Module 1 Introduction to Industrial Safety

Norrazman Zaiha bin Zainol

[email protected]

�What is Safety?

�Why Safety is

important?

Ref: Safety Institute of Australia

� Industrial safety started since Hammurabi 2000 BC

� 1473, Ulrich Ellenborg, German physician published the first

known pamphlet on occ. diseases.

� 1556, Agricola described the diseases of miners and prescribed

preventive measures

� The first comprehensive book on occupational medicine, The

Diseases of Workmen was published in 1700s in Italy by the

“father of industrial medicine,” Bernardino Ramazini.

� 18th century, industrial Revolution, industrial accident aroused

because people migrating from agricultural to factory

� Started from 19th, awareness in OSH increasing to make the

industries more safer work place

� Before OSHA 1994, no specific act but the acts related to OSH were gazetted in accordance with the requirements at that time.

� Chronology laws and regulations of OSH in Malaysia:� Enactment of Boiler Safety (before 1913)

� Federal Machinery Enactment 1913

� Machinery Ordinance 1953

� Factories & Machinery Act 1967

� Occ. Safety and Health Act 1994

Boiler Safety Enactment

- Scope: Security boiler machine

including machine guards

- 4 states : Selangor (1982), Perak

(1903), Pahang & N. Sembilan

(1908)

Federal Machinery Enactment

1913

- Scope: Safety of engine,

boiler & machinery including

boiler man

- Registration and inspection

Machinery Ordinance 1953

- Scope: Safety of machinery

incl person in charge

- Employee’s safety at

workplace

Factories & Machinery Act 1967

- Revise MO 1953

- Extended the scope to cover health

- More specific

Occ Safety and Health Act

1994

- Cover weakness in other

OSH related laws

- Main OSH laws

- Holistic

ACTS AGENCIES

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT

1974JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR

AKTA PERLESENAN TENAGA

ATOM & PERATURAN

LEMBAGA PERLESENAN TENAGA

ATOM

AKTA PETROLEUM (LANGKAH

KESELAMATAN) 1984JAB KESEL. & KESIH. PKERJAAN

AKTA BEKALAN ELEKTRIK 1990 SURUHANJAYA TENAGA

FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988 BOMBA

� Occ. Health � The protection of bodies and mind of

people from illness resulting from the materials, processes or procedures used in the work place

� Occ. Safety� The protection of people from

physical injury in the work place

� Welfare facilities� Facilities to maintain the health and well being of

the workers at the work place i.e. washing, sanitation, resting area, drinking water, lighting, café etc

� Accident � Any unplanned event that results in injury or ill

health to people or damage or loss to property, plant, materials or environment or a loss of business opportunity or combination

� Resulting from series of event leads to incidents

� Near miss� Incidents that could resulted in an accident

� Stats – appx. 10 near misses � a minor accident

� Dangerous occurrence� Near miss that could lead to major accident

– serious injury or death

� Ex. Collapse of scaffolding or embankment

� Hazard� Potential of something i.e.

substances, person, activity, process to cause harm

� Risk � Likelihood of hazard to happen and

result consequences/severity

� Unsafe Act� Act of people(s) that may potentially

cause harm to something

� Unsafe Condition � Condition or circumstance that may

potentially cause harm to something

�What is occupational safety hazard and occupational health hazard?

�What are the differences between high hazard and high risk?

� Construction site – high hazard or high risk?

� Legal reasons

� OSHA 1994 and other laws and regulations

� Moral reasons� Accident rates

� Diseases rates

� Social reasons � Duty of the employer

� Duty of the employee

� Economic reasons� Lower productivity and loss of revenue

� Cost of accidents – direct and indirect costs

� Insurance & compensation of worker

� Ministry of Human Resources � Main authority for human resources

� Function - administer and supervise implementation of industrial communication system

� Govern the policies related to workforce

� Consists of ▪ Departments likes DOSH, JTK, MLVK

▪ Statutory bodies likes PERKESO, PSMB

▪ Advisory board likes Majlis Penasihat BuruhKebangsaan, Maj Negara untuk KKP

�PERKESO / SOCSO

� Enforce Employee’s Social

Security Act 1969

� Function - Welfare of workers

� Insurance scheme for workers

�Dept. of Occ. Safety & Health

� Enforce OSHA 1994, FMA 1967 &

Petroleum Act 1984

� Function – Ensure safety and

health of the workers and

stakeholders from work activities

� Industrial Court

� Enforce Industrial Court Act 1967

� Function – resolve conflict

between employer- employee

� Events or conditions that are not planned or expected

� Unfortunate events as a result of negligence or

ignorance

� Events occurring unintentional

� Events that occur due to one or more reasons

An accident is an unexpected sequence of events and unplanned occurs

through a logical sequence and by a combination of several historical

reasons cause harm either an injury or illness to people, damage to

property or the environment, accidents, near misses, loss, or a

combination of the above effects

� MAIN THEORIES -

� Domino Theory of Accident Causation

▪ Bird’s Loss Causation Model

� Human Factors Theory of Accident Causation

� Accident/Incident Theory of Accident Causation

� Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation

� Systems Theory of Accident Causation

� Combination Theory of Accident Causation

� Behavioural Theory of Accident Causation

� Developed by Herbert Heinrich in late 1920s after

studying about 75k industrial accident cases

� Concluded that 88% accident caused by human

error, 10% by unsafe conditions & 2% is unavoidable

� Proposed Axioms of Industrial Safety comprises of

10 statement on industrial OSH

� He stated that

� Injuries caused by action of preceding factors

� Removal of central factor (unsafe act/condition) prevent

accidents

• Theories and models are not necessarily

reality.

• A single theory may not suit all

circumstances.

• Some theories address particular problems

better than other theories.

• A combination of theories and models may

be the optimal approach toward problem

solutions.

Accident

Theory D

Theory C

Theory B

Theory A

Tye Pearson Triangle

HUMAN

MACHINERY/

EQUIPMENT

METHOD/

PROCEDURE

MATERIALS

MEDIA

� Other than chance occurrence, three main

contributing factors are:

� Work & its surrounding

� Unsafe workplace

� Unsafe equipment

� Unsafe procedures

� Non ergonomics – lighting, design, physiology,

psychology

� Organization and its related business

� Size of organization – accident inversely

correspondence with size of firm

� Safety culture

� Workforce

� Unsafe act

� Gender

� Age

Injuries

Disability

Loss (monetary)

Reputation

Disablement

Death

Damage

Phobia/Fear

Direct

(magnitud 1)

Indirect

(magnitud 8-36)

Medical

Loss of income

Damage of property

Supervisory time

Affect the performance

Reputation

New workers

Safety issues

Falls

Mobile plant

Falling materials and collapses

Electrical accident

Trips

Health issues

Asbestos

Manual handling

Noise and vibration

Chemical

YearNo of reported

accidents

No of

workplace

accident

No of accident

to/fro workplace

No of death

accident

2001 84,333 67,163 17,170 958

2002 81,810 63,423 18,387 858

2003 73,858 56,249 17,609 822

2004 69,132 50,803 18,329 846

2005 61,182 43,885 17,297 773

2006 58,321 40,617 17,704 733

2007 56,339 38,657 17,682 755

2008 54,133 35,092 19,041 981

2009 55,186 34,376 20,810 663

2010 57,656 34,911 22,745 409

Source: PERKESO & JKKP (as cited by Sayani Saidon in her research on HSE in JBPM)

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

No of reported accidents No of workplace accident No of accident to/fro workplace No of death accident

The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak

incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster.[1] It occurred on the

night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide

plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl

isocyanate gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around

the shanty towns located near the plant.[2] Estimates vary on the death toll.

The official immediate death toll was 2,259.

The government of Madhya Pradesh

confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to

the gas release.[3] Others estimate 8,000 died

within two weeks and another 8,000 or more

have since died from gas-related

diseases.[4][5] A government affidavit in 2006

stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries

including 38,478 temporary partial injuries

and approximately 3,900 severely and

permanently disabling injuries.[6]

The Chernobyl disaster (Ukraine) was a catastrophic nuclear

accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl

Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then officially the Ukrainian

SSR), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central

authorities of the Soviet Union. An explosion and fire released

large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere,

which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe.

The Chernobyl disaster is widely considered to have been the

worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only

two classified as a level 7 event (the maximum classification) on

the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011).[1]

The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately

involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles.[2] The official

Soviet casualty count of 31 deaths has been disputed, and long-term effects such as

cancers and deformities are still being accounted for.

� Highland Towers – 1993 – 48 were killed

� Azuddin Bahari, Hanum Hassan & Tunku Salha Tunku Ahmad (2009); Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan DalamPerniagaan Kecil, Penerbitan Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar

� Mohamad Khan Jamal Khan, Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah & Ab. Aziz Yusof, (2005), Keselamatan dan Kesihatan PekerjaanDalam Organisasi, Pearson Prentice Hall

� Ismail Bahari, (2006), Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan. McGraw Hill

� David L. Goetsch, (2005), Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers and Managers, Pearson Prentice Hall

� Alwi Saad (2011) Occ Safety & Health Management. PenerbitUSM

� Hughes P & Ferret E. (2010) Introduction to International Health and Safety at Work. Butterworth-Heinemann

� NIOSH (2005) Training manual for Safety & Health Officer Certificate Programme – Module 1. NIOSH