called the screen.
Printer
Printers produce a hard copy
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The information is printed on paper and can be used when the device is off.
It is also called a printout
1.5.3 Central Processing Unit
CPU - The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines the processing power of the computer.
All CPUs are microprocessors The speed of CPUs is measured in hertz’s. A hertz is
on cycle per second.
1.5.4 Memory Unit
The main memory consists of Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). RAM is also called as Temporary Memory. ROM is called Permanent Memory.
A personal computer must have a means of storing information (data) and instructions so that it can perform processing tasks on the data.
1.6 Classification of Computers Computers are classified into two types. They are
1. Depending on Data 2. Depending on Capacity & Size
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Depending on Data Depending on data, computers are divided into
1. Digital Computers 2. Analog Computers 3. Hybrid Computers
Digital Computers The computer accepts the data in the form of both alphabets and numbers. Digit is the combination of alphabets and numbers. Analog Computers Analogous is the Greek term which means “symbol” or “signal”. The computers accept the data in the form of both signals and symbols and outputs also in the form of signals or symbols. Hybrid Computers It is the combination of both digital and analog computers. Theses computers accept the data in the form of both digits and symbols and gives output based on user requirements. Depending on Capacity & Size Depending on capacity and size computers are divided into
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1. Micro Computers 2. Mini Computers 3. Mainframes 4. Super Computers
Micro Computers The capacity of micro computers is 1-3 MIPS i.e. Million Instructions per Second. It processes the 3 million instructions per second. Mini Computers The capacity of mini computers is 3-5 MIPS i.e. it processes 5 million instructions per second. Mainframes The capacity of mainframes is 5-7 MIPS i.e. it processes 7 million instructions per second. Super Computers The capacity of super computers is 7-40 MOPS i.e. Million Operations per Second. It processes up to 40 million operations per second. Operation is nothing but set of instructions given by the user to complete a specified task. 1.7 Components of Computers
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The main components of computer are,
1. Software 2. Hardware 3. Firmware
Software Collection of programs given by the user to complete a specified task. Program means set of instructions given to the computer. Instruction means set of commands given by the user. Command means the order or request given by the computer. Hardware Set of mechanical parts around the computer. The main parts of the computer are keyboard, mouse, etc…. Firmware It is the mediator between software and hardware
Software Application
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System Software Software Languages Packages BIOS Bootstrap Application Software It is the software mainly used for applications of computer. It is divided into
1. Languages 2. Packages
Languages The language is interaction between user and computer. Languages are used to interact with the computer and used to give commands to the computer. Languages are divided into
H.L.L H.L.L. stands for High Level Language. It is the language which is formed with simple English statements. It is easy to understand and it is user friendly Ex: Pascal, C and C++.
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M.L.L M.L.L. stands for Middle Level Language. It is also called as Assembly language. It is formed with mnemonic codes. i.e. ADD for Addition, SUB for subtraction, MUL for multiplication and DIV for division. Ex: C, Fortran, Cobol etc…. L.L.L L.L.L stands for Low Level Language. It is also called as machine Language. It is formed with binary digits, also called as Bits. It is only understood by the machine only. Packages It is a collection of predefined programs. Packages are divided into
1. General 2. DBMS
General These packages are used for general applications. Windows is a general package. DBMS DBMS stands for “Data Base Management System”. The system manages the databases. It is again divided into RDBMS Relational Database Management Systems NDBMS Network Database Management Systems
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ODBMS Object Database Management Systems HDBMS Hierarchical Database Management Systems System Software It is the software which is used for system works. It is again divided into
1. BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) 2. Bootstrap
BIOS BIOS stand for Basic Input Output System. It checks the connections between basic input and output devices. Bootstrap It activates the process of booting. Booting means loading system files into the system.
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Unit2 Introduction to Operating Systems 2.1 Fundamentals of Operating Systems 2.2 Disk Operating Systems (DOS) 2.3 MS-DOS 2.4 Files in MS_DOS
2.1 Fundamentals of Operating Systems Def:
It is the interaction between user and system. It is
divided into
SUST
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SUST stands for single user single task. It allows one
user can do single work at a time.
Ex:
Dos (Disk Operating Systems)
SUMT
SUMT stands for single user multi task. It allows one
user number of works at a time.
Ex:
Windows
MUST
MUST stands for multi user multi task. It allows
number of users and single work at a time.
Ex:
Banking Systems
MUMT
MUMT stands for multi user multi task. It allows no
users can do number of works at a time.
Ex: Internet
2.2 History of DOS
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. It was
developed by Microsoft as an operating system in the
1980s. Windows 3.x needed DOS to run, but Windows 95,
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98, and 2000 do not. With DOS a user can do most of the
functions that one would do with Windows; make
directories, edit files, run programs, compile code, print,
get on-line.
The main functions of DOS are to manage disk files,
allocate system resources according to the requirement.
DOS provides features essential to control hardware
devices such as Keyboard, Screen, Disk Devices, Printers,
Modems and programs. Basically, DOS is the medium
through which the user and external devices attached to
the system communicate with the system.
DOS translate the command issued by the user in the
format that is understandable by the computer and instruct
computer to work accordingly. The DOS being used was
developed for IBM by a small company called Microsoft.
We can create several directories, copy, delete, and rename
files, and delete subdirectory. DOS is a command
processor, which works as an interface between you, the
user, and DOS.
Commands can be categorized into INTERNAL
(memory resident) and EXTERNAL (utilities / programs)
types. MS-DOS commands from COMMAND.COM. It's a
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command processor, which works as an interface between
you, the user, and DOS.
Year Events
1981 MS-DOS 1.0 was released August,
1981.
1982 MS-DOS 1.25 was released August,
1982.
1983 MS-DOS 2.0 was released March, 1983.
1984 Microsoft introduces MS-DOS 3.0 for
the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for
networks
1986 MS-DOS 3.2 was released April, 1986.
1987 MS-DOS 3.3 was released April, 1987.
1988 MS-DOS 4.0 was released July, 1988.
1988 MS-DOS 4.01 was released November,
1988.
1991 MS-DOS 5.0 was released June, 1991.
1993 MS-DOS 6.0 was released June, 1993.
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1993 MS-DOS 6.2 was released November,
1993
1994 MS-DOS 6.21 was released March, 1994
1994 MS-DOS 6.22 was released April, 1994
2.3 MS-DOS
Ms-Dos was developed by Bill Gates and is the most
commonly used DOS on the market today. Nevertheless,
all these operating systems work in their own way,
performing many tasks for you as a user.
2.4 File in MS-DOS
A file may contain a program or any other kind of
information. Generally, a file must be given a name that
can be used to identify it. DOS permits the user to assign a
name consisting of two parts to a file - primary and
secondary names. Primary name can be of a maximum of
eight characters consisting of Characters, Alphabets,
Number and Hyphen), and the Secondary name should
consist of three characters, which is optional. The primary
name and the secondary (or extension) name, if any, are to
be separated by a dot (.).
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DOS has a way of showing which disk drive is currently active. The directory contains files or more directories. A directory contained within another directory is called a subdirectory. MODULE-II Unit-I Dos Commands 1.3 Internal Commands
1.4 External Commands
The Command Prompt
When you first turn on your computer, you will see some cryptic information flash by. MS-DOS displays this information to let you know how it is configuring your computer. You can ignore it for now. When the information stops scrolling past, you'll see the following:
C:\>
This is called the command prompt or DOS prompt. The flashing underscore next to the command prompt is called the cursor. The cursor shows where the command you type will appear.
1.1 Internal Commands
Ver Command
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The ver command displays the version number of MS-DOS.
Ver
The following message appears on your screen:
MS-DOS version 6.22
dir command
The dir command stands for "directory." To view the
contents of a directory
Type the following at the command prompt:
dir
It displays file and directory names. This is called a directory list. A directory list is a list of all the files and subdirectories that a directory contains.
In this case, you see all the files and directories in the main or root directory of your drive. All the files and directories on your drive are stored in the root directory.
cd command
The cd command stands for "change directory.” To
change directories, you will use the cd command.
Type the following at the command prompt:
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cd abc
The command prompt changes. It should now look like the following:
C:\abc>
dir /p command
To view the contents of a directory one screen at a time. Type the following at the command prompt:
dir /p
One screen of information appears. At the bottom of the screen, you will see the following message:
Press any key to continue . . .
To view the next screen of information, press any key on your keyboard. Repeat this step until the command prompt appears at the bottom of your screen.
When you typed the dir command this time, you included the /p switch after the command. A switch modifies the way MS-DOS carries out a command. Generally, a switch consists of a forward slash (/) that is followed by one or more letters or numbers. When you used the /p switch with the dir command, you specified that MS-DOS should pause after it displays each screen of directory list information. The p actually stands for "page"
dir /w command
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Another helpful switch you can use with the dir command is the /w switch. The /w switch indicates that MS-DOS should show a wide version of the directory list.
This command is used to view the contents of a directory in wide format. To view the contents of a directory in wide format
dir /w
The directory list appears, with the filenames listed in wide format. Note that only filenames are listed. No information about the files' size or date and time of creation appears. If the directory contains more files than will fit on one screen, you can combine the /p and /w switches as follows:
dir /w /p
cd \ command
This command is used to changing back to the root directory. Next, you will change from the abc directory to the root directory. The root directory is the directory you were in before you changed to the abc directory. Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following:
C:\abc>
To change to the root directory, Type the following at the command prompt:
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cd \
Note that the slash you type in this command is a backslash (\), not a forward slash (/).No matter which directory you are in, this command always returns you to the root directory of a drive.
The root directory does not have a name. It is simply referred to by a backslash (\).The command prompt should now look like the following:
C:\>
When your command prompt appears similar to this---that is, when it does not contain the name of a directory---you are in the root directory.
md command
To create a directory, you will use the md command. The md command stands for "make directory." To create and change to a directory named fruit. Type the following at the command prompt:
md fruit
You have now created a directory named fruit. You won't see the new fruit directory until you carry out the dir command in the next step. To change to the new fruit directory, type the following at the command prompt:
cd fruit
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The command prompt should now look like the following:
C:\FRUIT>
rd command
To delete a directory, use the rd command. The rd command stands for "remove directory." To delete the fruit directory, Type the following at the command prompt:
rd fruit
Note
You cannot delete a directory if you are in it. Before you can delete a directory, you must make the directory that is one level higher the current directory. To do this, type cd.. at the command prompt.
Copying Files
Copying files creates a duplicate of the original file and does not remove the original file. To copy a file, you will use the copy command. When you use the copy command, you must include two parameters.
The first is the location and name of the file you want to copy, or the source. The second is the location to which you want to copy the file, or the destination. You separate the source and destination with a space. The copy command follows this pattern:
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copy source destination
Copying a Group of Files
To copy a group of files you will use wildcards. If you
want to copy a group of files with similar names, using
wildcards is easier than copying each file individually.
To copy all files ending with the extension TXT from one directory to the other directory by using wildcards
To copy the files with a TXT extension to the directory, type the following at the command prompt:
copy *.txt
Renaming Files
This command explains how to rename files. You may want to rename a file if the information in it changes or if you decide you prefer another name. To rename a file, you will use the ren command. The ren command stands for "rename." When you use the ren command, you must include two parameters.
The first is the file you want to rename, and the second is the new name for the file. You separate the two names with a space. The ren command follows this pattern:
ren oldname newname
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Deleting Files
This command explains how to delete, or remove, a file that you no longer want on your disk. If you don’t have very much disk space, deleting files you no longer use is essential. To delete a file, you will use the del command. The del command stands for "delete." . The del command follows this pattern:
del filename
1.2 External Commands
ATTRIB Command
Displays or changes file attributes. The different attributes are Read-only - allowing the file to be only viewed and not written to.
Hidden - making the file invisible to standard users.
Syntax
ATTRIB [+R | -R] [[drive:][path]filename] + : Sets an attribute - : Clears an attribute R : Read-only attribute
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chkdsk command
Chkdsk is a utility which checks the computer's hard disk drives' status for any cross-linked or any additional errors with the hard disk drive.
Syntax
Checks a disk and displays a status report. CHKDSK [drive:] [[path] filename]
Type CHKDSK without parameters to check the current disk.
deltree command
Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and directories permanently from the computer.
Syntax
DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path [[drive:]path[...]]
/Y : Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to delete the subdirectory.
doskey command
Doskey is a MS-DOS utility that allows a user to keep a history of commands used on the computer. This allows frequently used commands to be used without having to type the commands in each time you need to use it.
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Syntax
DOSKEY
UP,DOWN arrows recall commands
F7 displays command history
edit command
Edit allows a user to view, create, and/or modify their computer files.
Syntax
EDIT file name
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Unit-II Basics of Windows 2.1 The Desktop
2.2 The Bars and Start Button
2.3 How to organize the desktop icons
2.4 How to change the date and time
2.5 How to visualize the Tool Bars
2.6 Windows Explorer
2.7 Control Panel
2.1 The Desktop
The Desktop is the on-screen work area on which
windows appear, it' s the first screen that appears when the operating system has initialized. Once Windows XP has initialized, the following screen will appear.
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On the desktop we have icons that allow us to open the corresponding program.
2.2 The Bars and Start Button
Task Bar. The task bar is what appears on the bottom of the screen. On the bottom left corner there is the Start button The Start Button is the button through which we can
access the entire breadth of options that Windows XP offers us. If we browse it, a menu similar to the one below will be displayed.
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On the top we can find the name of the current user. On the middle part there are two areas: The left area contains three separate areas divided by a thin line. On the top third we can see Internet Explorer and Outlook Express.
To gain access to the rest of the programs we have the green triangle All programs. By clicking here, we can view all of the programs that are installed on our computer.
On the right hand area there are icons to access the different parts of WindowsXP that are most often used: My documents, My Recent Documents, My Pictures, My Music and My Computer.
With the Control Panel icon we can configure and customize the appearance of our computer.
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If we have any questions we can use the Help and Support that Windows offers us.
With the Search icon we can find files whose location we are not sure of.
The option Run allows us to directly execute certain commands, for example to execute a specific program, etc...
At the bottom we have the options Log Off and Turn Off Computer. The first option allows us to close the current session, and the second option allows us to restart or turn off our computer.
The shortcuts area.
Contains icons that are used to access a particular program quickly. To place an icon here, simply drag it from the desktop. These icons are shortcuts that we can create, as we will see on the following page.
To execute, simply click on the icon.
The icon represents the desktop. It is used to minimize the windows that are opened to access the desktop easier.
The icon represents Internet Explorer. It is used to quickly access Internet.
The icon represents Windows Explorer. It used to quickly access files and folders.
The notification area.
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This area contains icons that represent the programs that start up automatically when the computer is turned on as well as other information. In this case about automatic updates and about the antivirus program.
If a round button appears, this allows us to expand or shrink the area that contains the icons of these programs. The time also appears here. If you wish to open them simply double-click on the icon.
2.3 How to organize the desktop icons
Click on the desktop with the right button of the mouse.
Select on the menu Arrange Icons By. As the menu is displayed you can chose to organize them by Name, Type , Size, or Modified (date).
You can also activate the option Auto Arrange, which is in charge of arranging the icons one below the other.
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If you wish to customize the way the icons are organized you can simply drag them with the mouse to where you want them. To do this, the option Auto arrange must be deactivated.
2.4 How to change the date and time
The computer has a clock located on the right side of
the task bar.
If you wanted to know the day of the week you would have to place the pointer over the clock and wait a couple of seconds for the complete date to appear.
You can also check and modify the properties of the clock with the dialog box that appears next. It appears as you double-click on the clock on the task bar.
To change the Date follow these steps:
1) Double-click on the clock on the task bar to open the dialog box.
2) To change the month place the pointer on the month box and click with the mouse on the arrow to the right.
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A list with the months will be displayed. Select the appropriate month.
3) To change the year place the pointer on the year box and with the arrows you can change the year.
4) To change the day select it on the calendar that appears.
5) Click Apply if you want the change to take effect and remain in the dialog box. Click OK if you want the changes to be permanent and for the dialog box to close.
To change the Time do the following:
1) Place the pointer on the clock.
2) To change the time select the time digits with the arrows to the right and adjust to the necessary time.
3) This same process must be done with the minutes and seconds.
2.5 How to visualize the Tool Bars
1) Right click with the mouse on the task bar.
2) Select Toolbars
3) From the menu that appears select the toolbars that you wish to see.
If next to the option a check mark appears it means that the tool is already visible.
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2.6 Windows Explorer
The Explorer is an indispensable tool in an operating system, since with it we can organize and control the files and folders of the different storage systems at our disposal such as the hard drive, disk drive, etc. The Windows Expolrer is also known as the File Manager. Through it we can delete, see, copy, or move files and folders.
Starting the Explorer
The quickest way to start up the Explorer is through the icon on the task bar or desktop. If you don't already have the icon created, you can open the Explorer as follows:
Click on Start
Select All programs
Select Accessories
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Select Windows Explorer
The Windows Explorer’s window
The explorer consists basically of two sections. On the left side there is the directory tree, which is the list of units and folders that we have. Only units and folders appear, no files.
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On this image we can see a few folders such as My Documents, aulaclic, ... the My Computer icon, My Network Places and the Recycle Bin.
The menu bar contains the menus that will allow us access to all the operations that can be done with a file or folder. By clicking on each menu the cptions will be displayed.
The standard bar contains the buttons for the most used operations.
If this bar is not visible select from the menu View, the option Toolbars, next select the option Standard buttons.
The Back button will allow us to go to the last page that we have seen. The button next to it, when activated, allows us to move one page forward.
The up button will allow us to go up one level, which means going back to the folder that contains the folder we are working with.
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The search button displays a window where we can search for the file we want.
The folders button shows the folder's structure on the left side of the screen, or it can display an area with the most frequent tasks, depending on the file we have selected. In this area we can find, among others, the following buttons:
The last button allows us to change the views on the folders (view details, Thumbnails,...) We'll explain this in more detailed on the next page.
2.7 Control Panel
It provides options for you to customize the appearance and functionality of your computer, add or remove programs and set up network connections and user accounts. The various options available in control panel are
Accessibility Options
This is used to adjust your computer settings for vision and hearing. Like keyboard, sound and mouse settings
Add Hardware
It installs new hardware and gives solutions to hardware problems.
Add or Remove Programs
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It installs and removes programs and windows components.
Administrative Settings
It configures administrative settings for your computer. Like computer management, performance and so on….
Automatic Updates
It sets up windows to automatically deliver important updates.
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MODULE-III Unit-I Windows Applications
Windows Based Applications
1.1 Notepad 1.2 WordPad
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1.3 Paint
1.1 Notepad Application
Start Programs Accessories Notepad
It opens a window as shown in the figure. The menus available in the notepad are
1. File Menu 2. Edit Menu 3. Format Menu 4. View Menu
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5. Help Menu
File Menu
This menu is used for operations on the files created by the user. The various options available in File Menu are
New(Ctrl+N)
To open a new Notepad document, click New under the File menu. A new document will open up in Notepad. If you already have work on Notepad and you click New, it will ask you if you'd like to save your work.
Open(Ctrl+O)
To open a saved document, click Open... A new box will pop up to help you browse for files on your computer. Notepad can open any type of text document (*.txt, *.doc, etc.) although some formatting will not appear in Notepad.
Save(Ctrl+S),Save As
To save a document on Notepad, click Save or Save As... A new box will pop up asking you choose a file name for your document.
Page Setup
Page Setup can be reached by clicking Page Setup... In Page Setup you can change the size of the paper, the orientation, the margins, and other printing formatting.
Print(Ctrl+P)
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To print a document, simply select Print from the File menu.
Exit
To exit Notepad, click Exit, before Notepad closes it will prompt you to save changes, click Yes, No, Cancel accordingly.
Edit Menu
The Edit menu has many options for editing your document.
Undo
If u click undo it repeats the last action done by the
user.
Cut
This option is used to delete the selected data.
Copy
This option is used to copy the selected data.
Paste
This option is used to paste the data previously deleted
or copied by the user.
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Delete
This option is used to delete the selected part. If u
delete the data by delete option it is not possible to paste it
again.
Select All
If you click Select All, all the text on the document will select. Now that everything is selected you can format the whole page.
Time/Date
You can add the time/date into your document by clicking the Time/Date button. This will make your entire Notepad document look professionally done!
Format Menu
Word Wrap
If Word Wrap is selected then Notepad's horizontal scroll bar will go away. When you reach the edge of the page, it will automatically go to the next line. This makes reading much easier, and looks visually appealing.
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Set Font...
Notepad's default font is Fixedly with size 12 selected. Although you cannot change select font in Notepad, you can always change the text of the whole document by clicking Set Font...
1.2 WORDPAD
To open WordPad Start>> Programs >> Accessories >> wordpad
The most important commands like Save, Open, New, Print and Find are right under your fingertips, just click on the icon without going through the menus.
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You can even copy, cut/paste with a single click.
WordPad has lots of icons, this makes your job much easier. To get even faster use CTRL+C, CTRL+ X, CTRL+V. With keyboard shortcuts you can perform tasks a lot faster.
Now you begin to see why WordPad is more efficient than Notepad. You can write in Bold, Italic and Underline your text plus you can add colors.
Easily align your text to center, right, or left of page. Composing text is indeed professional with WordPad Use
to write bullets: it's like listing.
Use the ruler at the top to define the edges of your text, just move the ruler cursor to define the width of your document.
WordPad let you also add date and time to your file with style, click on and select the Date and Time format you want to use.
A useful feature for Printing is Print Preview You can preview your files before printing go to File>>Print Preview
2.3 Paint
You can view pictures, draw your own images, with a
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very useful application called Paint go to Start>>Programs>>Accessories
When you run Paint a window appears with a white
rectangle inside, this is where you can draw your images. When you run Paint a window appears with a white
rectangle inside, this is where you can draw your images. On your left is the toolbar each small icon represents a tool.
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You have a pencil, eraser, airbrush, text tool it's like
you have the real thing. If you can't draw a straight line just click on and
drag.
When drawing closed shaped objects like rectangles,
ovals, you can fill the objects with the paper/background color or choose a colors from color palette Unit-II Ms-Office Basics& Ms-Word
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1.7 Ms-Office Basics 1.8 Parts of Ms-Word Window 1.9 Toolbars 1.10 Format Menu 1.11 Tools Menu 1.12 Table Menu
Ms-Office
Microsoft Office is a software suite that consists of different applications that complete different activities. MS Office is by far the most widely recognized software suite in the world.
Microsoft Word:-
Microsoft Word provides powerful tools for creating and sharing professional word processing documents.
Ms-Word gives you option to change the various font sizes, styles to make your information formatted.
Ms-Word corrects spellings and gives you online help to check your grammar and makes your documents mistakes free.
Ms-Word gives you options to insert page numbers, bullets and different images.
You can insert tables with number of rows and columns of user choice. You can auto format the tables. After completing the table you can insert the number of rows and columns
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You can arrange all the windows and check the different views of windows and you can get the help at any point of time from the Help menu.
Microsoft Excel:-
With Microsoft Excel, you can create detailed spreadsheets for viewing and collaboration. Create customized formulas for your data and analyze it with the easy to construct charts.
With Ms-Excel you can insert various styles of charts and can represent the data.
Ms-Excel is very useful package for business organizations and education field and we can prepare the reports.
Microsoft PowerPoint:-
Ms-PowerPoint gives you powerful tools for preparing presentations and can make the presentations with animation effects and can add various sound effects to the presentations.
Microsoft Access:-
Microsoft Access gives you powerful new tools for managing your databases. Share your database with co-workers over a network, find and retrieve information
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quickly, and take advantage of automated, pre-packaged wizards and solutions to quickly create databases.
Ms-Word
Microsoft Word is a powerful tool to create professional looking documents. To begin, open Microsoft Word. Start Programs Microsoft Office Microsoft Word Your screen will look like the one shown here.
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Click the X in the upper right corner of the New Document pane to close the New Document pane. Your screen will then look like the one shown here.
1.2 Parts of Ms-Word Window
The Title Bar
This lesson will familiarize you with the Microsoft Word screen. We will start with the Title bar, which is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title bar, Microsoft Word displays the name of the document on which you are currently working. At the top of your screen,
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you should see "Microsoft Word - Document1" or a similar name.
The Menu Bar
The Menu bar is generally found directly below the Title bar. The Menu bar displays the menu. The Menu bar begins with the word File and continues with Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window, and Help. You use the menus to give instructions to the software. Point with your mouse to a menu option and click the left mouse button to open a drop-down menu. You can now use the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard to move left and right across the Menu bar options. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move up and down the drop-down menu.
1.3 Toolbars
The Standard Toolbar
The Formatting Toolbar
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Toolbars provide shortcuts to menu commands. Toolbars are generally located just below the Menu bar. Before proceeding with this lesson, make sure the toolbars you will use -- Standard and Formatting -- are available. Follow these steps:
1. Click View on the Menu bar. 2. Highlight Toolbars. 3. Standard and Formatting should have check marks
next to them. If both Standard and Formatting have heck marks next to them, press Esc three times to close the menu.
4. If they do not both have check marks, click Customize.
5. Click the Toolbars tab. 6. Point to the box next to the unchecked option and
click the left mouse button to make a check mark appear. Note: You turn the check mark on and off by clicking the left mouse button.
7. Click Close to close the dialog box.
The Ruler
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The ruler is generally found below the main toolbars. The ruler is used to change the format of your document quickly. To display the ruler:
1. Click View on the Menu bar. 2. The option Ruler should have a check mark next to it.
If it has a check mark next to it, press Esc to close the menu. If it does not have a check mark next to it, continue to the next step.
3. Click Ruler. The ruler now appears below the toolbars.
Document View
In Word, you can display your document in one of five views: Normal, Web Layout, Print Layout, Reading Layout, or Online Layout.
Normal View
Normal view is the most often used and shows formatting such as line spacing, font, point size, and italics. Word displays multiple-column text in one continuous column.
Web Layout
Web layout view enables you to view your document as it would appear in a browser such as Internet Explorer.
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Print Layout
The Print Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is printed.
Reading Layout
Reading Layout view formats your screen to make reading your document more comfortable.
Outline view
Outline view displays the document in outline form. Headings can be displayed without the text. If you move a heading, the accompanying text moves with it.
Before moving ahead, check to make sure you are in Normal view:
1. Click View on the Menu bar. 2. The icon next to Normal should have a box around it.
If the icon next to normal has a box around it, press Esc to close the menu. If the icon next to Normal does not have a box around it, continue on to the next step.
3. Click Normal. You are now in Normal view.
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Text Area
Just below the ruler is a large area called the "text area." You type your document in the text area. The blinking vertical line in the upper left corner of the text area is the cursor. It marks the insertion point. As you type, your work shows at the cursor location. The horizontal line next to the cursor marks the end of the document.
1.4 Exiting Word
You have completed Lesson One. Typically, you would save your work before exiting. This lesson does not require you to enter any text, so you might have nothing to save. To exit Word:
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1. Click File. 2. Click Exit, which can be found at the bottom of the
drop-down menu. 3. If you have entered text, you will be prompted: "Do
you want to save changes to Document1?" To save your changes, click Yes. Otherwise, click No.
4. Specify the correct folder in the Save In box. 5. Name your file by typing lesson1.doc in the File
Name field. 6. Click Save.
Status Bar
The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the screen and provides such information as the current page, current section, total number of pages, inches from the top of the page, current line number, and current column
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number. The Status bar also provides options that enable you to track changes or turn on the Record mode, the Extension mode, the Overtype mode, and the Spelling and Grammar check.
Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars
The Horizontal and Vertical scroll bars, if turned on, enable you to move up and down or across the window simply by pressing the icons located on the scroll bars. The Horizontal scroll bar is located above the Status bar. The Vertical scroll bar is located along the right side of the screen.
To move up and down your document, click and drag the Vertical scroll bar up and down. To move back and forth across your document, click and drag the Horizontal scroll bar.
Nonprinting Characters
Certain characters do not print but do affect the document layout. You can elect to see these characters on
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the screen as you type or have them remain invisible. For these lessons, you should opt to see them onscreen. Here are most of them:
Denotes a tab .. Denotes a space ¶ Denotes the end of a
paragraph .... Denotes hidden text
To show non-printing characters:
1. Click Home 2. Click the Show/Hide button. The button is orange.
1.5 Recently Used File List
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If you enable the recently used file list, clicking File displays the most recently opened files near the bottom of the drop-down menu. You can click the file name to open the file quickly.
Setting Options
Before proceeding, turn on the Status bar, Horizontal scroll bar, Vertical scroll bar, nonprinting characters, and the recently used file list. Follow the procedure outlined here:
1. Click Tools on the Menu bar. 2. Click Options. 3. Click View to choose the View tab. 4. In the Show frame, check to see if there are checks
next to Status Bar, Horizontal Scroll Bar, and Vertical Scroll Bar.
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5. If all these items do not have check marks, go to the box next to the unchecked item(s) and click the left mouse button. Note: You toggle the check mark on and off by clicking the left mouse button.
6. In the Formatting Marks frame, check to see if there is a check mark next to All.
7. If there is no check mark next to All, go to the box next to All and click the left mouse button. A check mark will now appear.
8. Click General to choose the General tab. 9. Check to see if there is a check mark next to the
Recently Used File List. If there is no check mark, go to the box next to Recently Used File List and click the left mouse button. Check to see if the number in the Entries box is at least four. If it is not, type 4 in the box.
10. Check to see if Inches is selected in the Measurement Units box (this sets the unit of measurement for the ruler). If it is not, click the pull-down menu and then click Inches.
11. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Highlighting Text
Throughout these lessons, you will be asked to highlight text. You can use either of the following methods:
Highlighting by Using the F8 and Arrow Keys
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1. Place the cursor before or after the text you wish to highlight and click the left mouse button.
2. Press the F8 key, which will serve as an "anchor" showing where text you wish to highlight begins or ends.
3. Press the appropriate arrow key (left arrow to move to the left or right arrow to move to the right) until the text is highlighted. You can use the up or down arrow key to highlight one line at a time. Press Esc to remove the anchor.
Highlighting by Using the Mouse
1. Place the cursor before or after the text you wish to highlight.
2. Hold down the left mouse button. 3. Move the mouse left, right, up, or down until the text
is highlighted.
Menu Bar
To select a Menu bar item:
1. Click the Menu bar item. A drop-down menu will appear.
2. To change the Menu bar option selected, move the mouse pointer across the Menu bar. Note: After you highlight an item on the Menu bar, you can also use the left and right arrow keys to move across the Menu bar.
Drop-Down Menu Items
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When you click any option on the Menu bar, a drop-down menu appears. To choose a drop-down menu item:
Click the drop-down menu item.
Or
1. Use the arrow keys to move up or down the drop-down menu.
2. Press Enter to select a drop-down menu item.
Placing the Cursor
During the lessons, you will often be asked to place the cursor at a specific location on the screen. You place the cursor by moving the cursor to the specified location and pressing the left mouse button or by using the arrow keys to move to the specified location.
Choosing Menu Commands by Using the Alt Key
There are many methods to accomplish tasks when you are using Microsoft Word. Generally, when selecting items from the menu, we will ask you to click or highlight the menu item. However, you can also select a menu option by:
1. Pressing the Alt key while typing the underlined letter on the Menu bar.
2. Typing the letter underlined on a drop-down menu. If a dialog box appears, you can move around the dialog
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box by pressing the Alt key and any underlined option.
Shortcut Key Demonstration
1. Hold down the Alt key and press "o" to select Format from the menu.
2. Press "p" to select Paragraph from the drop-down menu.
3. Hold down the Alt key and press "i" to select the Indents and Spacing tab.
4. Hold down the Alt key and press "b" to select before from the Spacing frame.
5. Press Enter to close the dialog box.
Shortcut Notations
A key name followed by a dash and a letter means to hold down the key while pressing the letter. For example, Alt-o means you should hold down the Alt key while pressing "o." A shorthand notation of the above demonstration would read as follows:
When you type in Microsoft Word, you do not need to press a key to move to a new line as you do when typing
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with a typewriter. To start a new paragraph, press the Enter key.
Exiting Microsoft Word
You have completed this lesson. Typically, you would save your work before exiting. This lesson does not require you to enter any text, so you might have nothing to save. To exit Microsoft Word:
1. Click File on the Menu bar. 2. Click Exit, which can be found at the bottom of the
drop-down menu. 3. If you have entered text, you will be prompted: "Do
you want to save changes to Document1?" To save your changes, click Yes. Otherwise, click No.
4. Specify the correct directory in the Save In box. 5. Name your file by typing lesson2.doc in the File
Name field. 6. Click Save.
1.6 Bold, Underline, and Italicize
You can bold, underline, or italicize when using Word. You also can combine these features -- in other words, you can bold, underline, and italicize a single piece of text. In the exercise that follows, you will learn three different methods for bolding, italicizing, or underlining when using Word. You will learn to bold, italicize, or underline by using the menu, an icon, or the keys.
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1. On the line that begins with "Icon," highlight the word "Bold." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "B" in "Bold." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted.
2. Click the Bold icon on the toolbar. Note: To turn off bold, highlight the text and press the bold icon again.
3. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting.
1. Choose Format > Font from the menu. The Font Dialog box opens.
2. Click Bold in the Font Style box.
Italicize
1. Choose Format > Font from the menu. 2. Click Italic in the Font Style box.
1. On the line that begins with "Icon," highlight the word "Italicize." To do so, place the cursor before the letter "I" in "Italicize." Press the F8 key; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted.
2. Click the Italic icon on the toolbar. Note: To turn off italics, highlight the text and press the Italic icon again.
3. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting.
Underline
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1. Choose Format > Font from the menu. 2. In the Underline Style box, click to open the pull-
down menu. Click the type of underline you wish to use.
1. On the line that begins with "Icon," highlight the words "Underline these words."
2. Click the Underline icon on the toolbar. You will get a single underline. Note: To turn off underlining, press the Underline icon again.
3. Click anywhere in the Text area to remove the highlighting.
You must save your files if you wish to recall them later. Before you can save, you must give your file a name. To save your file and close Word, follow the instructions given here:
1. Choose File > Save As from the menu. 2. Specify the correct folder in the Look In box. 3. Name your file by typing lesson3.doc in the File
Name box. 4. Click Save. 5. Choose File > Exit from the menu.
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Open File
1. Choose File > Open from the menu.
Cut and Paste
In Microsoft Word, you can cut (delete) text from one area of a document and save that text so it can be pasted elsewhere in the document. When you cut text, it is stored on the Clipboard. You can also copy text. When you copy text, it is also stored on the Clipboard. Information stored on the Clipboard stays there until new information is either cut or copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste Clipboard information as often as you like.
1. Choose Edit > Cut from the menu.
Paste
1. Choose Edit > Paste from the menu.
Click the Cut icon .
Click the Paste icon .
1. Press Ctrl-x.
Paste by Using Keys Press Ctrl-v.
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Copy and Paste
In Microsoft Word, you can copy text from one area of the document and place that text elsewhere in the document. As with cut data, copied data is stored on the Clipboard.
Copy
Choose Edit > Copy from the menu
Paste
1. Choose Edit > Paste from the menu.
Copy by Using the Icon
1. Click the Copy icon .
Paste by Using the Icon
1. Click the Paste icon .
Copy by Using Keys
1. Press Ctrl-c.
Paste by Using Keys
2. Press Ctrl-v.
1.7 Formatting Text
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Highlight the text that you want to format by dragging your mouse over while holding down the left mouse button, Change the text to your desire
1.8 Inserting a Table
Click Table at top of screen Select Insert Select Table Give your table dimensions
1.9 Inserting a Picture
Click where you want your picture to go Click Insert at top of screen Select Picture Select Clip Art or From File Select picture and click Insert
1.10 Inserting Page Numbers
Go to Insert menu and select Page Numbers option
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It displays one dialogue box in the you have to give position and where you want to insert page number(Right, Left or Center)
Break This lets you insert things like page breaks, column breaks etc. Page Number: This lets you enter page numbers if you have a long document
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Date and time Inserts current time and date in the word document
AutoText A convenient feature that lets you add common salutations like Dear friend, Sincerely etc. in your document. Field You can add field codes using this feature. If you want to add TOC or an outline feature, use this option
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Symbol Lets you enter special characters in the document
Comment This one lets you add a common that is not visible in the word document Picture If you want to insert a picture or image this is the one to use. Look at the example below
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This will open a new popup window with Microsoft Clipart Gallery. It looks like this
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File You can insert a complete document in your current document using this option on the Insert Menu Object This option lets you enter customized objects like calendars, charts and others in your document. When you click Insert Object, you get a new window with a list of object you can insert in the word document Bookmark This one lets you insert a bookmark in the document for fast retrieval later Hyper link If you want to insert a hyper link from the internet, you can do so by using this feature. Format menu
The Format Menu is one of most useful features of Microsoft Word. I will try to cover as much as possible about this menu. Before I get started about the menu
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options, I want to talk a little about the short cuts available on the toolbar for easy formatting. If you have the Formatting toolbar checked under View Menu, you will see something that looks like this type size style
This is the fastest way to change the appearance of text in your document. Font type: Just click on the drop down list box (type) to change the font type Font size: Click on the drop down list box (size) to change the font size Font style: If you want to change the text to bold, italic or underline, just select the text and then click on the appropriate option
This lets you make the text bold for more visual effect
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This makes the text italic to give it a different appeal
This make the text underline for more stress. You can use a combination of the above formats to give the text more visual effect. The other way to change format is to use Format Font A new window will popup that looks like this
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Orientation: On the right side on the U button, you will see the orientation buttons. Lets discuss one of them at a time
Align Left Aligns the selected text, numbers, or inline objects to the left with a ragged right edge.
Align Center
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Centers the selected text, numbers, or inline objects.
Align Right Aligns the selected text, numbers, or inline objects to the right with a ragged left edge. If you want to format the paragraphs, you can do the following Format Paragraphs If you want to add bullets to your document, you can do the following Format Bullets and Numbering
Columns
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To quickly place text in a column format, click the
Columns button on the standard toolbar and select the
number of columns by dragging the mouse over the
diagram.
For more column options, select Format|Columns from the
menu bar. The Columns dialog box allows you to choose
the properties of the columns. Select the number and
width of the columns from the dialog box.
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Drop Caps
A drop cap is a large letter that begins a paragraph and
drops through several lines of text as shown below.
Add a drop cap to a paragraph by following these steps:
Place the cursor within the paragraph whose first
letter will be dropped.
Select Format|Drop Cap from the menu bar.
The Drop Cap dialog box allows you to select the
position of the drop cap, the font, the number of lines
to drop, and the distance from the body text.
Click OK when all selections have been made.
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To modify a drop cap, select Format|Drop Cap again
to change the attributes, or click on the letter and use
the handles to move and resize the letter.
Tables
Tables are used to display data and there are several
ways to build them in Word. Begin by placing the cursor
where you want the table to appear in the document and
choose one of the following methods.
Insert a Table
There are two ways to add a table to the document using
the Insert feature:
Click the Insert Table button on the standard toolbar.
Drag the mouse along the grid, highlighting the
number of rows and columns for the table.
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Or, select Table|Insert|Table from the menu bar.
Select the number of rows and columns for the table
and click OK.
Draw the Table
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A table can also be drawn onto the document:
Draw the table by selecting Table|Draw Table from
the menu bar. The cursor is now the image of a pencil
and the Tables and Borders toolbar has appeared.
Draw the cells of the table with the mouse. If you
make a mistake, click the Eraser button and drag the
mouse over the area to be deleted.
To draw more cells, click on the Draw Table button
.
Inserting Rows and Columns
Once the table is drawn, insert additional rows by placing
the cursor in the row you want to be adjacent to. Select
Table|Insert|Rows Above or Rows Below. Or, select an
entire row and right-click with the mouse. Choose Insert
Rows from the shortcut menu.
Much like inserting a row, add a new column by placing
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the cursor in a cell adjacent to where the new column will
be added. Select Table|Insert|Columns to the Left or
Columns to the Right. Or, select the column, right-click
with the mouse, and select Insert Columns.
Headers and Footers
A header is text that is added to the top margin of every
page such as a document title or page number and a footer
is text added to the bottom margin. Follow these steps to
add or edit headers and footers in the document:
Select View|Header and Footer from the menu bar.
The Header and Footer toolbar will appear and the
top of the page will be highlighted as shown below.
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Type the heading in the Header box. You may use
many of the standard text formatting options such as
font face, size, bold, italics, etc.
Click the Insert AutoText button to view a list of
quick options available.
Use the other options on the toolbar to add page
numbers, the current date and time.
To edit the footer, click the Switch Between Header
and Footer button on the toolbar.
When you are finished adding headers and footers, click the Close button on the toolbar.
Macros
Macros are advanced features that can speed up editing or
formatting you may perform often in a Word document.
They record sequences of menu selections that you choose
so that a series of actions can be completed in one step.
Recording A Macro
To record a macro, follow these steps:
Click Tools|Macro|Record New Macro on the menu
bar.
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Name the macro in the Macro name field. This name
cannot contain spaces and or begin with a number.
From the Store macro in drop-down box, select the
document you would like the macro to be associated
with or choose "All Documents" be able to use the
macro in any document.
Enter a description of the macro in the Description
field. This is for your reference only so you remember
what the macro does.
Click OK to begin recording.
Select options from the drop-down menus and Word
will record the options you choose from the dialog
boxes, such as changing
the margins on the Page Setup window. Select only
options that modify the document. Word will not
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record toggle actions such as View|Toolbars that have
no effect on the document itself.
The recording toolbar will allow you to stop, pause,
and resume recording.
Click the Stop button the recording toolbar. The
macro is now saved.
Running A Macro
To run an existing macro, follow these steps.
Select Tools|Macro|Macros from the menu bar.
From the Macros window, highlight the Macro name in the
list and click Run.
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If the macro is long and you want to stop it while it is
running, press BREAK (hold CTRL and press
PAUSE).
Keyboard Shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts can save time and the effort of
switching from the keyboard to the mouse to execute
simple commands. Print this list of Word keyboard
shortcuts and keep it by your computer for a quick
reference.
Note: A plus sign indicates that the keys need to be