Modes of Transportation and Their Difficulties

8/8/2019 Modes of Transportation and Their Difficulties

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A RESEARCH REPORT

ON

Modes of transportation and their

difficulties

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the M.B.A Degree

Course of IIBM University

Submitted By:

Mahantesh.p(REGD.NO: 08/44)
http://www.fotosearch.com/BDX291/bxp50593/http://www.fotosearch.com/AGE025/g67-336265/


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Under the Guidance and SupervisionOfMr. Girish

GUIDES CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Research Report entitled Modes of transportation

and their difficulties

Done by mahantesh.pbearing Registration No.08/44 is a bonfide work done

carried under my guidance during the academic year 2009 in a partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MBA degree by IIBM

University. To the best of my knowledge this report has not formed the basis

for the award of any other degree.

Place: HUBLI

Date:

Mr.ROHITH.K

DIRECTOR


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Declaration

I hereby declare that this report titled Modes of transportation and their

difficulties, is a record of independent work carried out by me, towards the

partial fulfillment of requirements forMBA course of IIBM University. This

has not been submitted in part or full towards any other degree.

PLACE: HUBLI

DATE:

Mahantesh.p


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Mr.ROHITH Director ofInstitute of Management studies

Hubli, who has guided me to do this project by giving valuable suggestions

and advice. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to all my friends and well

wishers who helped me to do this project.

Mahantesh.p


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PREFACE

The research provides an opportunity to a student to demonstrate application

of his/her knowledge, skill and competencies required during the technical

session. Research also helps the student to devote his/her skill to analyze the

problem to suggest alternative solutions, to evaluate them and to provide

feasible recommendations on the provided data.

The research is on the topic of Modes of transportation and their

difficulties

Although I have tried my level best to prepare this report an error free report

every effort has been made to offer the most authenticate position with

accuracy.


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EXAMANERS CERTIFICATION

The project report

Of

Mr. Mahantesh.p

Modes of transportation and their difficulties

Is approved and is acceptable in quality and form

Internal examiner External examiner


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INDEX

No. CHAPTER 1 Page No.

Executive Summary .

Introduction and faction of transportation

Modes of transportation

Logistics industry status in India

Objectives ..

Needs for the study

Methodology

A)Size of sampling

B) Sampling design................................

C) Sampling techniques ..

Geographical of study..Analysis data...

Limitation .

CHAPTER 2

An overview of study..

CHAPTER 3

Conclusion

CHAPTER 4

Finding and suggestions .

Bibliography

Questionnaires

Chapter:-1

Executive summery


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The report is based on the data collected from the undertaken survey in hubli

transportation area & railway dept of logistic service. The survey asks the

respondent about their opinion about Modes of Transportation and theirDifficulties.

A project title is Modes of Transportation & its Difficulties the research was

carried out within hubli. The data collected approach adopted was

experimental research. The instrument used for data collection was

Questioner.

The targeted to persons working in the Logistic Service in organization. The

chart & graph were used to translate the data into meaningful to get most out

of the collected data.

The design of the study is organized as methods used, Hypothesis, Data

Analysis, Overview of the study, Opinion of the study, & Findings,

Suggestions & conclusion.

INTRODUCTION

Transportation is the systems and modes of conveyance of people and goods

from place to place. It can be considered the major infrastructural element of

an area. The different elements of the transportation system ideally need to be


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planned through an integrated and comprehensive process [which] that

includes land use planning. The coordinated planning of transportation

facilities requires an understanding of the characteristics of the modes ofconveyance and the patterns and densities of the area [which] that they are

intended to serve. The purpose of transportation planning is to provide faster,

safer, [more] efficient and more pleasant travel, as limited by the [financial]

ability [of the area] to [pay for it.] finance the cost of transportation. [As

transportation] Because transportation systems are expensive to construct

and maintain, great care and foresight [are needed in developing plans for

them.] arenecessary when developing plans for its construction. Modern

transportation planning emphasizes the total transportation system rather than

isolated facilities. It considers all modes of transport which are economical in

an area, as well as all types of improvements, including traffic engineering

improvements. The island is faced with an increasing demand for the

development of new transportation facilities and systems. Over the past [two]

three decades, [numerous] a numberof major transportation projects have

been completed, while many others are in the planning stage. Much of the

current construction, however, is either expansion or improvement of existing

systems of facilities. A sizable portion of the new construction [which is]

either planned or underway is but an incremental part of a long-range

program. Since the adoption of the General

TRANSPORTATION GOALS

Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move

efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically.


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Make available a variety of modes of transportation [which] thatbest meets

the needs of the County

TRANSPORT FUNCTIONALITY

Transportation is one .of the most visible elements of logistics operations. As

consumers, we are accustomed to seeing trucks and trains moving product or

parked at a distribution facility. While this experience provides a good visual

understanding of transportation elements, it does not allow the necessary depth

of knowledge to understand transportation's role in logistics operations. This

section establishes that foundation by reviewing functionality provided by

transportation and the underlying principles of transport operation.

Transport Functionality

Transportation functionality provides two major functions

1. Product movement

2. Product storage.

Product Movement the next stag

Whether the product is in the form of materials, components, assemblies,

work-in- process, or finished goods, transportation is necessary to move it to e

of the manufacturing process or physically closer to the ultimate customer. A


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primary transportation function is product movement up and down the value

chain. Transportation utilizes temporal, financial, and environmental

resources, it is important that items be moved only when it truly enhancesproduct value. The major objective of transportation is to move product from

an origin location to a prescribed destination while minimizing temporal,

financial, and environmental resource costs. Loss and damage expenses must

also be minimized. At the same time, the movement must take place in a

manner that meets customer demands regarding delivery performance and

shipment information availability

Product Storage

A less common transportation function is temporary storage. Vehicles make

rather expensive storage facilities. However, if the in-transit product requires

storage but will be moved again shortly (e.g., in a few days), the cost of

unloading and reloading the product in a warehouse may exceed the per A

second method to achieve temporary product storage is diversion. This occurs

when an original shipment destination is changed while the delivery is in

transit. Traditionally, the telephone was used to direct diversion strategies.

Today, satellite communication between enterprise headquarters and vehicles

more efficiently handles the information. In summary, although product

storage in transportation vehicles can be costly, it may be justified from a

total-cost or performance perspective when loading or unloading costs,

capacity constraints, or the ability to extend lead times are considered


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MODES OF TRANSPORT

The exporter can send the shipment of goods using anyone of the following

modes of transport as specified in the export contract. The exporter can send

the shipment of goods using anyone of the following modes of transport as

specified in the export contract.


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A) AIR TRANSPORT

The least utilized and most costly (about 50 cents per ton-mile) freightmode is air shipment. The first large all-cargo air carrier was Flying

Tiger. Other large airlines earn most of their revenue from passenger

service. Airfreight is confined to high-value items, emergency shipments,

and perishable products (such as cut flowers). One advantage of air

shipment is that pilots tend to land gently. This is a benefit to business

marketers who ship computers, electronic equipment, and other sensitive

devices that might be damaged by truck or rail shipment. The air

transport of the goods involves sending shipment of goods through one of

the international airlines. The exporter need not directly approach the

airline for booking of the cargo. The C&F agents who generally negotiate

with the airlines lower freight fates as they provide bulk cargo to them do

this job in a cost effective manner. Some of the C&F agents act as

consolidators for the airlines. In practice, the airlines are known to offer

huge amounts of discount to the C&F agents for booking of the cargo.

Such discounts may not be available to an individual exporter, as the total

cargo offered may not have the substantial load. While selecting the

airline, the exporter should be guided by the considerations of cost and

timely delivery of the goods. It should, however, be ensured that the

cargo shall be carried in the manner as specified in the export order. The

export order may provide for direct shipment or transshipment. Direct

shipment means that the same airline should carry the cargo from port of

loading to the port of discharge. Transshipment of the goods permits

change of plane on the way to the destination of the cargo. In this case,

the loading and unloading takes place at least twice. The exporter may

find transshipment attractive, as the cost of transportation is generally

lower as compared to direct shipment. Against this cost advantage of

transshipment over direct shipment, the exporter runs the risk of delay in

transportation of goods and possible damage to the goods during


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loading/unloading at the intermediate ports. The decision should be based

mainly on the terms as given in the export contract. Transshipment

should not be preferred unless the buyer permits it. The reason since incase there is a delay in shipment or damage to the goods, the importer

may not accept the goods or even if he accepts, may raise a claim against

the exporter for compensation for the damaged goods. This would spoil

the reputation of the exporter, which would adversely affect the growth of

his business. Various international conventions have laid down basic

rules for the air freighting of the goods. The first international convention

was concluded in 1929 at Warsaw, known as 1929 Warsaw Convention.

This convention relating to international air carriage was amended by the

1955 Hague Protocol and further supplemented by the 1961 Guadalajara

Convention and the Montreal Additional Protocol of 1975.

GOALS

Provide transportation terminals and related facilities for the safe, efficient

and comfortable movement of people and goods.


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Advantages of Air TransportThe transportation of goods by air offers many advantages to the exporter.

Some of them are as follows:

1. The movement of the goods is very fast.

2. The warehousing costs are reduced to the minimum.

3. It is suitable for the transportation of the perishable goods.

4. The risks associated with deterioration and obsolescence of the goods are

reduced.

5 The insurance premium in the case of air transport is lower as compared to

the sea transport in view of the reduced level of risks.

6. The losses due to rough handling, breakage and pilferage are also reduced

to the minimum.

Disadvantages

Price will be too high

Non-direct points

It will carry for only perishable goods

Necessary


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B) RAIL TRANSPORT

Rail carry the greatest amount of freight (see Exhibit), typically because of the

volumes of forest products, grain, chemicals, metals, and bulk materials thatare handled over great distances.

'Truck traffic includes for-hire and private carriers, also mail and express.

.Water traffic includes both domestic and foreign traffic moving through U.S.

rivers, canals, and the Great Lakes, but excludes domestic coastal and

intercostals movements. Source: From Transportation in America, December

1991 Supplement, p. 10. ENO Foundation for Transportation Rail shipments

can accommodate a wide range of types and sizes of goods--dry, liquid,

frozen, controlled atmosphere, and awkwardly shaped-in carload (CL)

shipments of up to 30,000 pounds or in less than carload quantities (LCL). At

an average rate of just a few cents per ton-mile, rail is an inexpensive transport

mode. However, rail shipments have limited accessibility. Goods must be

moved to and from railroad terminus points, unless shippers or receivers have

spur lines into their plants or warehouses. Railroads primarily are used to

transport low-value, high-density, large-volume shipments over long

distances. As an indication of the large scale of a rail shipment, manufactured

goods shipments by rail average 36 tons, whereas forestry, mining, and mining

products average 62 tons per shipment. Sensitive equipment may be damaged

by the impact of rail cars being shunted in train assembly, so other modes are

preferable for such shipments

. Advantages

Low cost, high volume (Products: Heavy industry, minerals,

chemicals, Agriculture ducts Autos, etc.)

Improving flexibility


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Disadvantages :

The railway requires a large investment of capital. The cost ofconstruction, maintenance and overhead expenses are very high as

compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the investments are

specific and immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the

investments may mean wastage of huge resources

.

Another disadvantage of railway transport is its inflexibility. It routes

and timings cannot be adjusted to individual requirements.

Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied to a

particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading involves greater

cost, more wear and tear and wastage of time. The time cost of

terminal operations are a great disadvantage of rail transport

Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances

and small traffic of goods.

It involves much time and labour in booking and taking delivery of

goods through railways as compared to motor transport.

Because of huge capital requirements and traffic, railways cannot be

operated economically in rural areas. Thus, large rural areas have no

railway even today. This causes much inconvenience to the people

living in rural areas.


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Difficulties of rail transportation

Heavy-duty bridge structures needed

Railroad-type grade, ballast, rails & cross-ties

On-street lines often take two traffic lanes

Heavy-duty & costly structures

Massive support columns

Need additional right of way

Street stations Take away two to three traffic lanes

Large & costly structures

Open Passenger Platforms

Stations can block traffic lanes

Long construction time

Major traffic disruptions

Dedicated right right-of-way

Environment damage Noise, visual & drainage impacts

Service not attractive to most people

Only carless people and limited others will ride system


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C) PIPE LINE TRANSPORT

Pipelines are limited to transporting gases, liquids, and slurries (suspensions ofsolid particles in a liquid), operate at a low speed (about 10 miles per hour),

and have limited accessibility. Their third rank in ton-miles carried is mainly

due to the huge volume of liquid petroleum products they carry.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPE LINE TRANSPORT

Not suitable for general commodity transportation, restricted for

movement of liquid petroleum products

Limited accessibility

In addition require another accessible mode of transport

Speed is quite low

Longer transit time

High Fixed cost (i.e. investment in line , terminals and pumping

stations) low Variable cost

Types of Pipelines

The following are the main types of pipelines:1

1. Natural Gas Transmission and Storage. These lines are mostly interstate,

transporting natural gas over 310,000 miles of pipelines from sources to

communities, operated by more than 700 operators. More than 400 natural gas

storage facilities are in the United States.

2. Hazardous Liquid Pipelines and Tanks. These pipelines predominately

consist of interstate pipelines transporting crude oil to refineries and refined

petroleum products (e.g., fuels) to marketing terminals and airports; they carry

diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, anhydrous ammonia, and carbon dioxide to


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product terminals and airports. Nationwide, there are about 160,000 miles of

these pipelines in operation, operated by more than 200 operators

3. Natural Gas Distribution. These are typically local distribution company

pipelines, mostly intrastate, that transport natural gas from transmission

pipelines to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. Included in this

segment of the industry are the local distribution companies, i.e., natural gas

utilities. More than 1,300 operators operated approximately 1.9 million miles

of natural gas distribution pipelines nationwide

4. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Processing and Storage Facilities. More than

104 facilities nationwide either directly receive LNG from tank ship or truck

or receive

D) ROAD/TRUCK TRANSPORT

The exporters from India can send their export shipments by road to

Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Myanmar. Shipment to Bangladesh are sent

b) road to Beanpole (border) where the customs formalities are completed and

cargo is handed over to Bangladesh Customs. Similar land customs stations

have been set up for export of goods to Nepal, Pakistan and Myanmar.

The most popular mode of transportation is truck. Its importance in shipment

of selected industrial products can be seen in the fact that more than 80 percent

of the weight of all machinery, fabricated metal products, and rubber and

plastic products shipped in the United States, and more than 90 percent of the

otal weight of leather and leather products, moves by truck. Truck transport is

the most available and accessible of the modes because motor vehicles are not

restricted by terminal-to-terminal operation but can provide service from the

shipper's loading point to the receiver's dock. Highway transport is used


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mostly for short hauls of high-value manufactured goods, because trucks have

higher operating costs and less capacity than trains.

GOALS

Provide a system of [thoroughfares and streets] roadways for the

safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods

[between and within the various sections of the County].

Provide an integrated State and County transportation system so

that new major routes will complement and encourage proposed land

[uses.] policies Transportation

Advantages :

The capital cost of vehicles is relatively small. This produces several key

characteristics of road transport. Low vehicle costs make it comparativelyeasy for new users to gain entry, which helps ensure that the trucking

industry, for example, is highly competitive. Low capital costs also ensure

that innovations and new technologies can diffuse quickly through the

industry.

Another advantage of road transport is the high relative speed of vehicles,

the major constraint being government-imposed speed limits.

One of its most important attributes is the flexibility of route choice, once

a network of roads is provided. Road transport has the unique opportunity

of providing door to door service for both passengers and frei


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CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD/TRUCK TRANSPORT

Unit of loading as well as transport is a vehicle, which is self,

propelled.

Automobile moves on metal led roads, contraction of which is cheap,

easy, and quick.

Automobile are user friendly in design and can be made to order

Automobile mainly depend primarily on oil for its fuel and earth has

limited storage of same

Automobile is considered as main source of environmental pollution.

Provides Door-2-Door service

DIFFICULTIES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION

Traffic congestion and parking difficulties. Congestion is one of the

most prevalent transport problems in large urban agglomerations. It is

particularly linked with motorization and the diffusion of the

automobile, which has increased the demand for transport

infrastructures. However, the supply of infrastructures has often not

been able to keep up with the growth of mobilitys.

Public transport inadequacy. Many public transit systems, or parts of

them, are either over or under used. During peak hours, crowdedness

creates discomfort for users as the system copes with a temporary

surge in demand. Low rider ship makes many services financially

unsustainable, particularly in suburban areas. .


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Difficulties for pedestrians. These difficulties are either the outcome

of intense traffic, where the mobility of pedestrians and vehicles is

impaired, but also because of a blatant lack of consideration forpedestrians in the physical design of facilities.

Loss of public space. The majority of roads are publicly owned and

free of access. Increased traffic has adverse impacts on public activities

which once crowded the streets such as markets, agoras, parades and

processions, games, and community interactions. .

Environmental impacts and energy consumption. Pollution,

including noise, generated by circulation has become a serious

impediment to the quality of life and even the health of urban

populations. Further, energy consumption by urban transportation has

dramatically increased and so the dependency on petroleum.

Accidents and safety. Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a

growing number of accidents and fatalities, especially in developing

countries. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays.

As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the streets.

Land consumption. The territorial imprint of transportation is

significant, particularly for the automobile. Between 30 and 60% of a

metropolitan area may be devoted to transportation, an outcome of the

over-reliance on some forms of urban transportation. Yet, this land

consumption also underlines the strategic importance of transportation

in the economic and social welfare of cities.

Freight distribution. Globalization and the materialization of the

economy have resulted in growing quantities of freight moving within

cities. As freight traffic commonly shares infrastructures with the

circulation of passengers, the mobility of freight in urban areas has

become increasingly problematic.City logistics strategies can be

established to mitigate the variety of challenges faced by urban freight

distribution.
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/table_keyurbanfreightissues.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/table_keyurbanfreightissues.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/citylogistics.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/citylogistics.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/table_keyurbanfreightissues.html


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D) SEA TRANSPORT

The prime advantage of water transport is its capability to move very large

shipments. Water offers lowest-cost transport, but at a slow speed and

restricted access. Deep-water shipments are primarily intercontinental,

whereas domestic shipments move along the coasts and through the Great

Lakes, canals, and navigable rivers such as the Mississippi, Ohio, and

Missouri rivers and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Water carriers primarily move

low-value, high-density cargoes such as cement, chemicals, grain, mined

items, and basic bulk commodities. Sea transport involves carriage of goods

by ship to the port of discharge. The contract of carriage of goods by sea refers

to the contract between the shipper and the shipping line (referred to as the

carrier) for transportation of goods against payment of remuneration (i.e.

freight) to the carrier. The shipper may be the seller (exporter) of goods or

freight forwarder or any other person sending shipment on behalf of the

exporter. One who sends the shipment is called the consignor / shipper and the

person to whom the goods are shipped is called the consignee. The consignee

may be the buyer, a clearing agent, or any other person acting for the importer.

It may so happen that the buyer may be importing goods on behalf of a

customer in his country and in such a case may request the exporter to consignthe goods to the customer directly. In this case, the consignee would be

different from the buyer who placed the export order. The carrier

may be the owner of the ship or a chartered. The latter is an agent who books

the cargo on behalf of the shipping line. The legal carrier of the goods is the

party contracting with the shipper to carry the goods; the carrier may be the

actual carrier or may arrange for shipment by another carrier. In the latter case,

he is usually responsible for the acts and omission of the other carrier. The


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shipper may pay the amount of freight or the consignee of the goods may pay

it. With the development of combined or multi-modal transport systems, many

of the freight forwarders now contract as carriers even though they may not bepersonally involved in sea transport.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA TRANSPORT

Comparatively slow, depends on Tide

Inflexible

Reduces Door-2-Door capability

Highly fuel-efficient system-Consumption of HSD is only 5.6 litersfor 100Kms.

Depends on availability of infrastructure, incase of Canals

FORMS OF SHIPPING

The forms of shipping represent the organization of shipping services. There

are three basic forms of shipping as explained below:

1. Liner Shipping

2. Tramp shipping

3. Conference Shipping

.Liner Shipping

In case of Liner Shipping, a regular shipping line carries the merchandise.

These shipping lines provide the shipping service by calling regularly at

specified ports irrespective of quantity of cargo available. Such ships usually

carry general cargo i.e. an accumulation of small loads belonging to many

shippers. Each shipper pays the freight in accordance with the tariff based on

volume, weight or the value of the cargo. The Liner Shipping companies

provide commitment of regular service on specified sea routes at specified

freight rates. Thus, such liner services are very useful for small exporters.


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. Tramp Shipping

Tramps are those ships, which are usually used for transportation of

homogenous cargo, which is moved in bulk quantities. The examples of such

cargoes are grain, coal, are, phosphates, timber, sugar, wheat etc. Such ships

operate on single (specific voyage) or consecutive voyages (i.e. one voyage

after another is taken up to transport the cargo). Such ships work on

inducement~ basis and ply indiscriminately between the ports of the world

depending upon the laws of demand and supply in the market. The rates in the

tramp market are determined purely by the free inter play of the forces of

demand and supply. The shipment of goods through tramps is known as tramp

shipping. The shipping lines operating as tramps can operate on any route for

which the freight cargo is available. Thus, such shipping lines are not

committed to any discipline in terms of service schedule and the freight rates.

The market for shipping services for the carriage of bulk commodities is also

referred to as the charter market and the shipping service is known as

chartering.

. Conference Shipping

A conference is an association of two or more liner shipping companies

operating in a well-defined trade, plying on a fixed route or routes within

certain geographical limits. The groups of liners in the conference operate

based on common freight rates and tariffs as well as conditions of carriage.

The shipping services provided by a conference are known as Conference


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Shipping. This form of shipping is for a particular trade only and represents

specialization of the shipping companies to handle a particular type of cargo.

TYPES OF SHIPS

There are primarily four types of ships as explained below:

Single deck vessels

The twin deck vessels

Shelter deck vessels

Miscellaneous category ships

COST STRUCTURE VARIES BY MODE

TRANSPORT COST CHARACTERISTICS FOR EACH MODE

Rail

High Fixed cost, Low variable cost

High Volume result in lower per unit(variable)cost

Road/Truck

Lower fixed cost(dont need to maintain roads)

High unit cost than rail due to lower capacity per truck

Terminal expenses and line haul expenses

Sea Transport

High terminal (port) costs and high equipment costs(both fixed)

Very low unit costs

Air Transport

Substantial fixed cost

Variable cost depend highly on distance traveled


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Pipeline transport

Highest proportion of fixed cost of any mode due to pipeline

ownership andMaintenance and extremely low variable cost.

Logistics Industry-current status in India

India is being touted as the land of opportunity for logistics service providers

all over the world.

Indians logistics industry is fast coming into its own, poised to touch $125

billion in 2010.From $90 billion at present


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Environment Scan

India

Logistics in India

Despite its favorable location between Asia and Europe and a population of

more than 1 billion people, India has hardly been able to position itself on the

economic market. It has only been in recent years that the country has been

able to increasingly flex its economic muscle. But, India has much catching-up

to do in logistics terms before it can reach the same level as the worlds

leading industrial nations.


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Geographic challenges in India

for India is bordered on the north by the Himalaya Mountains. For this reason,creating road and rail connections from this direction is a major undertaking.

In the south, though, the Indian peninsula is well suited for sea harbors. India

is indeed the country with the worlds second-largest population. But the

population is unequally distributed, creating major challenge logistics service

providers.

Core countries for trade

The most important export countries for Indian products are the United States,

the United Arab Emirates, China, Singapore and Great Britain. The biggest

import trading partners are China, the United States, Switzerland, the United

Arab Emirates and Belgium .

Indian infrastructure

A vital step in Indias further development is expanding the road and rail

networks, and modernizing harbors and airports. In the process of

globalization , which is expanding Indias position in world trade, transport

volume has climbed rapidly in recent years. The expansion of the logistics

infrastructure has been unable to keep up with this pace. For this reason,

transport capacities have already reached their limits. The transshipping times

for ships in Indian harbors are three to four times longer than the average time

in the West. Logistics costs are also very high in international comparison


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because of the poor infrastructure. For this reason, India will have difficulties

positioning itself as a global logistics hub in years ahead.

Road transport is especially important for Indias transport system. After all,Transport hubs in India

India has one of the worlds largest road networks, with a total length of 3.3

million kilometers. But much of this network does not meet Western

standards. For instance, a truck takes five to six days to cover the 2,061-

kilometer-long route between Bangalore and Delhi. The government is indeed

trying to introduce counter-measures and shift freight transports from the

roads to the rails. But, first, the rail infrastructure must be expanded and the

connections to

harbors and airports improved. Many sub-areas of the 63,000-kilometer-long

rail network still use the technology of 1947, the year that British colonialists

left. Only about onequarter of the routes are electrified. One other challenge is

the four gauge

widths used in the rail network .

Logistics requirements and service areas

Road transports are characterized by small forwarders who frequently use

antiquated technology. In addition, the splintered political structure requires an

excellent understanding of local conditions .

As national highways in India are built and road transports are increasingly

liberalized, the productivity of road shipping will rise in years ahead. The

network business with LTL in India has excellent potential. The Indian road

transport market is forecast to rise to $40 billion by 2012 - it is currently $28

billion.


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The CEP market on the subcontinent is growing rapidly. In the last five years,

revenue has experienced double-digit growth, climbing to about $650 million.

Its share of the entire logistics market totals only about 3 percent. Internationalservice providers are working to set up or acquire domestic networks in India

.

Logistics service providers have been focusing more extensively on traditional

storage functions and distribution. But the number of high-bay warehouses

that meet European standards is extremely small. Typical added-value services

that meet Western standards also are hardly offered. For this reason, the

contract logistics market in India has a share of only about 6 percent of the

entire logistics market .

Logistics centers in India

In terms of logistics, India remains a developing country in many areas. For

instance, it has hardly any multimodal logistics centers. Despite its good

geographic position, India has also been unable to evolve into a hub for

international freight transports, like Dubai.

In regional terms, India lags behind logistics centers like Singapore, Thailand

and Hong Kong. Currently, India is moving forward with a plan to turn the

countrys 12 main harbors into integrated freight hubs. Many of these harbors

do not have the rail and road connections needed to handle the transport


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volume of ships. Containers frequently sit for weeks in the harbor before they

can be transported .

Important logistics service providers

The largest Indian logistics service providers are Shipping Corporation of

India, Container Corporation of India, Great Eastern Shipping, Reliance

Ports / Terminals, Essar Shipping, Transport Corporation of India, Reliance

Logistics,

Blue Dart Express, Varun Shipping Company and BLR India. International

service providers are Schenker, DHL, Arvato, Khne & Nagel and TNT .

Indian Road Network

India has the second highest largest road network-3.3 million km.

US has the largest road network with 6.4 million km & China-1.8

Million km .National highway 2% of total road length. .But carry

40% of goods traffic of India.

Indian Rail Logistics

The Indian Railways boasts of being the worlds 2nd largest rail

network spread over 81,511 km and covering 6896 stations

The freight segment accounts for roughly two thirds of railways

revenues.

Indias Sea Logistics


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India now has the largest merchant shipping fleet among the

developing countries.

.India ranks 17thin the world in shipping tonnage

Indian share of maritime transport services is 1% of world market

The container traffic has registered an impressive growth of 15 per

cent over the last five years.

.

Indian Ports


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Indias Aviation Logistics Sector

Aviation holds a small share of India s freight market

Air Freight is very expensive in India in comparison to road and

rail..

India accounts for meager 3% of the global air cargo market

As per an expert estimate, Indian air cargo industry is going to be

double by the year 2010.

Cargo-garments, machinery, components, pharmaceuticals, dyes,

chemicals and perishables [fruit, vegetables, flowers, fish and meat].

Major International cargo airports-Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore,

Trichy, Hyderabad, Delhi, Coimbatore, Cochin.

.Major domestic cargo airports Ahmedabad, Goa, Lucknow,

Visakhapatnam,Madurai in addition to the above.


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OBJECTIVES

To understanding logistic services and system toward the

transportation of the goods.

To know the modes of transportation procedure and benefits of

transportation

To know the current status of Indian logistics services

To know complete details of transportation.

To understand which transportation is better for demotic market

Needs for the study

The study helps me to understand best transportation in logistic

service.

It makes me to know the transportation and logistics service.

It helps to know the difficulties faced by while transporting the goods

It helps to know which service is good road rail.


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It help me to understand which mode of service is good in logistic in a

region.

Methodology

The methodology adopted for the present study is the outline a under.

The research as started with using for this study is descriptive research

forces on providing to accurate description of the variables in the

problem model. It better describes marketing problems, situation ormarkets, such as the current status studies for modes of transportation

and their difficulties

Study has taken customers opinion about the transportation and their

difficulties

Primary data

These are the data have been collected for the first time through

survey, observation; the researchers records experimentation for the

first time to their knowledge .As the data collection methods

1. Surveys

2. Observation

Questionnaire is measurement technique for the required information. Which

is having set of questions is used to seek details of the research objectives.

The researcher has been surveyed using questionnaire for data

collection modes of transportation and their difficulties how is the service


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facilities , competitors & other requirements. Questionnaire includes close

ended questions and open ended question.

Secondary data

Secondary data arethose which have already been collected by someone else

& which have been used and published or kept for public .in this research,

primary data has strength and essential which has been adopted and also

secondary data.

Sources

1. Board

2. Magazines

3. Websites

4. Pamphlet

5. Advertisement

A] SIZE OF THE SAMPLE

Sample size of Hubli and logistics has been taken into consideration .sample

size is taken on the bases of study. Sampling selected because it is one of the

largest city in the Karnataka. Where we find more information in logistic

services and railway service in twin city

AREA SAMPLE SIZE

HUBLI CITY 15

DHARWAD O5

TOTAL 2o


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Total size of sample of 20 is obtained in the survey.

b] SAMPLING DESINE [TOOLS]

To know the response I have used the questionnaire method in sample survey.

If one wishes to find what people think or know, the logical procedure is to

ask them. This has leads study to use the questionnaire technique for

collecting data more than any other method.

In this method questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and they were

asked to answer the questions in the questionnaire. The questionnaires were

structured non-disguised questionnaire because the questions, which the

questionnaire contained, were arranged in a specific order besides every

question asked was logical for the study; no question can be termed as

irrelevant.

The questionnaire, were non-disguised because of the questionnaire were

constructed so that the objective is clear to the respondent. The respondents

were aware of the objective. They knew why they asked to fill the

questionnaire.


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C] SAMPLE TECHNIQE

The methodology adopted for the present study is the outline as under.

The research as started with using for this study is

descriptive research forces on providing to accurate description of the

variables in the problem model. It better describes marketing problems,

situation or markets, such as the transportation studies for which

service is better in logistic

Study has taken to customers opinion about the modes of

transportation and their difficulties and which transportation is better

for giving the service


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Data collection

Primary data

These are the data have been collected for the first time through

study, observation; the researchers records experimentation for the

first time to their knowledge .As the data collection methods.

Surveys

Observation

Questionnaire is measurement technique for the required

information. Which is having set of questions is used to seek

details of the research objectives.

The researcher has been surveyed using questionnaire for data

collection for transportation we can come to know the flexibility ,

competitors & other requirements. Questionnaire includes close

ended questions and open ended question.

Secondary data

Secondary data are those which have already been collected by

someone else & which have been used and published or kept for

public .in this research, primary data has strength and essential

which has been adopted and also secondary data.

Sources

1. Magazines

2. Websites

3. Pamphlet


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GEOGROPHICALE STUDY

The study was conducted in a transportation area of hubli and

railway station and logistic services it is survey on modes of

transportation and their difficulties an opinion by organization

associates whomsoever having knowledge about modes of

transportation they have given all information about modes of

transportation and geographical area of study in hubli itself

Data analysis

Data analysis by using the software excel

Data analysis by various group and methods

1) Did you aware about transportation

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

YES NO

Did you aware about transportation

Series1


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2) Whichtransportation is better for demotic market?

3) Is the logistic is needed for public service

Which transportation is better for

domestic market

Series1,Road way,

40, 44%

Series1,

Railway, 20,

22%

Series1,

Airway, 15,

17%

Series1,

Waterway,

10, 11%

Series1,

Pipelineway

, 5, 6%

Road way

Railway

Airway

Waterway

Pipelineway

Is the logistic needed for public service

YES, 70,

70%

NO, 30,

30%

YES

NO


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4) Is there any competition between road transport & rail transport

LIMITATION

Is ther any competetor between road

&rail transportaton

Road, 65,

59%

Rail, 45,

41% Road

Rail


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The survey was conducted transportation area of hubli

Limited expression and interaction

Lack of contextual understanding

The survey need to be complete in given period only

CHAPTER-2


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Overview of the study

The main thing in the study report is the proper identification of the city and

then setting of the study objectives. As we have clearly maintained in the

objectives that we need to find out the transportation and logistic service of in

hubli to find out these things we need to go for the collection of the data that

determine required results about the logistics .So with the help of data

elements we were able find out the reasons for the transportation

After finding out the data needs the next task is to go for

identifying the data sources .these are the sources, which are capable of

providing us with the relevant data depending customer satisfaction.

In the research decision was made on the data collection methods. for the

primary data we went for questionnaires ,which basically helped us to find out

the which transportation is better the answer got by research . Thus through

this research we could verify the insights & to make decision for selecting

course of action.

Researcher has got complete knowledge about modes of transportation

Researcher came to know there are many difficulties will come

After researching we came to know which transportation is leading


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.

CONCLUSIONS

This project is an effort to throw some light on current situation of transpiration and logistics

industry in India .as we know logistics industry is growing industry in India it has immense

scope of development provided it gets right kind of infrastructure and strategies, .

Indian infrastructure is nothing much to write about because of its pathetic road and poor

connectivity though efforts have been made by government to improve its condition. Several

infrastructure projects are under way, which is definitely going to boost this industry. In initial

part of this project I have tried to explain modes transportation and logistics and I have talked

about various sectors of logistics industry like road, air, railway, and sea, all these four sectors

have to be equally developed to boost the growth. Then we will study about railway

transportation service..

48


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CHAPTER-4

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

They are should provide food item to the rural resident.

They should make aware of the customers which are better

There should not be any compulsion that customer wanted to get enjoy while drunk this

is the main drawback of all food product.

They should make advantage for aware of the people

If heat processing is used the vitamins are lost so maintain that quality

Should not use Preservatives always

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Business India research work

2. logistics management magazine

3. government supply chain and logistics: direction for future

4. world bank report on logistics sector

5. WWW.LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT.COM

49
http://www.logistics/http://www.logistics/


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Institute of management studies Hubli

Questionnaires A study on modes of transportation and their difficulties

Name

Gender..

Age..

Qualification.Cell No

1) Did you aware about transportation?

Yes No

2) Which transportation is better for demotic market?

Road way

Railway

Air way

Water way

Pipeline

3) Which transportation do you like?

Road way

Railway

Air way

Water way

50


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Pipeline

4) For what purpose do you like it?

Good service Time management Flexible

5) Is the logistic is needed for public service?

Yes No

6) Is there any competition between road transport & rail transport?

Yes No

8) Transportation service is convenient for you?

Yes No

9) Do you have any opinion regarding the transportation?

..

Modes of Transportation and Their Difficulties

Documents