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A. Simple Past Tense
We use simple past to talk about past events.
The pattern
(+) Subject + Verb2 + Object + Modifier( - ) Subject + auiliar! verb (did) + not + Verb"+ Object + Modifier
(#) $uiliar! verb (did) + Subject + Verb"+ Object + Modifier#
Examples:
( + ) % &ent to t'e cinema last ni't.
( - ) S'e did not o to sc'ool !esterda!.
( ? ) id !ou do !our 'ome&ork#
Note:
a. We al&a!s use * did for all subject (% did, !ou did, 'e did).
b. W'en t'e verb is * tobe, &e c'ane t'e verb into *&as and *&ere (% &as, !ou &ere, 'es'e it &as, &e &ere, t'e! &ere).
Examples:
S'e &as in akarta.
/'e! &ere not in t'e class.
Was s'e ri't#
c. We use simple past tense &'en0 /'e event is in t'e past.
/'e event is completel! finis'ed.
We sa! ( or understand) t'e time and or place of an event.
Examples:
% lived in Suraba!a &'en % &as a c'ild.
1ia didnt like t'e s'o&.
W'at did !ou eat for breakfast#
$rief &ent to unaken on Monda!#
d. $dverb of past time 3esterda!
/'e da! before !esterda!
$ fe& minutes ao
/&o 'ours ao
/&o da!s ao
/&o mont's ao
/&o !ears ao
4ast ni't
4ast &eek
4ast mont'
4ast !ear
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Man! !ears ao
EXERCISE:
a. Pt the !er" in the "ra#$ets into the #orre#t %orm.Examples: &% 'i'nt o (not/ go)to &ork !esterda! because % *asnt (not/ be) ver! &ell.
". 4ast &eek our teac'er (notcome) to class because 'e (be)
sick.
2. 5is randfat'er (not/ meet) me &'en 'e (be) in akarta.
6. % (not/ understand) &'at 'e said.
7. % (not/have) to o to &ork !esterda! because it (be) a 'olida!.
8. /'e! (watch) t'e football matc' on /V t'is mornin.
. Simple ,tre Tense
Pattern
Examples:
oni &ill bake a cake toni't. Mr. 9ajar &ill take part in t'e meetin net &eek.
Pattern
Examples:
% am oin to bu! a ne& car net &eek.
S'e is oin to be a dentist.
Note:
e. Shall is used &it' t'e first person subject (%, &e), &'ile will can be used &it' all kinds
of subjects.
f. Shall/ will is used to epress t'e future &'en &e 'ave no plan before. %t means t'at &e
decide to do somet'in at t'e time of speakin and it is not arraned before.
Examples:
%ts so 'ot in t'is room. % &ill turn t'e air conditioner on.
We 'ave run out of paperss, 'avent &e# %ll o and bu! some.
S"/e#t + shall0 *ill + 1er"+ (2"/e#t) + a'!er" o% %tre time
S"/e#t + to "e oin to + 1er"+ 2"/e#t + a'!er" o% %tre time
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Was s'e ri't#
g. Will can also be used to predict about somet'in.
Examples:
%t &ill rain toni't.
:eople &ont make a fl!in car before t'e 22 nd centur!.
h. To be going to is used to epress somet'in t'at 'as been arraned before.
Examples:
% am oin to visit ali net &eek.
;arla is oin to see 'er doctor t'is evenin.
EXERCISE:
Chane the %ollo*in senten#es into the 3going to %orm o% the %tre.
". 5e &ill come tmorro&.
2. W'ere &ill 'e sta!#
6. o'n &ill &ait for us t'ere.
7. We s'all &rite letters all afternoon.
8. 5e &ill lend me some mone!.
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a. %s t'ere an! discount for t'is s'irt#
b. 5o& about fift! t'ousand rupia's#
6. Expressin #ertaint7
a. %m sure t'at its oin to rain t'is afternoon.
b. %t must be 'im &'o called.
8. 5i!in an' respon'in to #ompliments
a. 9antasticB
b. 3ou look beautiful toni't.
c. /'ank !ou.
9. Expressin opinions
a. % t'ink t'ats not true.
b. W'at % 'ave in m! mind is t'at ....
. Expressin areement0 'isareement:
a. 3oure ri't.
b. %m afraid !ouve ot &ron information, Sir.
;. Expressin arment
a. 3es, but dont foret ...
b. /'at ma! be so but ...
EXERCISE:
Complete the 'ialoe *ith the pro!i'e' *or's "elo*. Consessi!e Con/n#tions
;onsessive conjunctions are conjunctions &'ic' introduce consessive clauses to create
a relations'ip bet&een t&o or more pieces of information.
/'e most common consessive conjunctions are although, even though, while, whereas,
in spite of (the fact that),despite (the fact that).
Examples:
% didnt et t'e job in spite of t'e fact t'at % 'ad t'e necessar! >ualifications.
$lt'ou' t'e traffic &as bad, &e arrived on time.
Fven t'o' % &as reall! tired, % couldnt sleep.
We &ent out in spite of t'e rain.
E. se' to/'ere are t&o constructions of *used to &'ic' 'ave different meanin. Stud! t'e
eplanation belo&.
a. Gsed to + V"/'is construction is used to talk about somet'in t'at 'appened reularl! in t'e
past, but no loner 'appens.
Examples:
% used to pla! fooball a lot, but % dont pla! ver! often no&.
;'andra used to be ver! t'in &'en 'e &as a c'ild.
We used tto live in Solo, but no& &e live in Medan.
/o form neative sentence, &e used didnt use to or *used to not.
% didnt use to like 'im.
% used to not like 'im.
/'e pattern of >uestion is 'i' (7o) se to....?Examples:
id !ou use to eat a lot of candies &'en !ou &ere a c'ild#
". e et used to + V-in
/'is construction is used to talk about somet'in t'at is not ne& or strane for
somebod!.
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Examples:
aus is used to livin far from 'is parents.
od! isnt used to ettin up earl!.
5adi is used to ridin a bic!cle to o to sc'ool.
,. Expressin Pre%eren#es/'ere are several &a!s to epress preferences.
a. S + prefer + noun + to + noun
4ita 0 &'ic' do !ou prefer, apples or oranes#aus 0 I pre%er oranes to apples.
". S + prefer + V-in + to + V-in
1atna 0 W'ic' do !ou prefer, pla!in or sta!in 'ome#5elimi 0 I pre%er pla7in to sta7in home.
#. S + like + noun + better t'an + noun
4inda 0 &'ic' does 'e like, juice or milk#
Sandra0 @e li$es mil$ "etter than /i#e.
'. S + like + V-in + better t'an + V-in
Hali' 0 &'ic' do !ou like, pla!in football or basketball#
5eru 0 I li$e pla7on %oot"all "etter than "as$ett"all.
e. S + &ould rat'er + V"+ t'an + V"Hracia 0 &ould !ou rat'er sta! 'ome or o out#
%ndri 0 I' rather o ot than sta7 home.
EXERCISE:
b) Melenkapi kalimat.
Complete these senten#es #ontr#tion sin although because or soerees o% Comparison
a. Comparison o% A'/e#ti!es
1) :ositive (t'e base form)
Example:
/ravelin b! plane is expensi!e.
) ;omparative
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Example:
/ravellin b! train is #heaper t'an b! plane.
6) Superlative
Example:
/ravelin b! bus is the #heapest of all.
". 5eneral Rles
One or t&o s!llables adjectives.
$dder andest for t'e comparative and superlative form.
Positi!e #omparati!e sperlati!e
;'eap c'eaper c'eapestlovel! lovelier loveliest
/'ree or more s!llable adjectives.
$dd more and most for t'e comparative and superlative form
Positi!e #omparati!e sperlati!e
epensive more epensive most epensive
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
$djectives endin iner ,!, ow, orie.
$dder andest to t'e base form for t'e comparative and superlative form (!
c'ane to i)
Positi!e #omparati!e sperlati!e
simple simpler simplest
bus! busier busiest
#. Comparison o% A'!er"s
One s!llable adverbs.
$dder and Jest for t'e comparative and superlative form.
Positi!e #omparati!e sperlati!efast faster fastestearl! earlier earliest
Ot'er adverbs.
Gse more and most for t'e comparative and superlative form.
Positi!e #omparati!e sperlati!e
slo&l! more slo&l! most slo&l!
carefull! more carefull! most carefull!
Note:
Superlative form is al&a!s preceded b! *t'e.
Examples:
Mount Fverest is the highest mountain in t'e &orld.
Vian is the most diligent student in our class.
>. Expressions o% ReBests
The patterns:
a. =o'als ( *ill #an #ol' *ol') + 7o + 1
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". >o 7o min' i% + S + 1ol 7o min' i% + S + 1I *on'er i% 7o #ol'............
Examples:
Will !ou open t'e door, please
;an !ou speak a little more slo&l!# ;ould !ou tell me t'e &a! to t'e 'ospital#
Would !ou pleas& meet me at = toni't#
o !ou mind sta!in 'ere a moment#
Would !ou mind &aitin outside#
E. Expresssion o% 2"liations
a. :ositive obliation
S + mst + 1
Examples: 3ou must o no&.
% must save m! mone!.
S + ha!e0has to + 1Examples:
3ou 'ave to come on time.
5e 'as to meet t'e manaer at = a.m.
S + nee' to + 1Examples:
% need to visit t'e landslide victims.
5e needs to look at t'e map.". Ceative Obliations
S + mst not + 1Examples:
3ou must not smoke 'ere.
#. Co Obliation
S + 'ont ha!e to + 1Examples:
3ou dont need to do it.
'. :ast Oblation
S + ha' to +
Examples: % 'ad to take part in t'e meetin last ni't.
,. Expressin o% 5i!in A'!i#e an' 5i!in Sestions
a. S + sest 2 + 1Example:
4ona 0 %m tired.
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ana 0 % suest !ou take a rest.
". S + sest + 1-in
Example:
Eia 0 %ts ver! dark 'ere.
Marsa 0 % suest turnin on t'e li't.
#. S + a'!i#e + 2 + to 1Example:
ian 0 M! mot'er is anr! &it' me.
a!a 0 % advise !ou to apoloiDe to 'er.
'. S + shol' + 1Example:
9randa 0 % dont understand t'e lesson.
Viar 0 % t'ink !ou s'ould ask !our teac'er.
e. S + ha' "etter + 1Example:
4ula 0 % 'ave a tootac'e.
Ma!a 0 % t'ink !ou 'ad better see a dentist.%. h7 'ont 7o + 1
Example:
Sandra 0 %m bored sta!in at 'ome durin t'e 'olida!s.
esta 0 &'! dont !ou o to t'e teac'er.
. hat a"ot + Non 0 1-in
Example:
$ndi 0 &'at present s'all &e ive to 4isa on 'er birt'da!#
ima 0 &'at about a purse#
h. @o* a"ot + Non 0 1-in
Example:
1ico 0 &at do !ou &ant to eat toni't#!ta 0 'o& about makin a nice c'icken curr!#
i. I% I *ere 7o I *ol' + 1Example:
%ndra 0 M! mot'er &as anr! &it' me t'is mornin.Cara 0 %f % &ere !ou, % &ould apoloiDe to 'er.
1. Imperatives
a. ont smoke at t'e petrol station.
b. Eeep silentK t'e bab! is sleepin.
Exer#ise:
c. :ili'an anda.
Choose the "est ans*er "7 #rossin (X) a " # ' or eue but 'e is ver!
&orried t'at 'e can not do it &ell. /'en !ou told 'im t'at 'e absolutel! &ill be t'e
c'ampion.
e. Menerjema'kan.
) Translate the senten#es "elo* into In'onesian