MODUL I.K.M.-K3

KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

KESEHATANAdalah keadaan sejahtera dari badan, jiwa,

dan sosial yang memungkinkan setiap orang hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis. (U.U. R.I No.23 thn 1992 tentang kesehatan)

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO constitution 1948)

KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT Public health is the science and art of (1) preventing

disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for:

(a) The sanitation of the environment(b) The control of communicable infection(c) The education of individual in personal hygiene (d) The organization of medical and nursing services for the

early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease and(e) The development of social machinery to ensure everyone

a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health,

So organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to enjoy his birthright of health and longevity

( C.E.A. WINSLOW- 1920)

Occupational Health Occupational health should aim at: the

promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations, the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions, the protection of workers in their employment from risk resulting from factors adverse to health, the placing and maintenance of the workers in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological capabilities, and to summarize the adaptation of work to man and each man to his job (Joint Commission W.H.O- I.L.O - 1950)

The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives:

a. The maintenance and promotion of workers health and working 

    capacity

b. The improvement of working environment and work to become  

    conducive to safety and health, and

c. Development of work organization and working cultures in direction, which support health and safety at work, and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of undertakings. The concept of working culture is intended in this context to   mean a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by the undertaking concerned. Such a culture is reflected in practice in the management system, personnel policy, and principles for participation, training policies, and quality management of the undertaking.       

I.K.M. vs. K3KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT KESEHATAN & KESELAMATAN

KERJA

1. Sasaran : umum

2. Tujuan: kesejahteraan masy.

3. Pembiayaan: pemerintah

4. Perkembangan: sth. Microbio

5. Pemeriksaan berkala: sulit

6. Aturan: bidang kesehatan

7. Wilayah kerja: lingkungan

8. Prinsip kerja: prevention

9. Multidisiplin

10. Strategy: pengorganisasian

1. Sasaran: tenaga kerja

2. Tujuan: produktivitas

3. Pembiayaan: mandiri

4. Perkembangan: sth.rev.ind

5. Pemeriks. Awal, berkala : +

6. Aturan: ketenagakerjaan

7. Wilayah Kerja: lingk.kerja

8. Prinsip kerja: prevention

9. Multi disiplin

10. Strategy: pengorganisasian

INTERNATIONAL LOSS CONTROL INSTITUTE CAUSATION MODEL

Lack ofControl

BasicCauses

ImmediateCause

Incident Loss

InadequateProgram

Program Standards

ComplianceTo

Standards

PersonalFactors

JobFactors

Sub-Standards

Acts

Sub-Standardsconditions

ContactWith

Energy,Substance

OrPeople

PeoplePropertyProductEnviron-

mentService

Level of PreventionPrimary Prevention: - Health Promotion - Specific ProtectionSecondary Prevention: - Early Diagnosis & Prompt Treatment - Disability LimitationTertiary Prevention: - Rehabilitation

Home workBuat program prevention pada tiap level

untuk kasus penyakit akibat kerja Pneumoconiosis pada pekerja tambang batubara

PENGERTIANOccupational disease is a disease arising out

of, or in the course of, employment – resulting from the exposure to , the absorption of, or intoxication from harmful chemical, microbiologic, or physical agents which the general public normally would not be exposed. (W.H.O.)

Occupational disease & work related diseaseSpectrum of diseases

Other Work OccupationalGeneral Disease Related Disease Disease

PENYEBAB P.A.K1. FAKTOR FISIK :

KEBISINGAN, SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN, KECEPATAN ALIRAN UDARA / ANGIN, GETARAN / VIBRASI MEKANIS, RADIASI GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNETIK DAN TEKANAN UDARA / ATMOSFIR

2. FAKTOR KIMIA :GAS UAP DEBU KABUT / MIST. FUME ASAP.

LARUTAN DAN ZAT PADAT

PENYEBAB P.A.K

3. FAKTOR BIOLOGIS :BAKTERI, VIRUS, TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN DAN HEWAN

4. FAKTOR FISIOLOGIS: SIKAP DAN CARA KERJA, JAM KERJA DAN ISTIRAHAT

5. FAKTOR MENTAL PSIKOLOGIS :SUASANA KERJA HUBUNGAN KERJA ANTARA KARYAWAN DAN PENGUSAHA PEMILIHAN KERJA DAN LAIN-LAIN

DiagnosisAnamnesis /history : description of all jobs

held, work exposures, timing of symptoms, epidemiology of symptoms or illness among other workers, non work exposures and other factors

Examination: physical (inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation) laboratory (x-rays, blood, urine & others)

Environmental analysis

Industrial hygieneIdentificationEvaluationControl of hazards

IdentificationMengetahui faktor hazards apa yang ada di

tempat kerjaModal utama: memahami proses/alur

produksi, mengetahui bahan baku produksi, memanfaatkan Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Evaluation Mengukur kadar hazards di tempat kerja

baik dalam bentuk debu, gas, uap, solvent dll dengan alat ukur yang sudah dikalibrasi

Ada 2 tehnik pengukuran:1. Direct reading measurement2. Sample collectors , personal sampling,

perlu memahami sampling strategy Ambang batas bahan/hazards harus

diketahui untuk menentukan sudah terlampaui atau belum

Controls1. Substitution2. Engineering control3. Administrative control4. Personal protective equipment

SubstitutionMengganti bahan, proses yang berbahaya

dengan bahan, proses yang kurang atau tidak berbahaya

Safety engineeringTiga tujuan utama dari SAFETY ENGINEERING :

• Identify hazards

• Eliminate hazards

• Mitigate hazards

Why not eliminate all hazards?

Administrative controlJob rotationShifting (pagi, siang, malam)Pembatasan jam kerja

Personal Protective EquipmentMembatasi kontak antara orang dengan

bahan / hazardsBisa meliputi seluruh anggota tubuh mulai

dari kepala, sampai kaki.

Osh Principal1. An unsafe act, an unsafe condition, and an

accident are all symptoms of something wrong in the management system.

2. We can predict that certain sets of circumstances will produce severe injuries. These circumstances can be identified and controlled.

Osh principal3. Safety should be managed like any other

company function. Management should direct the safety effort by setting achievable goals and by planning, organizing, and controlling in achieve them.

4. The key in effective line safety performance is management procedures that fix accountability.

Osh principal5.The function of safety is to locate and define

the operational errors that allow accidents to occur. This function can be carried out in two ways:

a) by asking why accidents happen ---- searching for their root causes and b) by asking whether certain known effective controls are being utilized.