MODUL F T 5 Elektronik 4 Electronics · • Menghuraikan semikonduktor dalam sebutan rintangan dan elektron bebas. Describe semiconductors in terms of resistance and free electrons.
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• Menghuraikanfungsidiod.Describe the function of diodes.
• Menghuraikankegunaandiodsebagairektifier.Describe the use of diodes as rectifiers.
• Menghuraikankegunaankapasitorsebagaiperataarusoutputdanvoltanoutputdalamlitarrektifier.Describe the use of capacitors to smooth out output current and output voltage in a rectifier circuit.
mendapat tenaga kinetik .When the cathode is connected to the anode by an extra high tension (EHT), the electrons in the tungsten filament gain
kinetic energy .
Sinar katod / Cathode ray
Filamen panas / Hot filament
e
ee
e
Sinar Katod / Cathode Ray
AnodAnode
Katod / filamenCathode / filament
V.L.T. / E.H.T.
ee
– +
+
• Menyatakangetlogiksebagailitarsuisdalamkomputerdansistemelektronikyanglain.State that logic gates are switching circuits in computers and other electronic systems.
• Menyenaraikandanmelukissimbolbagisetiapgetlogik.Menyatakanjugaget-getlogikinidalamjadualkebenaran.List and draw symbols for the following logic gates. Also state the action of these logic gates in a truth table.i. DAN/ANDii. ATAU/ORiii. TAK/NOTiv. TAK-DAN/NANDv. TAK-ATAU/NOR
• Membinajadualkebenaranbagigetlogikdalamgabunganmaksimum2input.Build truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs.
• Menghuraikanaplikasisistem-sistemkawalangetlogik.Describe applications of logic gate control systems.
4.4 Menganalisis get logikAnalysing logic gates
Memahami Kegunaan Osiloskop Sinar Katod (OSK) Understanding the Uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)
If the metal is heated at a high temperature , some
of the free electrons may gain sufficient energy to escape from the metal surface.
• Elektronyangmendapattenagakinetikyangcukuptinggiakandapatmelepasipermukaanfilamentungsten.Electrons that gain sufficiently high kinetic energy will be able to escape from the surface of the tungsten filament.
• Elektron dipancarkan dandipecutkankepadaanod
dengan beza keupayaan yang tinggi antarakatoddananod.
The electrons emitted are accelerated towards the anode
by the high potential difference between the cathode and anode .
Denganprinsipkeabadiantenaga,bagisetiapelektron,/From the principle of conservation of energy, for each electron,
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik / Electrical potential energy = Tenaga kinetik / Kinetic energy
eV = 12
mv2
Olehitu,Hence,
v =halajuelektron/velocity of the electronsV =perbezaanpotensiantaraanoddankatod/potential difference between anode and cathodee =cassetiapelektron/charge of one electron,1.6×10–19Cm=jisimelektron/mass of electron9×10–31kg
v = 2eVm
FaktorFactor
Kesan ke atas kadar pancaran termionEffect on the rate of thermionic emission
Cathode rays can be deflected by a magnetic field . The Fleming’s left-hand rule
is used to determine the direction of motion.[Perhatian/Note:Arahsinarkatodadalahbertentangandenganaraharus./The direction of the cathode rays is opposite to that of the electric current.]
Ciri-cirisinarkatoddikajidenganmenggunakantiubpalangMaltesedantiubpesongan.The characteristics of cathode rays are investigated by using the Maltese cross tube and deflection tube.
Tiub palang MalteseMaltese cross tube
3 kV
KatodCathode
Bekalan pemanas, 6V
6 V heater supply
AnodAnode
Skrin berpendarfluorFluoresecent screen
VakumVacuum
BayangShadow
Palang maltese aluminiumAluminium Maltese Cross
N
S
Mengkaji ciri-ciri sinar katodTo investigate the characteristics of cathode rays
Bekalanpemanas6Vdanbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkantetapiplatlogamtidakdisambungkebekalankuasa.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected but metal plate is not connected.
Tiada medan elektrik diantaraduaplatlogam.
No electric fields between the two metal plates.
Sinar katod bergerak
dalam garis lurus
Cathode ray travels in a
straight line
Bekalanpemanas6Vdanbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkandanbekalankuasa1000Vdisambungkankepadaplatlogam.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected and also 1 000 V power supply is connected to the metal plates.
+
–
Terdapatmedan elektrik diantara
kedua-duaplat.Electric field
exists between two plates.
Sinarkatod dipesongkan
ke atas .The cathode ray is
is deflected upward .
Sinar katod bercas
negatif
Cathode ray is negatively
charged
Bekalanpemanas6Vdan3kVbekalankuasadisambungkandanjuga1000Vbekalankuasadisambungkansecarasongsangkepadaplatlogam.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected and also the 1 000 V power supply is connected to the metal plates but in reverse order.
+
–
Terdapatmedanelektrikdiantarakedua-duaplat.
Sinarkatod terpesong ke bawah .
Electric field exists between the two plates.The cathode ray is
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetik Electrical potential energy = Kinetic energy eV = E
(1.6 × 10–19C) × (5 × 103V) = E
E = 8.0 × 10–16 J
1 Bezakeupayaanantaraanoddankatoddalamsenapangelektronialah5kV.Hitungkantenagakinetikelektron.[e=1.6×10–19C]The potential difference between the anode and cathode in an electron gun is 5 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C]
Penyelesaian / Solution
E = eV = (1.6 × 10–19C) × (20 × 103V) = 32 × 10–16
= 3.2 × 10–15 J
2 Dalamtiubgambarsettelevisyen,bezakeupayaan20 kVmerentasi anod dan katodmemecutkansinarelektron.Cassatuelektronialah1.6×10–19C.Berapakah tenaga keupayaan setiap elektronyangmenghentamskrin?In a picture tube of a television set, a potential difference of 20 kV is applied across the anode and the cathode to accelerate the electron beam. The charge of each electron is 1.6 × 10 –19 C. What is the kinetic energy of each electron striking on the screen?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Senapang elektronAn electron gun
Sistem pemesonganDeflection system
Skrin pendarfluorFluorescent screen
Control grid• to control brightness of
the spot on the screen
Y-input terminalTerminal y-input
DasarmasaTime base
VakumVacuum
X-plates• to deflect cathode rays
horizontally
Plat-X• untuk memesongkan sinar
katod secara mendatar
Skrin berpendafluor• untuk menghasilkan
tompok yang cerah apabila dihentam oleh sinar katod
Y-plates• to deflect cathode
rays vertically
Flourescent screen• to produce bright spot
when hit by cathode rays
Cathode rays
Sinar katod
Focusing anode• to focus moving
electrons into a fine ray
Grid kawalan • untuk mengawal
kecerahan tompok di atas skrin
Plat-Y• untuk memesongkan
sinar katod secara menegak
Anod memfokus• untuk memfokuskan
elektron yang bergerak kepada sinar yang halus
Accelerating anode• to accelerate electrons
Anod memecut• memecutkan elektron
Filament• supply heat to the
cathode
Filamen• membekalkan
haba kepada katod
Katod• memancarkan elektron
apabila dipanaskanCathode• emit electrons when
heated
Salut grafik / Graphite coating
• Untuk membumikan elektron
yang menghentam skrin
To channel the electrons striking
the screen to the Earth
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetikElectrical potential energy = Kinetic energy
eV = 12
mv2
1.6 × 10–19C × 7 × 103V = 12
× (9 × 10–31kg) × v2
v2 = (1.6 × 10–19C)× (7 × 103V)(4.5 × 10–31kg)
v = 4.99 × 107 m s–1
3 Dalam tiub vakum penerima televisyen, sinarkatod dihasilkan dan memecut melalui bezakeupayaan7kV.Tentukanhalajusinarkatoditu.
[e=1.6×10–19Cdanme=9×10–31kg]
In the vacuum tube of a television receiver, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential difference 7 kV. Determine the velocity of the cathode ray.[e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and m
e = 9 × 10–31 kg]
Penyelesaian / Solution
Contoh / Example
Struktur dan fungsi bahagian-bahagian yang penting dalam Osiloskop Sinaran Katod (O.S.K.)Structure and functions of the main parts of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( C.R.O.)
TiadabekalankuasadisambungkanNo power supply connected
Bekalankuasaa.t.d.c. power supply
Bekalankuasaa.u.a.c. power supply
2 Mengukur beza keupayaan bekalan kuasa Measuring the potential difference of the power supply
Voltana.t./d.c. voltage
V=gandaan-Y×h V = Y-gain × h
Voltana.u./a.c voltage
Voltanpuncak,Vp=gandaan-Y× 1
2(ketinggiangaris
menegak)
Peak voltage, Vp = Y-gain × 1
2(height of the vertical line)
Vr.m.s.
=1
2×V
p
Vr.m.s.
=Vroot mean square
Vp.m.k.d.
=Vpunca min kuasa dua
3 Mengukur sela masa yang singkat dan frekuensiMeasuring short time interval and frequency
Jarakantaraduadenyutanpadaskrin=dcm. The distance between two pulses on the screen = d cm. Kawalandasarmasa=x scm-1. The time-base control setting = x s cm-1.
Tempohbagiduadenyutan,T=xd Period for two pulses, T = xd
[Dalamkesini,unitTialah'saat' In this case, the unit of T is 'second' ]
Suisa.u/a.t/a.c. / d.c. switch
Gandaan-YY-gain
Input-Y/Y-input
Input-X/X-input
Bumi/Earth
KawalandasarmasaTime-base controls
Brilliance (Brightness)Kecerahaan
SuiskuasaPower switch
Fokus/Focus
Anjakan-X/X-shift
Anjakan-Y/Y-shift
SkrinScreen
1cm
h=2cm
Gandaan-Yditetapkanpada2.0Vcm–1.Y-gain is set at 2.0 V cm–1.
Voltanpuncak, Vp=2.0 V cm–1 × 2 cm
=4 V
Vr.m.s.
= V
p
2 = 4 V
2
=2.83 V
d=4cm
1cm
Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1T
f = 10.04 s
= 25 Hz
Gandaandasarmasaditetapkanpadax= 0.01 s cm–1
The time-base gain is set at x
Jarakantaraduadenyutanpadaskrin,d=4 cm
The distance between two pulses on the screen, d
Olehitu,tempoh,T= 0.01 s cm–1 × 4 cm = 0.04 s
So, period, T
Contoh/Example:
Contoh/Example:
h=sesarantegaktempokcahayah = vertical displacement of the light spot
1 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang yangterhasil daripada bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alikyangdisambungkankepadainput-YpadaO.S.K.[Gandaan-Y disetkan = 20 V cm–1 dan kawalandasarmasa=5mscm-1]The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a C.R.O.[Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 and time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1]
the frequency of the signal(c) bezakeupayaanpuncakkepuncak
the peak to peak voltage(d) bezakeupayaanvoltanpuncak
the peak voltage
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar masa Time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1
Tempoh / Period, T = 5 ms cm–1 × 14 cm = 70 ms = 7.0 × 10–2 s
(b) Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1T
= 1
7.0 × 10–2 s = 14.29 Hz(c) Ketetapan gandaan-Y Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1
Voltan puncak ke puncak Peak to peak voltage, V
pp = 20 V cm–1 × 8 cm
= 160 V
(d) Vp = Vpp
2
= 160 V
2 = 80 V
d=14cm
8cm
2 RajahmenunjukkanbentukgelombangdihasilkanpadaskrinO.S.K.diradarstesenlapanganterbang.TitikX danY menunjukkanmasa penghantaranisyarat ke kapal terbang dan masa penerimaanpantulanisyaratmelaluiradartersebut.
[KawalandasarmasapadaO.S.K.=50mscm–1]The diagram shows a waveform obtained on the screen of a C.R.O. at an airport radar station. The points X and Y indicate the time of transmission to an aeroplane and the time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station.[Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1]
8cm
XY
HitungCalculate(a) masaisyaratradardariXkeY.
the time travels of the radar from X to Y.(b) jarakantarastesenradardankapalterbang. [Halajucahaya=3×108ms–1]
the distance between the radar station and the aeroplane.[Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1]
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar-masa O.S.K. Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1
Masa penghantaraan isyarat radar, Time travels of the radar, T = 50 ms cm–1 × 8 cm = 400 ms = 0.4 s
(b) Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1
Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1
Menggunakan formula, 2D = vt Using formula, 2D = vt Jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang Distance between the radar station and the aeroplane,
An intrinsic semiconductor such as silicon and germanium derives its semiconductor properties from its own atoms.
• Apabila beza keupayaan dikenakanmerentasisemikonduktorintrinsik,iaakanmengalirkanarusyangkecil.
When a potential difference is applied across an intrinsic semiconductor, it conducts a very small current.
• Kekonduksiandalamsemikonduktoradalahmelaluipergerakanelektron-elektronbebasdanlohong-lohongdalamarahbertentangan.Conduction in a semiconductor is by means of movement of free electrons and holes in opposite directions.
semikonduktortulen(semikonduktorintrinsik)untukmeningkatkan kekonduksian .Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities into the pure semiconductor atoms
(intrinsic semiconductor) to increase its conductivity .
• Prosespendopanmenghasilkanduajenissemikonduktor.Doping process produces two types of semiconductors.
• Duajenissemikonduktoriniialah semikonduktor jenis-n dan semikonduktor jenis-p .
These two types of semiconductors are the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor .
(mempunyailimaelektronvalens)seperti antimoni, fosforus atau arsenik untukmeningkatkanbilanganelektron-elektronbebas.
Silicon atoms (with four valence electrons) doped with pentavalent atoms (which have five valence
electrons) such as antimony, phosphorus or arsenic increases the number of free electrons.• Atompentavalenakanmenggantikanbeberapaatomsilikon,kemudiantiap-tiapsatudaripadaatom
pentavalenakanmempunyai empat ikatan kovalen dansatuelektronbebaslebihan.The pentavalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, then each of the pentavalent atoms will have
Since a pentavalent atom donates an extra electron, it is called donor atom.• Dalamkeadaanini,terdapatlebihbanyakelektronbebasberbandinglohong,olehituelektron
• Silikonyangdidopkandenganatom trivalen (mempunyaitigaelektronvalens)sepertiboron, indium atau galium akanmeningkatkanbilanganlohong.
Silicon doped with trivalent atoms (which have three valence electrons) such as boron, indium or gallium increase the number holes.
• Atomtrivalenakanmenggantikanbeberapaatomsilikon,menyebabkansilikonkehilangansatuelektrondaripadaempatikatankovalen.The trivalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, resulting in one electron missing from one of the four covalent bonds.
silikontulenyangmempunyai kerintangan tinggi .Pengalirancasseterusnyayangmerentasisempadanlapisansusutanakanditolakolehcasdidalamlapisantersebut.
When a p-type semiconductor material is in contact with an n-type semiconductor material, a layer called
the depletion layer is formed in the middle. At this junction, electrons from n-type semiconductor drifts
across the junction to fill in the holes in the p-type semiconductor. The holes from the p-type semiconductor drift in the opposite direction to the n-type semiconductor. As a result, a depletion layer is produced.
It is a very narrow region which has lost all its available free electrons and holes and thus behaves almost
like a pure silicon, with high resistivity . Any further movement of charges across the boundry in the depletion layer will be repelled by the charges in the layer.
dinamakan voltan simpang . Tiada arus mengalirmelaluisimpangp-n
semasacasberadadalam keseimbangan .
The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the n-type
region (the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly, the positive charge layer in the n-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the p-type region (the holes) from crossing the boundry in the opposite
direction. This will result in a potential difference acting from the n-type material to the p-type material
across the junction. This potential difference is known as the junction voltage . In its normal state, a p-n
junction delivers no current since the charges are in equilibrium .
This junction voltage prevents charge carriers from drifting across the junction. The junction voltages for germanium and silicon are approximately 0.1 V and 0.6 V respectively.
The diode conducts current because the holes from the p-type semiconductor and electrons from the n-type semiconductor are able to cross over the junction . The bulb will light up .
• Fungsidiodmembenarkanarusmengalirdalam satu arah sahaja .
The function of a diode is to allow current to flow in one direction only .
IalahkawasanneutralyangtiadapembawacasIs the neutral region which has no charge-carriers
RektifierRectifier
Ialahperantielektrikyangmenukarkanarusulang-alikkepadaarusterusIs an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
RektifikasiRectification
Ialahprosesuntukmenukarkanarusulang-alikkepadaarusterusdenganmenggunakandiodIs the process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using diode
Pincang songsangReverse-biased
• Dalamsusunanpincangsongsang,bezakeupayaansellebih rendah daripadavoltan
simpang.Lapisansusutanmenjadi besar dan rintangan diodmeningkat.Olehitu,tiadaarusmengalirmelaluidiod.
In a reverse-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is lower than the junction voltage. The depletion layer is wide and the resistance of diode increases. Hence, no current flows through the diode.
RintangansangattinggiVery high resistance
TiadaarusNo current
p n
PincangsongsangReverse-biased
– +
BezakeupayaanselCell voltage
VoltansimpangJunction voltage
Rintangantinggi/High resistance
LapisansusutanlebarWide depletion layer
Bahanjenis-pp-type material
Bahanjenis-nn-type material
Lukislitarinidenganmenggunakansimbol.Draw this circuit by using symbols.
• Elektron dan lohong ditarikmenjauhisimpang.Mentol tidak menyala .
Both electrons and holes are pulled away from the junction. The bulb does not light up .
GrafGraph
Graf arus lawan beza keupayaan bagi simpang p-n dalam diod silikon dan diod germaniumGraph of current against voltage for the p-n junction in a silicon and germanium diode
1 Rajah menunjukkan litar transistor. Perintang Pmempunyai rintangan 10 kΩ.Untukmenyalakanmentol, beza keupayaan merentasi perintang Pmestilahsekurang-kurangnya2V.The diagram shows a transistor circuit. Resistor P has a resistance of 10 kΩ. In order to light up the bulb, the potential difference across resistor P must be at least 2 V.
12VT
P
SX
Y
Z
Apakahnilai tertinggiperintangSapabilamentolmenyala?What is the maximum value of resistor S when the bulb lights up?
PenyelesaianSolution
3
(a) (i) NamakankomponenP. Name component P. (ii) ApakahfungsibagikomponenP? What is the function of component P?(b) ApakahfungsiperintangR? What is the function of resistor R?(c) (i) ApakahyangakanberlakukepadabezakeupayaanV
ppadawaktumalam?
What happens to potential difference Vp at night?
(ii) Terangkankenapamentolmenyalapadawaktumalam. Explain why the bulb is lighted up at night.(d) MentolMberlabel240V,60WmulamenyalaapabilaV
pmempunyainilaiminimum2.0Vdanrintangan
bagiperintangPadalah10kΩ.TentukanrintanganperintangS. Bulb M, labelled 240 V, 60 W starts to light up when V
p has a minimum value of 2.0 V and the resistance of resistor P is
10 kΩ. Determine the maximum resistance of resistor S.
2 Rajahmenunujukkansimbolrintangann-p-n.The diagram shows the symbol of an n-p-n transistor.
(a) (i) Perintang peka cahaya (PPC) / Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)
(ii) mengawal voltan tapak secara automatik / automatically controls the base voltage.(b) Mengawal dan mengehadkan arus tapak supaya transistor tidak rosak. Control and limit the base current 80 that the transistor is not damaged.(c) (i) Beza keupayaan merentasi V
p meningkat
Potential difference across Vp increases.
(ii) Pada waktu malam PPC mempunyai rintangan yang sangat tinggi. Beza keupayaan merentasi LDR sangat tinggi. Maka, voltan tapak adalah tinggi. Arus tapak mengalir dan ini menyebabkan arus pengumpul yang tinggi mengalir. Transistor dihidupkan dan mentol menyala.
At night the LDR has a very high resistance. The potential difference across LDR is very high. Hence the base voltage is high. The base current flows and produces a large collector current flow. The transistor is switched on and the bulb lights up.
(d) Vp
VXZ = Rp
Rp + Rs
... 2.0 V6.0 V
= 10 k Ω10 kΩ + Rs
... 10 kΩ + Rs = 30 kΩ
... Rs = 20 kΩ
4 Litardibawahdigunakansebagaisuisberasaskanhaba.The circuit below is used as a heat-operated switch.
5kΩ
10VR
2
R1
X
A
B
C
(a) (i) ApakahkomponenX? What is the component, X? (ii) LukisrajahkomponenX. Draw the component, X.(b) NamakanterminalA,BdanC. Name the terminals, A, B and C.(c) Untuk menghidupkan mentol, beza
keupayaanmerintangiXmestipalingkurang4V.
In order to light the bulb, the potential difference across X must be at least 4 V.
(i) Apakah rintangan X apabila mentolmenyala?
What is the resistance of X when the bulb lights up?
(ii) Apakah yang berlaku kepada mentol XapabilarintanganXialah1kΩ?
What happens to the bulb if X has a resistance of 1 kΩ?
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) (i) Termistor / Thermistor (ii)
(b) A: Tapak / Base B: Pengumpul / Collector C: Pengeluar / Emitter
(c) (i) RX
5 k Ω + RX
= 4 V10 V
... 10RX = 20 k Ω + 4R
X
... 10RX - 4R
X = 20 k Ω
... 6RX = 20 k Ω
... RX = 3.33 k Ω
(ii) VX = 1 k Ω
(1 + 5) k Ω × 10 V
= 1.67 V
VX < V
minimum
Oleh itu, mentol tidak menyala. So, the bulb does not light up.
Satulitarelektronikyangmempunyaisatuinputataulebihdansatuoutput.An electronic circuit with one or more inputs and a single output.
JadualkebenaranTruth table
Jadualyangmenyenaraikansemuakemungkinaninputdanoutputgetlogik.A table that summarises all the possible inputs and outputs of a logic gate.
AlgebraBooleanBoolean algebra
UngkapanBooleialahsuatubentukungkapanyangbolehmeringkaskanoperasilogiksuatugetlogik.The Boolean algebra is one form of expression which can be used to summarise the logic operation of a logic gate.
Algebra BooleanBoolean algebra
Simbol Get logikLogic gate Symbol
Jadual kebenaranTruth table
X = A
TAK / NOT
XA
Input / InputA
Output / OutputX
0 1
1 0
X = A . B
DAN / AND
A
XB
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X = A + B
ATAU / OR
B
XA
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 Getlogikialahlitaryangmempunyaisatuataulebihisyaratinputtetapihanyasatuisyaratoutput.A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
2 Setiapinputdanoutputbolehsamaadatinggi(logik1)ataurendah(logik0).Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0)
3 Sistembinari"0"mewakili0Vdanbinari"1"mewakilivoltanbukansifar.A binary "0" represents 0 V, and a binary "1" represents a non-zero voltage.
4 Jadualkebenaranmenyenaraikankemungkinansemuainputdanoutputyangsepadan.A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.
2 RajahmenunjukkanduaisyaratyangmenghubungkaninputAdanBdalamsuatugetOR.The diagram shows two signals connected to the inputs A and B of an OR gate.
A
XB
InputInput
A
B
LukiskanisyaratoutputX.Draw the output signal X.
PenyelesaianSolution
OutputOutput
A
B
X
InputInput
3 RajahmenunjukkangabungangetlogikdenganinputAdaninputB.JikainputA=0011daninputB=0101,apakahoutputX?The diagram shows the combination of logic gates with inputs A and B. If the input A = 0011 and the input B = 0101, what is the output X?
(b) GetlogikLdisambungdengangetlogikMdanNsepertiditunjukkandalamrajahdibawah. Logic gate L is connected to logic gates M and N as shown in the diagram below.
L
N
M
Z
X
Y
(i) Lengkapkanjadualkebenarandibawah. Complete the truth table below.
Input / Input Output / Output
X Y Z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(ii) NyatakanalgebraBooleanyangmengaitkanX,YdanZ. State the Boolean algebraic to relate X, Y and Z.
PenyelesaianSolution
1 (a) Rajahmenunjukkangetlogik,L,denganisyaratdalamAdanB.The diagram shows a logic gate, L, with input signals A and B.
CAB
L
IsyaratinputAInput signal A
IsyaratinputBInput signal B
(i) NamakangetlogikL. Name the logic gate L. (ii) LukisisyaratoutputCdalamgrafdibawah. Draw the output signal C in the graph below.
2 Rajahmenunjukkanlitaryangdigunakansebagaisistemkeselamatandidalamrumah.The diagram shows a circuit being used as a safety system in a house.
L
M
R
S PintupagarGate
PintuDoor
A
B
SuisutamaMain switch
SuistersembunyiHidden switch
(a) NamakangetlogikR. Name logic gate R. (b) Denganmenggunakanduasuis,duaselkeringdansebijimentol,lukissebuahlitaryangsamadengan
getlogikS. Using two switches, two dry cells and a bulb, draw a circuit that is equivalent to logic gate S. (c) Jadualkebenaranmewakiliget-getlogikberdasarkanrajahdiatas. The following truth table represents the logic gates in the diagram above.
Input / Input Output / Output
A B L M
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(i) Lengkapkanjadualkebenarandiatas. Complete the truth table above. (ii) NyatakanalgebraBooleanuntukmenghubungkaitL,AdanB. State the Boolean algebra to relate L, A and B. (iii) Apakahyangberlakukepadapintudanpintupagarapabilasuisutamaditutup? What happens to the door and the gate when the main switch is closed?
PenyelesaianSolution
(a) get DAN / AND gate
(b)
(c) (i)
(ii) A . (A + B)
(iii) Kedua-dua pintu dan pagar terbuka. Both the door and the gate are open.
1 Antara komponen elektronik berikut, yangmanakah boleh menyimpan cas dan sebagaiperata arus dalam litar rektifikasi? /Which of the following electronic components can store charge and also smoothen the output current of a rectification circuit?A Perintang/ResistorB Diod/DiodeC Kapasitor/CapacitorD Termistor/Thermistor
2 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan surihan osiloskop yangdihasilkanolehinput2Vpadafrekuensi50Hz.Diagram 1.1 shows the oscilloscope trace produced by an input of 2 V at a frequency of 50 Hz.
Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan surihan dari input barupadaosiloskopyangsama.Diagram 1.2 shows the trace from a new input on the same oscilloscope.
Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2
Berapakannilaiinputyangbaru?What is the value of the new input ?A 1Vpada50Hz/1 V at 50 HzB 2Vpada50Hz/2 V at 50 HzC 2Vpada100Hz/2 V at 100 HzD 4Vpada50Hz/4 V at 50 Hz
3 KelajuanelektronyangdibebaskandarisenapangelektronO.S.K.bergantungpadaThe speed of the electrons that emerges from the electron gun of a C.R.O. depends onA jarakantarakatoddengangrid. the distance between the cathode and the grid.B bezakeupayaanantarakatoddengananod. the potential difference between the cathode and the
accelerating anode.C jarakantaraskrindengananodpemecut. the distance of the screen from the accelerating anode.D bezakeupayaanantaraplat-platY. the potential difference between the Y-plates.
4 Rajah4menunjukkan litarsatudioddanresistordisambungkepadasebuahtiubsinarkatod(CRO).Suis dasarmasa dihidupkan. /Diagram 3.1 shows a diode and a resistor are connected to a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The time base is switched on.
Bekalanutamaa.t.a.c., mains supply
ResistorResistor
DiodDiode
c.r.o
Rajah 4 / Diagram 4
Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkansurihanyangdihasilkanpadaskrintiubsinarkatod(CRO)?Which trace would appear on the screen of the cathode-ray oscilloscope?
A C
B D
5 Rajah5menunjukkanduadiodyangdisambungkanselaridalamsuatulitar.Diagram 5 shows two diodes which are connected in parallel in a circuit.
S
P
R
Q
Rajah 5 / Diagram 5
ApabilasuisSditutup,mentolyangmanakahakanmenyala?When switch S is closed, which bulb/bulbs will light up?A Psahaja/P onlyB PdanQsahaja/P and Q onlyC PdanRsahaja/P and R onlyD P,QdanR/P, Q and R
6 Rajah6menunjukkanprosespancarantermion. Diagram 6 shows the process of thermionic emission.
LogamMMetal M
Y Y Y
X
Y
Rajah 6 / Diagram 6
Antaraberikut,yangmanakahbetultentangXdanY?Which of the following is correct about X and Y?
X Y
ACahayadikenakan
Light is appliedElektronElectron
BCahayadikenakan
Light is appliedIonpositifPositive ion
CHabadikenakan
Heat is appliedElektronElectron
DHabadikenakan
Heat is appliedIonpositifPositive ion
7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan litar menyalakan diodpemancarcahaya(LED)padawaktusiang.Diagram 7 shows the circuit light up the light-emitting diode (LED) during daylight.
LED
BateriBattery
Transistornpnnpn transistor
PerintangR2
Resistor R2
X
Y
Rajah 7 / Diagram 7
Antara berikut, yang manakah betul tentangkomponen-komponen X dan Y? / Which of the following is correct about components X and Y?
Komponen XComponent X
Komponen YComponent Y
ATermistorThermistor
PerintangResistor
BPerintangR
Resistor RTermistorThermistor
CPerintangPekaCahaya/Light-
Dependent Resistor
PerintangResistor
DPerintang
Resistor
PerintangPekaCahaya/Light-
Dependent Resistor
8 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu kombinasi dua getlogik.Diagram 8 shows a combination of two logic gates.
PX
Q
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
Jadualkebenaranmanakahyangbetul?Which truth table is correct?
A P Q X
0011
0101
0110
B P Q X
0011
0101
1011
C P Q X
0011
0101
1101
D P Q X
0011
0101
1010
9 Rajah 9menunjukkan struktur sebuah osiloskopsinarkatod.Diagram 9 shows the structure of a cathode ray oscilloscope.
DCBA Alur elektronElectron beam
Rajah 9 / Diagram 9
AntarakomponenA,B,CdanD,yangmanakahmenyebabkan pemesongan sinar katod secaramenegak?Which component, A, B, C or D, causes the cathode rays to be deflected vertically?
1 Rajah1.1danRajah1.2menunjukkanduadiodAdanB,duamentolPdanQdisambungkepadasatuselkeringdenganduasusunanyangberbeza.Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 shows two diodes A and B, two bulbs P and Q are connected to a dry cell with two different arrangements.
A P
B Q
SuisSwitch
Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1
A P
B Q
SuisSwitch
Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2
(a) BerdasarkanRajah1.1danRajah1.2, Based on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2,
(i) bandingkansambungandiod-diodkepadaterminalselkering. Compare the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell.
Rajah 1.1 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal positif sel kering.
Rajah 1.2 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal negatif sel kering.
Diagram 1.1 – anode of the diode is connected to positive terminal of dry cell.
Diagram 1.2 – anode of diode is connected to the negative terminal of dry cell.
(ii) bandingkannyalaanmentol-mentolitu. compare the lighting of the bulbs.
Mentol dalam Rajah 1.1 menyala, mentol dalam Rajah 1.2 tidak menyala
Bulb in Diagram 1.1 lights up, bulb in Diagram 1.2 does not light up.
10 Rajah 10menunjukkan satu kombinasi bagi tigaget logik. Isyarat X dan isyarat Y dibekalkankepadainput.Diagram 10 shows a combination of three logic gates. Signal X and signal Y are supplied to the input.
OutputOutput
InputInput
X
Y
X
Y
Rajah 10 / Diagram 10
Isyaratoutputmanakahyangbetul?Which output signal is correct?
(iii) hubungkaitkanantarasambungandiod-diodkepadaterminalselkeringdengannyalaanmentol. relate the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell with the lighting of the bulbs.
Mentol tidak menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri // pincang
songsang. Mentol menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal positif bateri //
pincang depan.
The bulb does not light up when the positive diode is connected to negative terminal of battery // reversed biased.
The bulb light up when the positive diode is connected to positive terminal of battery// forward biased.
(b) (i) Lukiskan susunan radas empat diod dan bekalan kuasa yang sesuai di dalam ruangan yangdisediakandalamRajah1.3untukmenghasilkanlitarrektifikasigelombangpenuh.
Draw the arrangement of four diodes and suitable power supply in the space given in Diagram 1.3 that can be used to produce full wave rectifier circuit.
R V8
C
KeOSKTo CROa.c.
D4 D
1
D2D
3
Rajah 1.3 / Diagram 1.3
(ii) Lukiskanbentukrektifikasigelombangpenuh. Draw the wave form of full wave rectification.
(iii) Namakan satu komponen elektronik yang boleh digunakan untuk melicinkan arus elektrik yangterhasil.
Name an electronic component that can be used to smoothen the current produced.
2 Rajah2menunjukkanlitaryangmengandungitransistor-npnyangbertindaksebagaisuisautomatik.Diagram 2 shows a circuit with a npn transistor which acts as an automatic switch.
LED
R2
LDR
R1
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
TransistoritumenyebabkanLEDmenyalaapabilakeadaangelap.Tuanrumahinginsebuahpenghawadinginberlabel240V,1000W,dalambiliknyadihidupkansecaraautomatikapabilabilikitupanas.Lukislitaryangdiubahsuaiuntukmenunjukkanbagaimanapenghawadinginbolehdihidupkansecaraautomatikapabilabilikitupanas.The transistor causes the LED to light up when it is dark. The house owner wants an air-conditioner labelled 240 V, 1000 W, in a room to be automatically switched on when the room is hot. Draw a modified circuit to show how the air-conditioner can be automatically switched on when the room is hot.