Module 17 Module 17 Product Product Costing Costing
Module 17Module 17
Product Product CostingCosting
Product and Period CostsProduct and Period Costs
For production companies all For production companies all costs are either:costs are either:
Product Costs
Product Costs
Period Costs
Period CostsAll production costs
necessary to get products ready to sell
All costs other than product costs
Product Costs and AccountsProduct Costs and Accounts
Direct MaterialsDirect Materials
Costs of primary raw materials that Costs of primary raw materials that are converted into finished goodsare converted into finished goods
ExamplesExamples Iron ore to a steel millIron ore to a steel mill Light fixtures for a house builderLight fixtures for a house builder Food stuffs for a restaurantFood stuffs for a restaurant
A finished good for one company may be the raw material for the next company.
A finished good for one company may be the raw material for the next company.
Conversion CostsConversion Costs Costs of converting raw materials Costs of converting raw materials
into finished goods: direct labor into finished goods: direct labor cost and production overheadcost and production overhead
Actual Overhead and Actual Overhead and Product CostsProduct Costs
Issues with actual overhead for most Issues with actual overhead for most products or services:products or services: Actual production overhead costs are Actual production overhead costs are
unknown until unknown until afterafter the end of the period the end of the period Seasonal costs vary: property taxes, utility Seasonal costs vary: property taxes, utility
billsbills Volume of activity each month/year causes Volume of activity each month/year causes
actual overhead costs per unit to differactual overhead costs per unit to differ Used for large construction projectsUsed for large construction projects
Using Predetermined Using Predetermined Overhead RatesOverhead Rates
Established at beginning of year Established at beginning of year Can use different cost driversCan use different cost drivers
Predicted total direct labor hoursPredicted total direct labor hours Predicted total machine hoursPredicted total machine hours
Calculating the predetermined rate Calculating the predetermined rate using direct labor hours (normalized):using direct labor hours (normalized):
Predicted total manufacturing overhead cost for the year
Predicted total direct labor hours for the year
ExampleExample
Predicted 2013 activity level of 400,000 Predicted 2013 activity level of 400,000 direct labor hours with manufacturing direct labor hours with manufacturing overhead totaling $5,600,000.overhead totaling $5,600,000.
Predicted total manufacturing overhead cost for the year
Predicted total direct labor hours for the year
Predetermined overhead rate =
$5,600,000400,000 direct labor hours
=$14 per direct labor hour=
Applying Overhead Applying Overhead ExampleExample
If production uses 22,000 direct labor hours If production uses 22,000 direct labor hours in January, how much is applied overhead?in January, how much is applied overhead?
= 22,000 × $14 per direct labor hour = $308,000
Job #167 required $80 in materials and $100 in direct labor (10 hours):
Direct Materials $ 80
Direct labor 100
Production overhead (10 x $14) 140
Total job cost $320
The Production OrderThe Production Order
Specifies details for a unique Specifies details for a unique production jobproduction job Quantity to be produced Quantity to be produced Materials requirementsMaterials requirements
Based on bill of materialsBased on bill of materials Production operations and other Production operations and other
activitiesactivities Based on operations listBased on operations list
The Job Cost SheetThe Job Cost Sheet
Serves as the record for recording Serves as the record for recording the actual progress on the job the actual progress on the job
Basis for Work-in-Process & Finished Basis for Work-in-Process & Finished goodsgoods
All production costs are includedAll production costs are included Direct materialsDirect materials Direct laborDirect labor Manufacturing overheadManufacturing overhead
Job-Cost Sheet
Job No.___________________ Start Date __________________
Product No_________ Description_________________ Quantity_____
Materials Cost
Requisition TotalDate Department Number Description Cost
Basic Production Cost Flows
Over and Under Applied Overhead
Balance in Production overhead at the end of year: Exists because the amount of overhead
applied is almost never the same amount as the overhead incurred Actual overhead > Applied OH, then
underapplied Actual overhead < Applied OH, then
overapplied Transfer to Cost of goods sold as an
adjustment Underapplied will increase the COGS
because it is too little overhead was applied.
Overapplied will decrease the COGS because too much overhead was applied.