Module 1 Information Technology Basics

8/2/2019 Module 1 Information Technology Basics

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Module 1

Information TechnologyBasics


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Chapter 1 Objectives

Recognize the importance ofcomputer literacy

Define the term, computer

Identify the componentsof a computer

Discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of using computers

Distinguish between system softwareand application software

Describe the categories of computers

Identify the elements ofan information system

Describe the various types

of computer users

Discuss various computerapplications in society

Discuss the computer

measurement

Discuss the laboratory safety

and tools


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A World of ComputersWhat is computer literacy (digital literacy)? Current knowledge and understanding

of computers and their uses

Computers are everywhere


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How is a computer defined?

What Is a Computer?

Produces and stores results

Electronic device operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory

Processes data intoinformation

Conveys meaning and isuseful to people

Acceptsdata

Collection ofunprocessed items


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What Is a Computer?What is the information processing cycle? Input

Process

Output

Storage Communication


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The Components of a Computer

What is an inputdevice? Hardware used

to enter data

and instructions


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What is an output device? Hardware that

conveys

information

to one or more

people


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What is the system unit? Case that contains

the electronic

components of the

computer that are

used to process data


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What are two main components on themotherboard?

Processor

Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU)The electronic component that interprets and carries

out the basic instructions that operate the computer

MemoryConsists of electronic components that store

instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by

those instructions


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What is storage?

Storage media

Physical material on which data, instructions,

and information are stored

Storage device

Records and retrieves items to and from

storage media

Holds data, instructions, and information

for future use


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What is a communications device?

Hardware component that

enables a computer to

send and receive data, instructions,and information

Occurs over cables, telephone

lines, cellular radio networks,

satellites, and other

transmission media


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Storage Communications

Advantages and Disadvantagesof Using Computers

What are the advantages of using computers?

Speed Reliability Consistency


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Impact on

Labor Force

Advantages and Disadvantagesof Using Computers

What are the disadvantages of using computers?

Violation of

Privacy

Health Risks

Public Safety

Impact on

Environment


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Consists of a series

of instructions that

tells the computer

what to do and

how to do it

Computer Software

What is software?

Also called a

program


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Computer SoftwareWhat is a graphical user interface (GUI)? Allows you to

interact with the

software using text,

graphics, and visual

images such as

icons

Controls how you

enter data and

instructions and

how the screen

displays

information


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Computer SoftwareWhat issystem software?

Operating System (OS)is a set of programs

that coordinates all

activities among

computer hardwaredevices

Utility Programsallow the user toperform maintenance-type tasks

usually related to managing a

computer, its devices or its programs

Programs that control or maintain the operations of

the computer and its devices


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Computer Software

What isapplication software?

Presentation

Graphics

Spreadsheet

Database

Word

Processing

Programs designed to make

users more productive


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Categories of ComputersWhat are the categories of computers?

Personal Computers

(desktop)

Mobile Computers and

Mobile Devices

Game Consoles

Servers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Embedded Computers


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Personal Computers

What are the two most popular styles of personalcomputers?

PC and compatibles

use the Windows

operating system

Apple Macintosh

usually uses the

Macintosh operatingsystem (Mac OS X)


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Personal Computers

What is adesktop computer? Designed so all of the components fit entirely onor under a desk or table


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Mobile Computers and MobileDevices

What is anotebookcomputer?

Portable, small enough

to fit on your lap Also called a laptop

computer

Usually more expensive

than a desktop computerwith equal capabilities


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What is aTablet PC? Resembles a letter-sized slate

Allows you to write on the

screen using a digital pen

Especially useful for taking

notes


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What are mobile devices?

Internet-enabled

telephone is asmart phone

Small enough to

carry in a pocket


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Mobile Computers and Mobile

Devices

What is ahandheld computer?

Used

by mobile

employees such asmeter readers and

delivery people

Small

enough to fitin one

hand


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Devices

What is apersonal digital assistant (PDA)?

Provides personal organizer functions

Calendar

Appointment book

Address book

Calculator

Notepad


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Devices

What aresmart phones?


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Game Consoles

What aregame consoles?Mobile computing device designed for

single-player or multiplayer video games


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ServersWhat types of servers are there?

Mainframe Very powerful,

expensive computer that supports

thousands of connected users

Supercomputer The fastest, most

powerful, most expensive

computer. Used for applicationsrequiring complex mathematical

calculations

A server controls access to network

resources and provides centralized

storage


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Embedded ComputersWhat is an embedded computer? A special-purpose computer that functions as a

component in a larger product


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Elements of an InformationSystem

What are information system elements? Hardware

Software

Data

People

Procedures


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Examples of Computer UsageWhat software is available for a home user? Personal finance

management

Web access

Communications

Entertainment


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Examples of Computer Usage

Productivity

software

Specialty

software

Web usage

E-mail

What software is available for a small

office/home office (SOHO) user?


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Hardware Notebook computers

Tablet PCs

Internet-enabled PDAs Smart phones

Examples of Computer UsageWhat is available for

a mobile user?

Software Word processing

Spreadsheet

Presentation graphics

software


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Examples of Computer UsageWhat are the needs of a power user? Speed and large amounts of storage

Types of power users

Engineers

Scientists

Architects

Desktop publishers

Graphic artists


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Examples of Computer Usage

What are the needs of the large businessuser?

Payroll

Inventory

E-commerce Desktop

publishing


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Computer Applications in Society

What are some examples

of computer applicationsin society?

Education

Finance

Government

Health Care

Science

Publishing

Travel Manufacturing


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Data Measurement


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Data Representation

How do computers represent data?

p. 194 - 195 Fig. 4-11 Next

Recognize only two

discrete states: on or off

Use a binary system torecognize two states

Use Number system with

two unique digits: 0 and

1, called bits (short forbinary digits)

Most computers aredigital


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Data RepresentationWhat is abyte?

Eight bits grouped together as a unit

Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s

to represent 256 individual characters

Numbers

Uppercase

and lowercase

letters

Punctuationmarks

Other

M R l d


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Measurement-RelatedTerminology Kilobyte (KB) A kilobyte is 1,024 (or approximately 1,000) bytes. Kilobytes per second (KBps) KBps is the amount of data transferred over a

network connection. KBps is a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000 bytesper second.

Kilobit (Kb) A kilobit is 1,024 (or approximately 1,000) bits.

Kilobits per second (Kbps) This is the amount of data transferred over a

network connection. Kbps is a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000 bits persecond.

Megabyte (MB) A megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes (or approximately 1,000,000bytes).

Megabytes per second (MBps) This is the amount of data transferred over anetwork connection. MBps is a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000

bytes per second. Megabits per second (Mbps) This is the amount of data transferred over a

network connection. Mbps is a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000bits per second.

M R l d


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Measurement-RelatedTerminology

Hertz (Hz) Hertz is a unit of measurement of frequency. It isthe rate of change in the state or cycle in a sound wave,alternating current, or other cyclical waveform. Hertz issynonymous with cycles per second and it is used to describethe speed of a computer microprocessor.

Megahertz (MHz) One million cycles per second. This is acommon measurement of the speed of a processing chip.

Gigahertz (GHz) One billion (1,000,000,000) cycles persecond. This is a common measurement of the speed of aprocessing chip.


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Data Representation

What are three popular coding systems to representdata? ASCIIAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange

EBCDICExtendedBinaryCoded DecimalInterchangeCode Unicodecoding scheme capable of representing all

worlds languages

ASCII Symbol EBCDIC

00110000 0 11110000

00110001 1 11110001

00110010 2 11110010

00110011 3 11110011


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How is a letter converted to binary form andback?

Step 3.The system unit converts thescan code for the capital letter Tto its ASCII binary code

(01010100) and stores it in

memory for processing.

Step 1.The user presses

the capital letter T(SHIFT+T key) on

the keyboard.

Step 2.An electronic signal for the

capital letter T is sent to thesystem unit.

Step 4.After processing, the binary

code for the capital letter T isconverted to an image, and

displayed on the output device.


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Basic Lab Safety Principles The workspace should be situatedaway from carpeted areas

because carpets can cause thebuild up of electrostatic charges.

It should be a nonconductivesurface.

It should be distant from areas ofheavy electrical equipment orconcentrations of electronics.

It should be free of dust.

It should have a filtered air systemto reduce dust and contaminants.

Lighting should be adequate tosee small details.

W k P ti th t


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Workspace Practices that

Help Reduce ESD potential A wrist strap is a device that is attached to the technicianswrist and clipped to the metal system chassis on which the

work is being done.

Allow 15 seconds to pass before touching any sensitiveelectronic components with bare hands.

A wrist strap can only offer protection from ESD voltagescarried on the body. ESD charges on clothing can still causedamage.

Avoid making contact between electronic components andclothing.

Workspace practices that


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Workspace practices thatHelp Reduce ESD potential

A wrist strap is never worn when working on a monitor orwhen working on a computer power supply. Monitors andpower supplies are considered replaceable components.

Antistatic bags are easily recognized by a shieldingcharacteristicusually a silvery-sheen, transparentappearance. Shielded antistatic bags are important becausethey prevent static electricity from entering the bags.

When original packaging is not available, circuit boards andperipherals should be transported in a shielded antistaticbag. However, never put a shielded antistatic bag inside aPC.

If computer components are stored in plastic bins, the binsshould be made of a conductive plastic.


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Tools of the Trade Most computer repair and

maintenance tools used in thecomputer workplace are small handtools.

They are included as part of PCtoolkits that can be purchased at

computer stores. If a technician is working on

laptops, then a small torxscrewdriver is necessary.

The right tools can save atechnician a lot of time and help thetechnician avoid damage to theequipment. Tool kits range widely insize, quality and price.


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Tools of the Trade

The following are workspace organizational aids: A parts organizer to keep track of small parts such

as screws and connectors

Adhesive or masking tape to make labels that

identify parts A small notebook to keep track of assembly and/or

troubleshooting steps

A place for quick references and detailed

troubleshooting guides A clipboard for paperwork


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Workspace Cleaning Supplies Spray contact cleaner is amixture of a solvent and a

lubricant.

The can usually has a long thinplastic nozzle inserted into thehead so that it can discharge the

solution in pinpoint fashion. Spray contact cleaner is useful

when removing corrodedelectrical contacts or looseningadapter boards with gummyconnection points.

Do not confuse isopropyl alcoholwith rubbing alcohol.


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Workplace Testing Equipment A troublesome power source can

cause difficulties for the pluggedin computer system.

A Fluke 110 Multimeter is used totest high-voltage devices.

In addition to the outlet tester anddigital multimeter, wrap plugsshould be part of the standardequipment kept in the workspace.

These plugs are also referred to

as loopback plugs, or loopbackconnectors.


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Lab Safety Agreement

The Lab Safety Agreement details the procedures to befollowed when working with computers.

Since many classroom lab exercises will not use highvoltages, electrical safety may not appear to be important.

Do not become complacent about electrical safety. Electricitycan injure or cause death.

Abide by all electrical safety procedures at all times.

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