Module 8: Transboundary Water Management in the Danube Basin · Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues Structure of presentation • Recent situation in the Danube basin • Identification

H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues

Module 8: Transboundary Water Management in the

Danube Basin

H.P. NachtnebelDept. of Water-Atmosphere-Environment

• Deficits in harmonising land use with water quality (surface and groundwater bodies)

• Basin wide flood forecasting system• Pending decisions in joint water related conflicts (e.g.

Gabcikovo)

What has not been achieved ?

Transboundary Water Management

Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues

Structure of presentation

• Recent situation in the Danube basin• Identification of drivers and changes period from 1990-

today• Strategy for a transboundary approach• Development of a transboundary cooperation• Modes of cooperation • Joint actions (Convention, SAP, Survey…)• Analysis of benefits and deficits

H.P. Nachtnebel


• In this presentation figures and transparencies from other institutions are used (ICPDR, Danube GEF…). These slides are highly appreciated

H.P. Nachtnebel

The Danube basin

• Political structure• Economic situation and development• Environmental state (water use, agriculture, wetlands,

pollution)


Political Changes in the Danube Basin


-1989

-1994

today

H.P. Nachtnebel

The last 20 years

• Collapse of Yugoslavia in a civil warten thousands were killed, hundred thousands were expatriated

• New states have been establishedCzech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegowina, Makedonia, Montenegro

• Politically unsettled problems (Kosovo, Transnistria) • Political transition:

CZ,SLW,HU,SLV,BLG,ROM,CRO are EU members• MA, SE are accession states



Some Figures About The Basin

• Countries:• Moldavia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia,

Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany

• Switzerland, Italy, Poland, Albania, Kosovo, Makedonia

• Figures:• Length: 2857 km• Area: 817.000 km2• Population: 80 Mio.

H.P. Nachtnebel


COUNTRY

GERMANY

AUSTRIA

of the state

POPULATION*

in DRB

82,398,326 9.300 11.49

8,188,207 7.700 9.51

CZECH REPUBLIC 10,249,216 2.800 3.46

SLOVAKIA 5,430,033 5.200 6.42

HUNGARY 10,045,407 10.045 12.60

capita million %

SLOVENIA 1,935,677 1.700 2.10

CROATIA 4,422,248 3.000 3.71

SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 10,655,774 9.800 12.11

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 3,989,018 2.900 3.58

BULGARIA 7,537,929 3.500 4.32

ROMANIA 22,271,839 21.000 25.94

MOLDOVA 4,439,502 1.100 1.36

UKRAINE 48,055,439 2.650 3.27

ICPDR TOTAL 219,618,615 80.850 99.88

ALBANIA 3,582,206 0.010 0.01

ITALY 57,998,353 0.020 0.02

MACEDONIA 2,063,122 0.010 0.01

POLAND 38,622,660 0.040 0.05

SWITZERLAND 7,318,638 0.020 0.03

BASIN TOTAL 329,203,593 80.950 100.00

of the state

TOTAL AREA

in DRB

357,021 56,184 7.01

83,858 80,423 10.03

78,866 22,870 2.85

48,845 47,084 5.87

93,030 93,030 11.61

km2 km2 %

20,273 16,422 2.05

56,542 34,965 4.36

102,350 88,635 11.06

51,129 36,636 4.57

110,910 47,413 5.92

237,500 232,193 28.97

33,843 12,834 1.60

603,700 30,520 3.81

1,877,867 799,209 99.72

28,748 126 0.01

301,230 565 0.07

25,333 109 0.01

312,685 430 0.05

41,290 1,809 0.23

2,587,153 802,248 100.00

%

in state

DRB

15.74

95.90

29.00

96.39

100.00

81.00

61.84

86.60

71.65

42.75

97.77

37.92

5.06

0.44

0.19

0.43

0.14

4.38

*) as of July 2003

name statusflag

EU CP

EU

EU

EU CP

EU CP

EU CP

EU CP

EU CP

Apl CP

CP

Obs

Acs CP

Acs CP

CP

CP

Economic development after political changes• Industrial Production* (1990-1992)

CSR -40 %Hungary -32 %Romania -54 %Bulgaria -54 %

• Economical Growth Rate* (1992 - 1995)Country 1992 1993 1994* 1995*Czech Rep. -7.0 -0.3 2 3.5Hungary -4.5 -2.0 1.5 3.0Romania -15.0 1.0 1.0 1.5Bulgaria -7.7 -4.0 -2.5 -1.0



Economic indicators (estd. in 2002)

GDP on PPP [ Euro / capita ]

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

DE AT CZ SK HU SI HR CS BA BG RO MD UA

H.P. NachtnebelDanube Basin

Economic Status and DevelopmentGDP (€/capita/year)

Austria 25 521Bulgaria 8 010Croatia 7 460Czech Republic 13 226Germany 29 215Hungary 11 243Moldova 350Romania 5 260Serbia 950Slovakia 11 150Slovenia 14 700Ukraine 3 700

Water, Agriculture and Environment


Water and environment

• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor



• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor• Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high

Module 8: Danube and Transboundary IssuesH.P. Nachtnebel


• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor• Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high• Substantial agricultural exports



• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor• Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high• Substantial agricultural exports• High nutrient loads (pesticides,…) from agriculture


Environmental Problems and Pressures

• Water pollution in tributary basins (also in drinking water)

• Nutrient load and euthrophication• Sensitive ecological areas are endangered• The Black Sea is endangered

(it accumulates all the pollutants)• Morphological changes of the rivers

H.P. Nachtnebel


Water pollution (1)

• Mismanagement of nutrients in the Danube Basin has led to severe ecological problems(deterioration of groundwater, eutrophication of rivers, lakes and the Black Sea)

• These problems are directly related to social and economic issues (e.g. drinking water supply, tourism and fishery as suffering sectors; agriculture, nutrition, industry and waste water management as responsible sectors).


BOD-Loads

• Conclusion:• The problems are in

the tributaries


Aquatic Pollution:


Other Pollution Sources (2)

• from Petrochemical Industries• Accidential spills from mining industries, from ship

collision• Biological micropollutants from untreated waste waters


Aquatic Pollution:


Nonpoint Pollution in Agricultural Areas:

Human Intervention

• Numerous reservoirs for irrigation supply• Water abstraction• Channelisation of rivers• Environmental degradation


Heavily Modified Water Bodies


• Schaffung einheitlicher Umweltstandards• Dokumentation der Umweltsituation im Donauraum

Hydromorphological State of the Danube


Pressures on wetlands


Drivers for an improved cooperation

• Political changes• Severe economic changes• Environmental degradation (disagreement on pollution

sources)• Climate change• All these changes demand for an improved cooperation



After the Political Changes in Eastern Europe a New Initiative Started:

Support of the Countries to Develope New Legislation• Support of the Countries in Collaboration• Support to Implement the Convention

3 Major Activities:

• The Environmental Program for the Danube River Basin (EPDRB)• The Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Use of Water

Resources• The Strategic Action Plan

Water related cooperation in the basin

• From bilateral to multi-lateral cooperation• From national to international law

• The role of scientific institutions• The role of NGO‘s• The ICPDR



Organisational Development

• In 1990 an EU Program was initiated which was supported by EBRD, World Bank, Donor agencies..

• The Programme Coordination Unit (PCU) was established in Brussels

• The office was moved in 1992 to Vienna• Several activities started in the Danube basin


Organisational Structure


Towards Implementation:

Structure of Collaboration

Actors

Financing


A legal frame for co-operation to assure the protection of water and ecological resources

and their sustainable use in the Danube River Basin

To assist the implementation of the EPDRB the Danube River Protection Convention was elaborated

signed: 29 June 1994, Sofia

entered into force: 22 October 1998

Permanent Secretariat: since 1 October 1999


Contracting Parties

HUNGARY

AUSTRIA

BULGARIA

CROATIA

CZECH REPUBLIC

EUROPEAN UNION

GERMANY

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

MOLDOVA

ROMANIA

SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

SLOVAKIA

SLOVENIA

UKRAINE

29-Aug-99

11-Jul-05

22-Oct-98

19-Aug-03

22-Aug-98

22-Aug-98

13-Mar-03

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

22-Oct-98Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

Contracting Party

02-Aug-99

22-Oct-98

22-Oct-98

22-Oct-98

22-Oct-98

Contracting Party 22-Oct-98

COUNTRY SinceStatus COUNTRY SinceStatus

Contracting Party


Observers

OBSERVER ORGANISATION

DANUBE COMMISSION

WORLD WIDE FOUND FOR NATURE

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR DANUBE RESEARCH

CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTL. IMPORTANCE ESP. AS WATERFAWL HABITAT

DANUBE ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTRE

INTENATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA

GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP

UNESCO - INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WATER WORKS IN THE DANUBE BASIN

DC

Abbreviation

WWF

IAD

RAMSAR

DEF

REC

BSC

GWP

IHP

IAWD

DANUBE TOURIST COMMISSION DIE DONAU


has been established to implement the objectives and provisions and to achieve the

goals of the Danube River Protection Convention

The International Commission for the Protection of the

Danube River( ICPDR )

Phot

o W

WF


Organisational StructureCONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES

International Commission for the Protectionof the Danube River (ICPDR)

– Implementation of Danube River Protection Convention (DRPC)– Decision making, mgmt and coordination of regional cooperation– Approval of the budget and annual work programme– Follow up of activities and evaluation of results from Expert Groups– Joint Action Programme

Ecology( ECO EG )

– Habitats and species protection areas

– Management of wetlands and floodplains

Tisza RBMP(ad-hoc Tisza Group )

– develop the Tisza River Basin Management Plan

– incorporating:• flood protection and• water quality

Cartography andGIS

( RBM / GIS ESG ) Danube – Black SeaJoint TechnicalWorking Group

Standing WorkingGroup

– co-ordinate the ICPDR work between meetings

– prepare main strategic issues for the ICPDR

– guide the activity of the Expert Groups

UNDP/GFDanube Regional Project

– Creation of sustainable ecological condi-tions for land use and water mgmt

– Capacity building and reinforcement of trans-boundary cooperation

– Strengthening public involvement in environmental decision making

– Reinforcement of monitoring, evaluation and Information System

Legal andAdministrative issues

(ad-hoc S EG )

– Legal issues– Administrative issues– Financial issues

Permanent Secretariat (PS)– Supporting the ICPDR sessions– Supporting the Expert Groups– Coordinating the work programme– Supporting project development and implementation– Maintenance of the Information System

River Basin Management( RBM EG )

– Integrated river basin management

– Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive

Emissions( EMIS EG )

– Emissions from point sources

– Emissions from diffuse sources

– Guidelines on BAT

EconomicAnalysis

( RBM / ECON ESG )

Monitoring, Laboratoryand Information Mgmt

( MLIM EG )– Trans-National

Monitoring Network– Laboratory Quality

Assurance

Accident Preventionand Control( APC EG )

– Acciddental pollution incidents

– AEWS operation– Accident prevention

Flood Protection( FP EG )

– Preparation and imple-mentation of Action Plan for Sustainable Flood Protection

I C P D RS t W G

M o n it o r in g A s s e s s m e n t

P r e s s u r e s M e a s u r e s

F lo o d

R B M

R B M P C o o r d in a t io n

a n d G u id a n c eS e r v ic e s u p p o r t

I n f o e x c h a n g e

M a n d a te & R e p o r t

a d h o cS E G

a d h o cP P

C o m m .

G r o u n d -w a t e r

T is z a

A E W S

A P

F lo o d r is k

L E G E N D

H y d r o -m o r p h o lo g y

a d h o cG I S a n d

I n fo

N O T E

F u r t h e r T a s k G r o u p s m a y b e c r e a te d a c c o r d in g t o t h e n e e d s

T a s k G r o u p


DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTOverview of Project Components

RBM Tools (1.1)

Agriculture - Policies (1.2)

Agriculture - Pilot Projects (1.3)

Wetlands (1.4)

Industry (1.5)

Water Tariffs (1.6)

Pollution Charges, Fines, Incentives (1.7)

Phosphorus Reduction -Detergents (1.8)

Monitoring, Laboratory & Info Management (2.2)

Inter-ministerial Mechanisms (2.1)

Accident Emergency Response (2.3)

DANUBIS (2.4)

(MoU) Danube-Black Sea Cooperation (2.5)

NGO Institutional Development (3.1)

NGO Small Grants Programme (3.2)

Communication Strategy and Public Awareness Campaigns (3.3)

Indicators for Project Monitoring&Evaluation (4.1)

Monitoring Nutrient Removal Capacities of Wetlands (4.3)

Study on Pollution Trading & Economic Instruments for Nutrient Reduction (4.4)

Trainings & Workshops (2.6)

Strengthening the Implementation Capacities for Nutrient Reduction and Transboundary Cooperation in the Danube Basin

Objective 1Support for Policy

Development

Objective 2Capacity Building &

T-B Cooperation

Objective 3Public Participation &

Awareness

Objective 4Monitoring and

Evaluation of Projects

Analysis of Sediments in the Iron Gate, impact assessment of heavy metals (4.2)

Public Participation and Access to Information (3.4)


The Actors:

Governments at National, District and Local Level

• Private Companies• Public Authorities• The Public• NGO’s


Scope of Actions:

Policy, Legal and Regulatory Measures• Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building• Investment in Pollution Control

Ranking of pollution sourcesInvestment plans

• Management Programmes for Water and Environment at the National Level

• Public Awareness and Participation• Applied Research


Activities in the 1990-ties

• A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles)

• PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports









• PCU initiated an Environmental Programme for the Danube river (EPDRB) (includes the steps to achieve the tasks of the convention)

• World Bank launched the Strategic Action Plan (to provide technical information and to prepare a set of actions)





• PCU initiated an Environmental Programme for the Danube river (EPDRB) (includes the steps to achieve the tasks of the convention)

• World Bank launched the Strategic Action Plan (to provide technical information and to prepare a set of actions)


The Strategic Action Plan:

Reduce the Negative Impacts of Activities in the Danube River Basin and on Riverine Ecosystems and the Black Sea

• Maintain and Improve the Availability and Quality of Water in the Danube River Basin

• Establish Control of Hazards from Accidental Spills• Develop Regional Water Management Co-operation• Support of the the Implementation of the Convention

Principles and Strategies of SAP:

Water and environment related actions should be based on the following principles:

Precautionary Principle Best Available Technique Best Available Practice Control of the Pollution at the Source The Polluter Pays Principle Regional Co-operation Shared Information



Principles of the EPDRB:

• Integrated Approach:- Air-Land-Water-Biological System- Different Economic & Administrative Structures

• Participatory Approach:- National Priorities are Important- Consensus at Every Step of Development- Information Sharing- Joint Decision Making

• Integration of Public and Private Sector- Private Investment- Public Investment- International Funds


Approach for Nutrient Management

• Understanding the situation• Understanding the processes• Identification of origin of nutrients• Proposal of a strategy


Understanding the Situation

– the nutrient balance in the catchment with main emphasis on diffuse pollution (e.g. agriculture, air pollution) and the transport, retention and losses of nutrients in the catchment

– the transport, retention and losses of nutrients and ssediments along the Danube River and

– the effect of riverine nutrient discharges on the parts of Western Black Sea directly influenced by the Danube River plume


Understanding the Processes

– the MONERIS-emission model based on a GIS data base,

– the Danube Water Quality Model (DWQM) for the description of the transport and transformation processes in the river system,

– the Danube Delta Model (DDM) for the quantification of nutrient transport in the Danube Delta and (iv) the Shelf Model for modelling the direct impact of the Danube load on the Western Black Sea. Based on these models the whole system can be considered as a complex unit and scenarios can be developed as a basis for scenario evaluation


Strategies

– a method to establish comparable, basin-wide, periodic nutrient balances considering the national data availability and

– the evaluation of different solutions for future nutrient management strategies considering socio-economic developments in the Danube Basin.

Nutrient loads (N and P)


Nutrient loads (N and P)


Some of the International Agreements:

Belgrad - Declaration (1948): Navigation Bukarest - Declaration (1985): Water Quality and Monitoring Convention for Sustainable Water Use (1993) Luzerne Declaration (1993) Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (1994) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2009) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2015)


Some of the International Agreements:

Belgrad - Declaration (1948): Navigation Bukarest - Declaration (1985): Water Quality and Monitoring Convention for Sustainable Water Use (1993) Luzerne Declaration (1993) Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (1994) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2009) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2015)



DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTDeveloping and Utilizing Tools

» River Basin Management (EU WFD),

» Danube GIS,

» Economic Instruments

» Contaminated site risk assessments


DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTDeveloping Policies

» Agriculture;

» Industry;

» Economic Instruments;

» Land Use and Wetlands;

» Phosphates in Detergents


DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTPilot Projects and Case Studies

» River Basin Management» Sava River Basin Management Plan,

» Agriculture» Promoting BAP in central and lower

Danube countries

» Wetlands» Wetland restoration and monitoring

of nutrient removal capacities of wetlands


DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTSupporting Public Participation

» Public Awareness;

» Small Grants Programme;

» Support to the Danube Environmental Forum;

» Public Participation in for RMBP;

» Access to Information (Aarhus Convention)


Development of an Alarm Model for the Danube

• Accidential spills and hazardous events may endanger long sections of the Danube

• A simple pollution propagation model was developed• All the institutional levels were identfied• A communcation network was established• Responsibilities were assigned in all countries


Financing:

• Phase I: 1991-199457,6 million USD(49,2 million from international sources) EC (Phare), UNDP, World Bank (GEF)

• Phase II: 1995-Riparian Countries, EC (Phare), World Bank


What Can We Learn from the Danube ?

Organisations Working in Specific Sectors at the Basin Level were very helpful

- Navigation- Water Suppliers- Scientific Organisations and Networks

* Hydrology* Meteorology* Limnology

Information Sharing: from a Bilateral to Basin Wide Approach- Monitoring Systems- Emergency Warning System- International Agreements- Phasing of the Implementation


What Can We Learn from the Danube?

• Establishment of Joint Institutions- Danube Commission- Task Force- Bureau

External Mediator + Financial Support• Inclusion of NGO’s (WWF, IUCN)• In Some Countries Changes of Legal Structure

and Administration


Summary and Conclusions:

Danube is the Most International River in the World Different Standards in Each Country Economic Transition in Several Countries Although Water Quality is in General not so bad, Some

Major Transboundary Problems Exist- Euthrophication- Some Major Pollution Sources- Impacts on the Delta and Black Sea

• There Was an Urgent Need for Regional Collaboration with Respect to

- Water- Environment


Summary and Conclusions:

• The EPDRB, the SAP and the Convention improved collaboration among the countries

• Countries have adopted new standards following EU standards

• Major improvement in water quality concerning point pollution

• A Task Force and a bureau has been implemented• Some Countries will join soon EU• Still several transboundary problems exist

Module 8: Transboundary Water Management in the Danube Basin · Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues Structure of presentation • Recent situation in the Danube basin • Identification

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