Module 1- Intro to Computer

8/2/2019 Module 1- Intro to Computer

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Introduction To Com uter Page 1Centre for Information Technolo & S stems UNILAGCentre for Information Technolo & S stems UNILAG

Introduction to Computers

Introduction to Computers

Module 1Module 1


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ObjectivesObjectives

Introduction to ICT

Understand the terminology and uses of Information Technology

Computer Components

Understand the functions of various computer hardware and peripheral

Computer Input DevicesRecognize different types of Input devices and what they can be used for

Computer Output Devices

Recognize different types of output devices and what they can be used for

Computer Sound Input and Output DevicesRecognize different types of sound input devices and output devices and

what they can be used for

Storage Components

Know the terminology relating to storage components

Types of StorageUnderstand the different types of storage and their specific uses and

capacities

Operating Systems

Know the basic features and terminology of Operating Systems

Starting Windows ...

Introduction to ICT

Understand the terminology and uses of Information Technology

Computer Components

Understand the functions of various computer hardware and peripheral

Computer Input DevicesRecognize different types of Input devices and what they can be used for

Computer Output Devices

Recognize different types of output devices and what they can be used for

Computer Sound Input and Output DevicesRecognize different types of sound input devices and output devices and

what they can be used for

Storage Components

Know the terminology relating to storage components

Types of StorageUnderstand the different types of storage and their specific uses and

capacities

Operating Systems

Know the basic features and terminology of Operating Systems

Starting Windows ...


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Introduction to ICTIntroduction to ICT

What is Information Technology (IT)?

An Information Technology (IT) system processes, stores, and/or transfers

(communicates) information

Information can take many different forms such as text, numbers, pictures,sound, video, and multimedia

To transfer information, IT systems use computers, telecommunications

networks, and other electronic devices

Because of the importance ofcommunications in IT, the term Informationand Communication Technology (ICT) is often preferred to IT

Since IT involves many different and often highly specialized areas, it is

often seen as a very daunting subject

However, the basis of ICT is simply to help us to improve the way we dealwith information in all areas of our lives

What is ICT used for?

ICT is used in business, academia, industry, government, heath care, etc.

It is also an important in part of our everyday activities

What is Information Technology (IT)?

An Information Technology (IT) system processes, stores, and/or transfers

(communicates) information

Information can take many different forms such as text, numbers, pictures,sound, video, and multimedia

To transfer information, IT systems use computers, telecommunications

networks, and other electronic devices

Because of the importance ofcommunications in IT, the term Informationand Communication Technology (ICT) is often preferred to IT

Since IT involves many different and often highly specialized areas, it is

often seen as a very daunting subject

However, the basis of ICT is simply to help us to improve the way we dealwith information in all areas of our lives

What is ICT used for?

ICT is used in business, academia, industry, government, heath care, etc.

It is also an important in part of our everyday activities


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Introduction to ICT (2)Introduction to ICT (2)

Computers enable us to process information and perform specifictasks much more quickly than we could do ourselves

ICT systems are very Flexible and can be made to perform avariety of different tasks

ICT networks (e.g., Internet) allow us to distribute and shareinformation quickly, and over a very long distance

Many developments in IT are designed to make our lives easier

But people expectations of what they (and others) can achieveare often leading to unrealistic demands being placed on peopleand the technology around them

We live in an "Information Society

The effective use of information is regarded as the defyingelement of the 20th 21st centuries, as important as theindustrial revolution before it

Computers enable us to process information and perform specifictasks much more quickly than we could do ourselves

ICT systems are very Flexible and can be made to perform avariety of different tasks

ICT networks (e.g., Internet) allow us to distribute and shareinformation quickly, and over a very long distance

Many developments in IT are designed to make our lives easier

But people expectations of what they (and others) can achieveare often leading to unrealistic demands being placed on peopleand the technology around them

We live in an "Information Society

The effective use of information is regarded as the defyingelement of the 20th 21st centuries, as important as theindustrial revolution before it


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Computer Components (1)Computer Components (1)

The main components used to build a personal computer and

other types of microcomputers are:

Computers are made up of many components

Internal Components

that is, they are located inside the computer case

External Components

Some are connected externally, using ports

A port is a kind of plug, usually located at the back of the

computer

Components located outside the computer's case arereferred to as peripheral devices

Because they use components, PCs are customizable

The main components used to build a personal computer and

other types of microcomputers are:

Computers are made up of many components

Internal Components

that is, they are located inside the computer case

External Components

Some are connected externally, using ports

A port is a kind of plug, usually located at the back of the

computer

Components located outside the computer's case arereferred to as peripheral devices

Because they use components, PCs are customizable


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You can add internal or external components for specific tasks, such

as playing sound, and choose mare powerful components to make a

high performance PC

Or you can specify less powerful, less expensive components for abasic office computer

This means that PCs vary quite widely in terms of performance (the

speed at which a computer performs different tasks), cost, and the

sort of applications (software) that they can run. Computercomponents can be divided into the following categories:

Microprocessors process instructions and perform calculations.

Storage devices (memory and disks) hold data.

Input devices (mouse and keyboard) let the user enter data.

Output devices (monitor, speakers, and printer) (display data).

Network devices (network card, modem) allow computers to

transfer data to and from other computers.

You can add internal or external components for specific tasks, such

as playing sound, and choose mare powerful components to make a

high performance PC

Or you can specify less powerful, less expensive components for abasic office computer

This means that PCs vary quite widely in terms of performance (the

speed at which a computer performs different tasks), cost, and the

sort of applications (software) that they can run. Computercomponents can be divided into the following categories:

Microprocessors process instructions and perform calculations.

Storage devices (memory and disks) hold data.Input devices (mouse and keyboard) let the user enter data.

Output devices (monitor, speakers, and printer) (display data).

Network devices (network card, modem) allow computers to

transfer data to and from other computers.


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The Motherboard

A motherboard (orsystem

board) Is a large printed

circuit board with connectionsfor all the other components in

the computer

The motherboard allows the

components to exchange dataIt also houses the power

supply

The type of motherboard

determines the types of CPU,

memory, and hard disk and

other peripherals that can be

installed in the computer

The Motherboard

A motherboard (orsystem

board) Is a large printed

circuit board with connectionsfor all the other components in

the computer

The motherboard allows the

components to exchange dataIt also houses the power

supply

The type of motherboard

determines the types of CPU,

memory, and hard disk and

other peripherals that can be

installed in the computer


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The System Case

The motherboard (and other internal

components) is housed within a

protective case, usually made of metaland plastic and often referred to as the

"box."

The design of the case can affect howmany expansion cards and components

can be added to the computer

Some cases are designed to be easy to

open and access to make maintenanceof the computer simpler

The System Case

The motherboard (and other internal

components) is housed within a

protective case, usually made of metaland plastic and often referred to as the

"box."

The design of the case can affect howmany expansion cards and components

can be added to the computer

Some cases are designed to be easy to

open and access to make maintenanceof the computer simpler


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Computer Devices (1)Computer Devices (1)

Ports and Peripheral Devices

A hardware port is a socket designed to allow theconnection of extra devices, often outside thesystem case

Such devices are referred to as peripherals

Typical peripheral devices include the mouse,keyboard, monitor, and printer

Even though they are located outside the case,such devices are often essential tar operating thecomputer

Some parts are attached directly to the

motherboard.Others may be attached to an expansion card

plugged into the motherboard

Traditionally, parts were always positioned at the

back of the system case

Ports and Peripheral Devices

A hardware port is a socket designed to allow theconnection of extra devices, often outside thesystem case

Such devices are referred to as peripherals

Typical peripheral devices include the mouse,keyboard, monitor, and printer

Even though they are located outside the case,such devices are often essential tar operating thecomputer

Some parts are attached directly to the

motherboard.Others may be attached to an expansion card

plugged into the motherboard

Traditionally, parts were always positioned at the

back of the system case


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However, in many modern designs, some ports (notablyUSB and Fire wire connectors) may he provided on thefront of the case, far easy access

On a portable orlaptop computer, ports are usually located atthe hack and sides of the case

Ports used to connect the newest generation of USB memorydevices are often referred to as slots

Ports and connecting cables are always one of two genders:male connectors have pins; female connectors have holes.

There are many different types of port, each requiring a

different type of connectorInput Device

An input device is any device that is used to supplyinformation to a computer

A few examples at input devices are given below.

However, in many modern designs, some ports (notablyUSB and Fire wire connectors) may he provided on thefront of the case, far easy access

On a portable orlaptop computer, ports are usually located atthe hack and sides of the case

Ports used to connect the newest generation of USB memorydevices are often referred to as slots

Ports and connecting cables are always one of two genders:male connectors have pins; female connectors have holes.

There are many different types of port, each requiring a

different type of connectorInput Device

An input device is any device that is used to supplyinformation to a computer

A few examples at input devices are given below.


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Keyboard

Most common input device is the

keyboard, which is used both tar text-

based data input and for selectingcommands.

Keyboards usually have the

following:Keys for the letters of the alphabet

Keys forpunctuation symbols

Numbered keys or a numeric

keypad (or both)

Keyboard

Most common input device is the

keyboard, which is used both tar text-

based data input and for selectingcommands.

Keyboards usually have the

following:

Keys for the letters of the alphabet

Keys forpunctuation symbols

Numbered keys or a numeric

keypad (or both)


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Mouse

Computers are usually operated through a

graphical user interface (GU[). This means that the

user selects a command from the computer's

screen display by moving a pointer and clicking anicon.

A mouse is the device usually used to control the

movement of the pointer on the screen

A mouse is used by moving it across a mouse mator other flat surface. This moves a ball on the

bottom of the mouse, The movement of the ball

sends a signal to the computer. Software interprets

this signal and performs an operation, such asmoving a cursor or drawing a line.

A mouse has two or more buttons on top of it, the

function of which depend upon the software being

used.

Mouse

Computers are usually operated through a

graphical user interface (GU[). This means that the

user selects a command from the computer's

screen display by moving a pointer and clicking anicon.

A mouse is the device usually used to control the

movement of the pointer on the screen

A mouse is used by moving it across a mouse mator other flat surface. This moves a ball on the

bottom of the mouse, The movement of the ball

sends a signal to the computer. Software interprets

this signal and performs an operation, such asmoving a cursor or drawing a line.

A mouse has two or more buttons on top of it, the

function of which depend upon the software being

used.


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Storage Components (1)Storage Components (1)

Memory and disks are the components used to store data forprocessing

Units of measure (i.e., capacity of storage) are bits, Bytes,megabytes, and gigabytes

A bit

a binary or logical 1 or 0, which is the lowest unit of measure ofinformation

A Byte is a chunk of bits (combination of bits) used to represent a

information (e.g., character)

There are usually eight bits in a byte

E.g., 01000001 is used to represent the letter A in binary code

Bytes are commonly abbreviated with a capital B and bits areabbreviated with lower-case b, but not always

More often, hardware and software are described as being acertain number of bits

Memory and disks are the components used to store data forprocessing

Units of measure (i.e., capacity of storage) are bits, Bytes,megabytes, and gigabytes

A bit

a binary or logical 1 or 0, which is the lowest unit of measure ofinformation

A Byte is a chunk of bits (combination of bits) used to represent a

information (e.g., character)

There are usually eight bits in a byte

E.g., 01000001 is used to represent the letter A in binary code

Bytes are commonly abbreviated with a capital B and bits areabbreviated with lower-case b, but not always

More often, hardware and software are described as being acertain number of bits


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This refers to how much information the hardware or software canprocess at any one time

E.g., if a CPU is a 32-bit processor, it means that the CPU canprocess 32 bits of data in each clock cycle

Popular Measures

1. Kilobyte (denoted as KB)

A kilobyte (KB) Is 1024 bytes,

The size of a data file is often measured in kilobytes Why is kilobyte not 1000 bytes?

2. Megabyte (denoted as MB)

A megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes (1024 kilobytes)

A megabyte (MB) is often used to measure the amount of mainmemory or the size of a collection of files within a Folder

A megabyte is about as much data as 500 pages of double-

spaced text Why is Megabyte not 1,000,000 bytes?

This refers to how much information the hardware or software canprocess at any one time

E.g., if a CPU is a 32-bit processor, it means that the CPU canprocess 32 bits of data in each clock cycle

Popular Measures

1. Kilobyte (denoted as KB)

A kilobyte (KB) Is 1024 bytes,

The size of a data file is often measured in kilobytes Why is kilobyte not 1000 bytes?

2. Megabyte (denoted as MB)

A megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes (1024 kilobytes)

A megabyte (MB) is often used to measure the amount of mainmemory or the size of a collection of files within a Folder

A megabyte is about as much data as 500 pages of double-

spaced text Why is Megabyte not 1,000,000 bytes?


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3. Gigabyte (denoted as GB)

A gigabyte (GB) is equivalent to 1,024 MB

The memory capacity of most storage devices, such as hard

drives, is measured in gigabytes (GB)4.Terabyte (denoted as TB)

Terabyte (TB) is equivalent to 1,024 GB

Hard drive arrays on corporate file servers are quickly

approaching terabyte capacities

3. Gigabyte (denoted as GB)

A gigabyte (GB) is equivalent to 1,024 MB

The memory capacity of most storage devices, such as hard

drives, is measured in gigabytes (GB)4.Terabyte (denoted as TB)

Terabyte (TB) is equivalent to 1,024 GB

Hard drive arrays on corporate file servers are quickly

approaching terabyte capacities


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Types of Storage (1)Types of Storage (1)

Memory is one of the most essential parts of thecomputer

From the moment you turn your computer on untilthe time you shut it clown, your CPU is constantly

using memory There are 3 types of storage used by the computer

when storing data

1. Read-only Memory (ROM)

ROM stores the data necessary to start thecomputer and identify its component

ROM is non-volatile or persistent memory thatholds permanent information, such as the BIOSsoftware that enables the components in the

computer to communicate with each other Data stored In ROM is not deleted when the

computer is switched off

It cannot usually be deleted or overwritten inthe course of normal computer operations

Memory is one of the most essential parts of thecomputer

From the moment you turn your computer on untilthe time you shut it clown, your CPU is constantly

using memory There are 3 types of storage used by the computerwhen storing data

1. Read-only Memory (ROM)

ROM stores the data necessary to start thecomputer and identify its component

ROM is non-volatile or persistent memory thatholds permanent information, such as the BIOSsoftware that enables the components in the

computer to communicate with each other Data stored In ROM is not deleted when the

computer is switched off

It cannot usually be deleted or overwritten inthe course of normal computer operations


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2. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM stores data while it is being processed. E.g., RAM is

required to run software while the computer is powered

RAM, is volatile or non-persistent memory, is a temporary memorystore

Data held in RAM is only stored while the computer is switched on

E.g., when you create a document (such as a letter), the

document is stored in your computer's RAM, until you save it todisk

RAM holds data required by the CPU, which cannot store large

amounts of data itself

RAM is important because it enables the CPU to get data quickly

E.g., when a software application is started, the data needed to

run the program is copied from the main disk into RAM, where the

CPU can access it

2. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM stores data while it is being processed. E.g., RAM is

required to run software while the computer is powered

RAM, is volatile or non-persistent memory, is a temporary memorystore

Data held in RAM is only stored while the computer is switched on

E.g., when you create a document (such as a letter), the

document is stored in your computer's RAM, until you save it todisk

RAM holds data required by the CPU, which cannot store large

amounts of data itself

RAM is important because it enables the CPU to get data quickly

E.g., when a software application is started, the data needed to

run the program is copied from the main disk into RAM, where the

CPU can access it


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3. Storage Disks or Drives

Disk dives invented in the 1950s, are used to store and

transfer data files

Magnetic disks or drives are used to preserve data when thecomputer is turned off and to move and backup data

When data is entered into a computer, it must be saved as a

file to preserve it when the computer is switched off Also, software applications need to install files on the main

disk drive in the computer in order to run

The most important type of long term storage component in

the desktop computer is the hard disk, which is used to

store the software and data on which the computer runs

3. Storage Disks or Drives

Disk dives invented in the 1950s, are used to store and

transfer data files

Magnetic disks or drives are used to preserve data when thecomputer is turned off and to move and backup data

When data is entered into a computer, it must be saved as a

file to preserve it when the computer is switched off Also, software applications need to install files on the main

disk drive in the computer in order to run

The most important type of long term storage component in

the desktop computer is the hard disk, which is used to

store the software and data on which the computer runs


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Hard disks have a hard platterthat holds the

magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible

plastic film found in tapes and floppies

The magnetic disk can be easily erased andrewritten, and it will "remember" the magnetic

flux patterns stored for many years.

Many computers will also have removable disk

drives to install software and backup data files

Hard disks have a hard platterthat holds the

magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible

plastic film found in tapes and floppies

The magnetic disk can be easily erased andrewritten, and it will "remember" the magnetic

flux patterns stored for many years.

Many computers will also have removable disk

drives to install software and backup data files Disk capacity is principally a question of

capacity: how much data can be stored an the

disk?

Disk performance is determined by otherfactors including the seek time (the time it

takes to find data on the drive) and the transfer

rate (the speed at which data can be moved to

and from a disk)

Disk capacity is principally a question of

capacity: how much data can be stored an the

disk?

Disk performance is determined by otherfactors including the seek time (the time it

takes to find data on the drive) and the transfer

rate (the speed at which data can be moved to

and from a disk)


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Other Magnetic Media

Other magnetic disk devices, such as Iomega Zip

and Jaz clicks, are also available

These disks tend to offer much less capacity than ahard disk (although much more than a floppy disk)

The main advantage is that the disks can be

removed and transferred elsewhere.

One of the most popular external magnetic storageoptions available today is the Universal Serial Bus

(USB) flash drive

These can store hundreds of times the information

found on a standard floppy, and don't need a

special reader

Instead, USB drives pop into a standard USB port

on the desktop or laptop computer

Other Magnetic Media

Other magnetic disk devices, such as Iomega Zip

and Jaz clicks, are also available

These disks tend to offer much less capacity than a

hard disk (although much more than a floppy disk)

The main advantage is that the disks can be

removed and transferred elsewhere.

One of the most popular external magnetic storageoptions available today is the Universal Serial Bus

(USB) flash drive

These can store hundreds of times the information

found on a standard floppy, and don't need a

special reader

Instead, USB drives pop into a standard USB port

on the desktop or laptop computer


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Operating Systems (1)Operating Systems (1)

What is an Operating System (OS)?

It is a system program that carries out the functions

summarized below:

1. Process management2. Memory management

3. Input/Output control system

4. File Management

Operating system provides a set of basic features that all software

applications must use

It maintains a degree of compatibility between applications

Selection of a particular OS is usually determined by compatibility withother systems, but cost, user preference, and customisability can be

important factors

Software enables the computer's hardware to perform useful tasks,

such as creating, displaying, and printing a letter

What is an Operating System (OS)?

It is a system program that carries out the functions

summarized below:

1. Process management2. Memory management

3. Input/Output control system

4. File Management

Operating system provides a set of basic features that all software

applications must use

It maintains a degree of compatibility between applications

Selection of a particular OS is usually determined by compatibility withother systems, but cost, user preference, and customisability can be

important factors

Software enables the computer's hardware to perform useful tasks,

such as creating, displaying, and printing a letter


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Operating Systems (2)Operating Systems (2)

Software enables the computer's hardware to perform useful

tasks, such as creating, displaying, and printing a letter.

Software can be divided into two important classes

operating systems and applications

Software enables the computer's hardware to perform usefultasks, such as creating, displaying, and printing a letter.

Software can be divided into two important classes

operating systems and applications

Module 1- Intro to Computer

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