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Topic 10 Transport
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1(a) Able to describe the role of leucocytes in body defence.
P1 - The process is called phagocytosis
P2 - Phagocytes move towards pathogens using its pseudopodium
(Approaching)
P3 - Phagocytessurround the pathogens ( Engulfing)
P4 - Pathogen is hydrolysed by lysosome (Digestion) and reabsorbed
P5 - Destroyed pathogen is removed from the phagocyte
Any 4 4
1(b) Able to explain how individual could achieve immunity level.
P1 - The graph shows Artificial Active Immunity
P2 - The person has been injected with a vaccine
P3 - The vaccine contain killed or weakened antigens/
bacteria/viruses
P4 - antigens/bacteria stimulates lymphocyte / WBC to produce
antibodies
P5 - 1st dose usually induces a slow production of antibody
(and shorter lasting)
P6 - Booster dose (2nd and 3rd ) are needed to stimulates more
antibody to achieve immunity level ( and larger lasting response).
P7 - any invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms, the body
is able to destroy them immediately
P8 - Eg of vaccination: BCG / Hepatitis / Polio / HPV (cervix cancer)
Any 6 6
2(a) Able to differentiate the composition between fluid R and fluid S
1
1
1
1
1
1
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2(b) Able to explain how fluids is formed
P1 - (When the blood flows from arteries into capillaries) there is Any 7 7
Fluid R (blood plasma) Fluid S (lymph)
1. Has less lymphocyte1. Has a larger numbers of
lymphocyte
Explain : Lymphocyte is produced by the lymph node.
2. Contain erythrocyte &
plasma protein / eg:
fibrinogen
2. No erythrocyte, no plasma
protein / eg: fibrinogen
Explain: RBC & plasma protein are too big molecule to pass
through
3. Has high content of
oxygen3. Has lower contents of oxygen
Explain : oxygen has been used up by the cell
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Chapter 11 Locomotion and Support
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1(a) Able to explain how earth worm support itself.
P1 Has hydrostatic skeleton
P2 Body wall consist of outer circular muscle
P3 (and) inner longitudinal muscle.
P4 Body cavity is filled with a fluid which is held in compartments.
P5 The muscles act antagonistically.
Any 4 4
1(b) Able to explain the mechanism of locomotion in earthworm.
P1 (When earthworm is crawling over a surface), the chaetae inposterior end of the body pushed into the ground to anchor it.
P2 The muscle in the anterior end of the body contracts, while thelongitudinal muscle relaxes.
P3 (Hence) the anterior end of the body elongates
P4 The hydrostatic pressure builds up in the body
P5 The body fluid is pushed backward.
P6 The chaetae in the posterior end of the body are withdrawnwhile the chaetae in the anterior end of the body are push intothe ground.
P7 The longitudinal muscle in the anterior end of the body contract,while the circular muscle relax.
P8 causes the anterior end of the body become short and thick.
P9 The body fluid flows into the anterior end of the body
P10 causing the posterior end of the body pulled forward.
P11 The earthworm moves on the ground by alternately lengtheningand shortening its body, assisted by chaetae.
Any 6 6
1(c) Able to explain the role of muscles, tendons and ligaments
in the movement of forearms.
P1 Forearm has two sets of muscles; biceps and triceps Any 10 10
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P2 acts antagonistically
P3 muscles connected to bone by tendons.
P4 Bones are held together by ligaments.
P5 When the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes.
P6 Biceps becomes shorter (and thicker), triceps becomes longer
(and thinner).
P7 This exerts a pulling force which transmitted to the radius
through the tendons.
P8 The radius is pulled upward and the fore arm is bent.
P9 When the triceps contracts, the biceps relaxes.
P10 The triceps becomes shorter and thicker while the biceps
becomes longer and thinner.
P11 This exerts a pulling force on ulna through tendons.
P12 The ulna and radius pulled downward, causing the forearm to
straighten.
2(a) Able to explain the adaptation of the plant which enable it to
float on water surface.
P1 Stem and enlarged petiole with many air sacs
E1 Provide buoyancy
P2 Many fibrous roots can trap air
E2 allow the plant to float
P3 Stem and roots have aerenchyma tissues
E3 makes the plants light and enable plants to float.
E dependent on P
Any 4
4
2(b) Able to explain the modification found in the woody plant
tissues which giving support to the plant.
P1 Xylem tissues
E2 Xylem vessels and tracheids are strengthened with lignin
P2 Parenchyma tissues
E3 Store starch and sugar and water.
E4 Turgid cells give support to the plant.
Any 6 6
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P2 Collenchyma tissues
E5 Walls thickened with cellulose and pectin
P3 Schlerenchyma tissues
E5 Wall thickened with lignin to provide support2(c) Able to compare and contrast between the two vertebrae.
Similarities:
S1 Both have centrum
E1 Gives support and able to withstand compression force
S2 Both have neural canal
E2 to contain spinal nerve
S3 Both have neural spine
E3 For muscle attachment
S4 Both have transverse process
E4 For muscle attachment
S5 Both have neural arch
E5 Form neural canal which protect the spinal cord
E6 Both have zygapofisis
E7 To articulate with another vertebra
Differences:
Vertebra cervical Vertebra lumbar
D1: Flat (small) centrum Large and thick centrum
E1: Give more supportD2: Short neural spine Long neural spine
E2: Attachment more muscles
D3: Broad transverse
prosess
Well develop transverse process
E3: For attachment more muscles
D4: Has to vertebrarterial
canals
No vertebrarterial canal
E4: Enable blood supply to headD5: Bigger neural canal Small neural canal
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E5: Contain bigger spinal cord/ brain trunk
E dependent on S/D
ANY 5 Correct S & E similarities : 5 marks
ANY 5 Correct D & E differences: 5 marks3(a) Able to describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying in
the air.
P1 Bird fly by flapping their wings / gliding
P2 The wings of bird is in the shape of aerofoil
During flying:
P3 (To fly) the pectoralis major contract
P4 The pectoralis minor relax
P5 The pectoralis muscles are antagonistic muscles
P6 The wings moving downward and backward
P7 The air resistance produced as a result of moving wing downward
P8 provide an upthrust on the wings
P9 The thrust is transmitted from wings to the coracoids until sternum
P10 (As result) the whole body is lifted up
P11 (then) the pectoralis minor contract
P12 The wings are pulled up
P13 The air resistance is very low
P14 The wings are ready to move downward.
During gliding:
P15 The wings spread (to act as aerofoil)
P16 The air move faster on the upper of the wings compared to the
lower of the wings
P17 The air pressure is lower in the upper surface than below the
wings
P18 Upward thrust produced enable the birds to glide.
Any 10 10
3(b) Able to discuss how someone could has a healthy
musculoskeletal system.
Any 10 10
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P1: Having a well-balanced diet
E1: contain sufficient calcium and phosphorus
E2: Contain sufficient vitamin D
E3: To build strong bones / prevent osteoporosis
P2: Having a good posture
E4: While standing, our body should be erect straight, so that the
weight of our body is supported by both our feet.
E5: While sitting, the thorax is vertical/the thigh is comfortable/ almost
all muscle relaxed
E6: While walking, our body should be upright and straight
E7: While lying down, use a mattress that is firm so that the body is
evenly supported
E8: Bend both knees when lifting heavy object from the floor.
P3: Using proper attire for daily activities
E9: Wearing tight could restrict the movement
E10: Wearing high-heeled shoes could injure the back bone.
P4: Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous activities
E15: Consistent and moderate exercise can increase the bone mass
and prevent osteoporosis
E16: Very vigorous activity could results in pain/strain/ dislocation/
fractures.
P5: practicing correct and safe exercise techniques
E17: Warming up before exercise can raise the temperature of our
muscle to enabling them to make more efficient use of energy/
preventing injuries.4(a) Able to explain how coordination of myotomes and fins of a fish
contributes to swimming activities in the aquatic habitat.
P1: Myotomes are muscle block
P2: arranged in segments on both sides of the body / vertebral column.
Any 10 10
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P3: The muscles acts antagonistically / contraction of myotomes on
one side of vertebral column and relaxation of the myotomes on
the other side.
P4: the contraction of myotomes on the right side of the body will bend
the tail to the right // the contraction of myotomes on the left side of
the body will bend the tail to the left.
P5: Alternate contraction of the right and left myotome block causes
the body to bend side to side.
P6: This produces the forward thrust which propel the fish forward
P7: The paired fins and unpaired fin used to maintain the balanced of
body during swimming.
P8: The pectoral fins used to steering and brake.
P9: The pelvic fin are used to prevent diving and rolling movements
P10: Dorsal and ventral fins used to stay on course without yawing.
P11: Tail/caudal fin used to propel the fish.
4(b) Able to justify that unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the
process of aging may cause diseases such as osteoporosis and
arthritis and explain how such diseases can be avoided
P1: (unbalanced diet) such as diet less in calcium /
P2: less in phosphorus could lead
P3: less in vitamin D
P4: unhealthy lifestyle such as consume liquor
P5: Process of ageing such as life after menopause
P6: (could) cause osteoporosis / bone becomes porous/ soft and brittle
P7: (could) cause arthritis / inflammation of the joints.
Any 10 10
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Way to overcome osteoporosis:
P8: Optimize calcium intake to increase the bone mass
P9: Optimize vitamin D intake to enhance calcium absorption
P10: Exercise regularly to help strengthened the muscle and bone
P11: undergo hormone replacement therapy during menopause to
prevent osteoporosis
Way to overcome gouts:
P12: Reduction of offal and protein in diet
P13: Taking medication to lessen the joint inflammation and to reduce
the level of uric acid in the body.
P14: Less/stop consumption of liquor.
P15: Massage on the surrounding muscles using heat therapy.
Chapter 12 Coordination And Support
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1(a) Able to explain the transmission of a nerve impulse from
neurone P to neurone R across Q
P1 Q is a synapse/ synaptic cleft.
P2 The transmission of information across a synapse involves
the conversion of electrical signal into chemical signal in the
form of neurotransmitter.
P3 Neurotransmitter is produced in vesicles in the axon
terminal called synaptic knob.
P4 Synaptic knob contains abundant mitochondrion to generate
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energy for the nerve transmission.
P5 When an impulse arrived at the synaptic knob, the
vesicles release the neurotransmitters into the synapse.
P6 The neurotransmitters molecules diffuse across the synapse
P7 to the dendrite of another neurons.
P8 Reaching R, impulse is converted back into electrical
signal.
P9 The transmission of impulse in one way direction
P10 since the vesicle containing neurotransmitter is only found in
pre-synaptic membrane.1(b) Able to explain the causes and the effects of the Alzheimers
and Parkinsons diseases on victims.
Alzheimers Parkinsons
Caused by
- the shrinkage of brain
tissues and lack of
neurotransmitter.
- usually affects the elderly
Caused by
- the reduced level of
neurotransmitter in the brain
caused tremors and weakness
of the muscles
- the hardening of the
cerebral arteries
Effect:
- Loss of intelligent
- Loss of memory
- Poor concentration
Effect:
- The muscle cannot function
smoothly and become stiff and
jerky in their action
1 + 1
1 + 1
4
1(c) Able to draw the reflect arch and describe the pathway involved
in the transmission of nerve impulses which result in the reflect
action.
D -1
L -1
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P1 - The knee jerk action involves two types of neurons named
afferent and efferent neurons.
P2 - As the hammer strike, the force stretches the quadriceps
muscle and stimulates the stretch receptors in the muscles
triggering a nerve impulses
P3 - Afferent neurons transmit the information to the efferent
neuron in the spinal cord
P4 - The efferent neurons transmit the information to the
quadriceps muscle as an effector and the muscle contracts
thus swing the leg forward
P5 - If the patient is able to swing the leg forward, it indicates that
the patients nerve system is still functioning
P6 - If there is no response, it shows that the patients nervous
system fails to function properly
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2(a) Able to explain why the pituitary gland is known as the
master gland
P1 - because it secretes several hormones that control other
endocrine glands
P2 - for example, TSH is secreted to stimulate thyroid gland to
release thyroxine
//accept any correct hormones and their function
2 2
2(b) Able to explain the involvement of both the nervous system
and the endocrine system in this situation
P1 - The situation is called fight or flight situation
P2 - Nerve impulses from the eyes (receptors) travel to the brain
P3 - The information is interpreted and the brain sends nerve
impulses to the adrenal glands
P4 - The adrenal glands are stimulated to release adrenaline
P5 - The hormone increases the heartbeat rate, blood pressure
and blood flow to the muscle
P6 - The breathe become faster and deeper
P7 - metabolic activity and glucose level in blood increase
P8 - The skeletal muscles become more energized and enable
a person to fight off an attacker or flee immediately
8 8
3(a) Able to explain how the body of a healthy person restores the
blood sugar level to normal if the level drops too low
P1 - The islet cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release
glucagon
P2 - Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to
glucose
P3 - This restores the blood sugar level to normal
P4 - Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown
P5 - This releases fatty acids that can be metabolized to
generate energy
P6 - This restores the blood sugar level to the normal range
6 6
3(b)(i) Able to complete the diagram and state the role of the nephron
D 1
L 1
4
Bowmanscapsule
Proximalconvoluted
tubule
Loop ofHenle
Distalconvolutedtubule
Collectingduct
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Chapter 13 Reproduction and Growth
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1(a) Able to describe the processes which occurred from P to Q
P1 Ovulation releases a secondary oocyte , which enters the
oviduct.P2 The secondary oocyte starts meiosis II which progresses until
metaphase II.
P3 The nuclei of a sperm cell (n) and the ovum (n) fuse and form
a diploid zygote (2n). // A sperm fertilize the ovum to form a
zygote.
Max 4 4
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P4 Zygote begins to divide repeatedly by mitosis as it travels
along the fallopian tube towards the uterus.
P5 Morula is form followed by blastula.
P6 Implantation occur / The blastocyst attaches itself to the
endometrium.1(b) Able to explain the statement
P1 Cigarette contain nicotine / DDT / lead particles.
P2 The wall of maternal blood capillaries and the wall of foetal
blood capillaries are semi-permeable.
P3 Nicotine, drugs and alcohol are small in size.
P4 Nicotine, drugs and alcohol can diffuse from maternal blood
capillaries to foetal blood capillariesP5 through the placenta
P6 The substances carried by umbilical vein to the foetus.
P7 Nicotine, drugs or alcohol can affect the development of
foetus
P8 (example) cause disable / miscarriage . birth defect/ illness in
the resulting baby.
Max 6 6
2(a) Able to explain under what type of condition Method A can be
used to help Mr. and Mrs. Ali.
P1 Method A is use if the fallopian tubes of Mrs. Ali are blocked.
P2 sperm cannot reach the ovum, fertilization fail to occur.
P3 fertilization has to be done outside the body.
P4 developed zygote/embryo then retransfer and implant in the
uterus of Mrs. Ali.
P5 the embryo then undergo normal development in the uterus of
Mrs. Ali as normal pregnancy.
5 5
2(b) Able to discuss the role of Madam X in Method B and the issue
that may arise.
P1 Method B is used if the uterus of Mrs. Ali fail to carry the
implanted embryo because of damaged or abnormal uterus.
P2 Madam X is the woman who is willing / hired to carry the
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implanted embryo to full term.
P3 Madam X is known as surrogated mother.
P4 Genetically the baby belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Ali.
P5 Who is the real biological mother of the baby, Mrs. Ali or
Madam X?
P6 There are cases that the surrogated mother refuse to return
the baby to the couple after giving birth.
3 Able to explain how the formation of the embryo sac and pollen
grain process occurs.
The formation of the embryo sac
F1 - The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue. It has a diploidembryo sac mother cell(2n)
F2 - Embryo sac mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a row of
four haploid cells called megaspores
F3 - Three of the four megaspores degenerated, leaving one in the
ovule
F4 - (The megaspore continues to grow and enlarges, filling up
most of the ovule). The nucleus of the megaspore then
undergoes mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei.
F5 - Three of the eight nuclei (migrate to one end of the cell) to form
antipodal cells, another two nuclei to form polar nuclei and
one of the three nuclei develops into an egg cell/female
gamete/ovum and flanked two synergid cells
The formation of pollen grain
F1 - Pollen grain are formed in the anther, an anther has four pollen
sacs.
F2 - Each pollen sac contains hundreds of cells called pollen mother
cells (2n)
F3 - Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four
haploid microspores(n)
F4 - The nucleus of each microspores then divided by mitosis to form
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a tube nucleus and generative nucleus.
F5 - The microspores develop into pollen grains4 Able to describe how pollination leads to the formation of fruit
and seed in a flowering plant (angiosperms).
F1 - Pollen grains have been released from the anther to the stigma
for pollination by insects or wind
F2 - The sugar solution (sucrose) secreted by the stigma stimulates
the pollen grain to germinate and form a pollen tube
F3 - The pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule
F4 - The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two male
gamete nuclei
F5 - The male gamete nuclei move down the pollen tube led by thetube nucleus
F6 - When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates the
ovule through the micropyle
F7 - The tube nucleus degenerates, leaving a clear passage for the
male nuclei to enter the embryo sac
F8 - Double fertilization occurs in the ovule. One male nucleus
fuses with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote(2n)
F9 - The other male nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form
a triploid nucleus(3n
F10 - (After fertilization), the triploid nucleus divides rapidly by
mitosis to forms an endosperm and zygote divides by mitosis
develops into suspensor and embryo.
F11 - The ovule develops into a seed while the ovary enlarges and
develops into a fruit
Max 10 10
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Chapter 14 Inheritance
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1 Able to explain the possibilities of the blood group and the genotypes of
the offspring when the fathers blood group is A and the mothers blood
group is B.
P1 The ABO blood group in humans is controlled by three alleles IA, , IB and Io.
P2 Alleles IA and IB are codominant but allele Io is recessive.
P3 There are four possibilities : Blood group AB, A, B, O
Father Mother
(a) Parental genotypes: IA IA X IB IB
Gametes IA IB
Genotype F1 IA IB
Phenotype F1 All offspring have blood group AB
Father Mother
(b) Parental genotypes: IA IA X IB IO
Gametes IA IB IO
Genotypes F1 IA IB IA IO
Phenotypes F1 AB A
Phenotipic ratio 1 : 1
@
Phenotype F1 50% of offspring have blood group AB
and 50% have blood group A
Father Mother
(c) Parental genotypes: IA IO X IB IB
Gametes IA IO IB
Genotype F1 IA IB IB IO
Phenotypes F1 AB B
Phenotypic ratio 1 : 1
@
Phenotype F1 50% of offspring have blood group AB
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Fertilisation
meiosis
meiosis
meiosis
meiosis
Fertilisation
Fertilisation
Fertilisation
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Chapter 15 Variation
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1 Able to
(i) State the example of continuous variation and discontinuous
variation
(ii) Explain the similarity and the contrast of continuous variation
and discontinuous variation
Example of continuous variation: Height or weight
Example of discontinuous variation: ABO blood group
Similarity:
- both create varieties in the population of species
- both type of variations are caused by environment factor or
genetic factors or both
Differences
Continuous variation Discontinuous variationP1 Graf distribution shows a
normal distribution
P1 Graf distribution shows
a discrete distribution
P2 The characters are quantitative
/ can be measured and graded
(from one extreme to the other)
P2 The characters are
qualitative / cannot be
measured and graded
1
1
1
1
1
1
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(from one extreme to the
other)
P3 Exhibits a spectrum of
phenotypes with intermediate
values between the highestand the shortest in the
population.
P3 Exhibits a few distinctive
phenotypes with no
intermediate values inbetween them.
P4 Influenced by environmental
factors
P4 Is not Influenced by
environmental factors/ Is
caused by genetic
factors and also by the
mutation of genes and
chromosomes.
P5 Two or more genes control the
same character
P5 A single genes
determines the
differences in the traits of
the character
P6 The phenotype is usually
controlled by many pair of
alleles
P6 The phenotype is
controlled by a pair of
alleles
1
1
1
1
2 Able to state the importance of variation
P1 Variation provides new genetic material for the survival of the
fittest,
P2 e.g. the mutated genes of the black peppered moth
P3 Variation prepares a species to survive when there are changes in
the external environment, like after a volcanic eruption, or in global
warming;
P4 e.g. the black peppered moths survive well in a soot-covered
environment.
P5 A population with a varied genotypes or genotypes is useful in
spreading the particular species over a wider range of habitats;
P6 e.g. the house sparrow.
P7 Produced phenotype/physical differences among individuals.
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P8 E.g. No human are alike even though they are identical
3 Able to discuss genetic and environment factor affecting
variation
Genetic factors
F1 crossing over during prophase 1/meiosis 1
P1 occur between chromatid from a pair of homologous chromosomes
P2 the exchange of parts between chromatid results in new genetic
combination.
P3 produced a large number of gametes with different genetic
composition.
F2 independent assortment
P4 homologous part of chromosome are arranged randomly on
metaphase plate/during metaphase 1
P5 during anaphase 1,each homologous pair of chromosomes
separate.
P6 resulting in an independent assortment of maternal and paternal
chromosomes into daughter cells
F3 Random fertilization
P7 sperms and ovum with a variety of combinations of
chromosomes/ genetically different are randomly fertilized.
P8 Thus, variation exists between individuals from the same
species// zygote produces will have a variety of diploid
combination.
F4 Mutation
P9 mutation causes permanent change in the genetic
composition/genotype of an organism
Environmental factor
Max10 10
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F5 (can cause variation among individuals at same species) by
interacting with genetic factor.
P10 examples of factor at least 2 type of food/ exercise/ skill/
experience/ education/ sunlight/ climatic
Any 9 from genetic factor
And any 1 from environment factors
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