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RECAP
•What are earthquakes?
•Name and describe the theory that explains earthquakes?
•Where do earthquakes frequently occur?
•Differentiate focus and epicenter.
•Define the following:•Seismology•Seismologist•Seismograph
•Name and describe the different types of seismic waves.
• Differentiate Intensity from Magnitude.
•What scales are used to measure both?
VOLCANOESare Hot Stuff
Volcanoes
•mountain or hill formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more openings (called volcanic vents) in the earth's surface.
What’s inside a volcano?
• Magma Chamber- molten rock that feeds a volcano
• What is the difference between magma and lava?
What are the parts of a Volcano?
1. VENT- the vent is the opening from which lava flows. Dust, ash, and rock particles can also be thrown out of the vent.
2. Crater- the top of the volcano. It is a funnel shaped pit. It is formed when the material explodes out of the vent
3. Volcanic cone- is the pile of lava, dust, ashes, and rock around the vent. It can be found in different shapes.
Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools
Composite ConeThe volcano is built up of alternate layers of LAVA and ASH. They can explode with great violence.
Mt St Helens - USA
Conelet
Dyke
Crater
Ash layer
Lava Layer Flank eruption
LavaFlow
Crust
Pyroclastic Flow
Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools
Shield ( Basic) Cone
Shield Volcanoes are enormous featuresbuilt up only from layers of lava. They produce lots of lava but they tent not to erupt violently.
Mauna Loa Hawaii -USA
250 miles
10,000m
Composite volcano to scale
Layers of Lava Lava Flow
Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools
Ash and Cinder ConeParacutin - Mexico
Layers of Ash and Cinder
Volcanic Bombs
Pipe
The volcano is built up of layers of ASH. When it erupts it is normally with great explosive force.
3,000m
Hawaii
Hot spots
Classify Mauna Loa & Kilauea
Materials from Erupting Volcanoes
• Steam / Water Vapor• CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, HCl, CH4, NH4Cl• Lava• Dust and Ash• Hardened Lava = Cinders• Bombs
In the Philippines
• 46 known volcanoes – 13 are considered active
Philippine Volcanoes
• Taal• Mayon• Makiling• Bulusan• Canlaon / Kanlaon• Hibok-Hibok• Apo• Banahaw
Venus
Mercury
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Sun
Venus
Mercury
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Past Volcanism on Mercury
Abundance of surface cratersNo craters more that 50 km in diameterEvidence of lava-filled cratersVolcanic rock samples predate EarthRock samples dated @ >3000 million years ago
VenusM
ercury
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Volcanic Activity on Venus
80% of the planet’s surface shows volcanic activitySeveral million volcanoes have been detectedVenus is (debatably) volcanically extinctMany volcanoes are several hundred km across, and thousands of km high
NASA Photo: A Volcano on Venus
Venus
Mercury
EarthMars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Martian VolcanoesMars is almost volcanically extinct; this is debatable Martian volcanoes are probably all shield-cone typesMars has at least 3 volcanoes larger than those on EarthMars has the largest volcano in the solar system: Olympus Mons
Olympus Mons:
A Shield Volcano
on Mars
Earth’s Largest Volcano: Mauna Loa
9 km high 120 km across
Olympus Mons:24 km high
550 km acrossx 3 =
Venus
Mercury
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
SunPluto
Volcanoes on Io: A moon of Jupiter
The most volcanically active place in the solar system
At least 8 active volcanoes have been mapped
Plumes extend ≈ 280 km above Io’s surface
Molten rock spews out faster than the speed of sound
The size of Io is ≈ Earth’s moon
Io: One of Jupiter’s Moons
Io:
Images from Galileo’s Mission
(“Raw” images) (Digitally remastered)
Venus
Mercury
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Volcanoes on Other Moons of Jupiter:Europa and Ganymede have “Cryovolcanism!”
Venus
Mercury
EarthMars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Triton: The seventh (and largest)of Neptune’sMoons also
features “Ice Volcanoes!”
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Venus
Mercury
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
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