Modern World History Assign

Modern World HistoryAssign. #6-2

Middle East in the 20th Century(except Israel which was on Assign. #6-

1)Dark Green: Middle East

Middle Green: Other Islamic nations

Light Green:Central Asiannations

Chapter 14, Section 4 Nationalism in Southwest Asia

flags of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia

Nationalism in Southwest Asia (#1)• Breakup of the Ottoman

Empire and growing Western political and economic interest spurred the rise of nationalism

• After WWI, the Ottoman Empire kept only the old Turkish homelands

• In 1919 Greek soldiers invaded Turkey and nearly conquered it

Turkey Becomes a Republic (#2)• In 1922 Mustafa Kemal, a nationalist leader,

successfully fought back the Greeks and their British backers, and after winning a peace, overthrew the last Ottoman sultan

• 1923 Kemal became president of the new Republic of Turkey and ushered in reforms– separated laws of Islam from the laws of

the nation– abolished religious courts and created a

new legal system– granted women the right to vote– launched government funded programs

to industrialize Turkey• Kemal is called the “Father of the Turks”

Persia Becomes Iran (#3)• Before WWI, Russia and

Great Britain held spheres of influence in Persia

• After WWI, when Russia was still reeling from the Bolshevik Revolution, the British tried to take over all of Persia

• A nationalist revolt was triggered, the British were kicked out of Persia, and the ruling shah was overthrown

IRAN

Persia Becomes Iran (#4)• Reza Shah Pahlavi was the leader

who seized power in 1921 and overthrew the shah He set out to modernize the country

• established public schools• built roads and railroads• promoted industrial growth• extended women’s rights

• He kept all power in his own hands• He changed the name of the

country from Persia to Iran

Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions (#5)• In 1902, Abd al-Azis Ibn Saud began

a successful campaign to unify Arabia

• In 1932 the new kingdom was called Saudi Arabia

• Ibn Saud carried on Arab and Islamic traditions

• Ibn Saud brought modern technology to the country, but limited to what was religiously acceptable

• No democracy was practiced, and rights for women were restricted

Oil Drives Development (#6)

• Rising demand for petroleum products brought new oil explorations to Southwest Asia

• European and American companies discovered oil in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait

• Geologists discovered nearly two-thirds of the world’s oil supply was in the Persian Gulf region.

• Western nations then began to try to dominate this region

Chapter 17, Section 4“Confrontations in the Middle East”

Iran Under the Shah’s Rule (#7)

• Under the rule of the last shah (king) in Iran from 1919-1979 the U.S. enjoyed good relations with Iran

• During this time huge supplies of oil were sold to the U.S., and foreign companies were welcomed

• Because the Shah ruled like a dictator he was not popular with his people

• Most Iranians lived in extreme poverty

The Shah of Iran

Iranian Revolution (#8)• Islamic extremists led by the religious

leader Ayatollah Khomeini • Khomeini was in exile, but tape-recorded

messages that spurred Iranians to riot against the Shah in every major city

• The Shah fled Iran in 1979• Khomeini returned to Iran to set up a

republic based on strict Shia Islamic rules was set up

• Iran under Khomeini exported a brand of militant Islam that encouraged Muslims in other nations to overthrow their secular leaders

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iran Hostage Crisis• The shah fled his country, and in poor

health was admitted into the U.S. for medical treatment in 1979

• In anger at the U.S. for this, Iran took over the U.S. embassy in Iran and held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days

• An attempt to rescue the hostages ended in disaster as helicopters of soldiers crashed in due to a desert sand storm

• President Jimmy Carter negotiated to get the hostages released but was unsuccessful

• They were not released until the next president, Ronald Reagan, was elected (as Carter was the one who allowed the Shah into the U.S.)

Iran-Iraq War • Iran (with a large Shia Muslim population) and Iraq (with its

Sunni Muslim govt.) fought a bloody war from 1980-1988• Iran had a strict Islamic government while Iraq had a secular

government (separation of church and state)• The U.S. (still upset about the hostage crisis) gave military

and economic support to Iraq and its leader Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein’s Rule in Iraq

• Saddam Hussein was dictator of Iraq

• He had political opponents executed

• He used chemical weapons against Iraqi citizens who were part of the minority group called Kurds

• He invaded the small neighboring nation of Kuwait in 1991 (led to Desert Storm)

Saddam Hussein

Early US Relations with Afghanistan• Since the 1950s the US

provided economic aid to Afghanistan’s monarchy for building roads, bridges, power stations, etc.

• The US enjoyed friendly relations with the King of Afghanistan

• A civil war overthrew the king and relations between the two nations deteriorated

• The murder of the US Ambassador to Afghanistan in 1979 ended official relations

King Zahir Shah and his wife with US President John F. Kennedy and his wife

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (#9)• A Muslim revolt threatened to

topple the communist government of Afghanistan

• The Soviet Union invaded to support the communist govt. in 1979

• Mujahedeen – Muslim rebels who opposed the communist government of Afghanistan and fought Soviet forces there (some of which would eventually be part of the Taliban)

(#11)

Opposition to the Soviet Invasion• The UN signed a resolution

against the invasion but could not vote to intervene

• The US and 65 other nations boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest

• The Soviet Union and other communist nations boycotted the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles in return

Soviet Domination

• The mujahideen were undersupplied and outgunned by the Soviets with their tanks and attack helicopters

• The Soviets controlled the cities while the mujahideen rebels controlled the mountainous areas and waged guerrilla warfare

US Aid to the Mujahideen• Helping the mujahideen

fight communists was seen as an important part of fighting the Cold War

• Texas Congressman Charlie Wilson helped push for significant increases in aid and weapons to the rebels including surface to air missiles to shoot down Soviet helicopters

Tom Hanks – star of movie“Charlie Wilson’s War”

Texas Rep.CharlieWilson

Soviet Withdrawal (#9)

• With the new weapons used by the mujahideen the Soviet Union suffered major losses in lives, tanks, and helicopters

• The Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 after 10 years there

Effects of Soviet Occupation

• Approximately 1 million died

• 5 million became refugees in neighbor nations

• 1.2 million disabled• 3 million wounded• 10-15 million land

mines remained

US Withdraws Aid & Civil War Ensues• With the end of the

communist threat in Afghanistan the US pulls its aid

• No new govt. was set up and a civil war was waged for another 3 years against the communist govt. the Soviet Union had supported

• Greater US involvement then may have stabilized the nation

Bombed out part of Kabul

Chapter 18, Section 5Central Asia Struggles

Central Asian Republics (#10)

• The “Stans” – Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Krygyzstan, and Kazakstan all gained their independence from the USSR when it broke up in 1991

• Since then these nations have faced many problems

• Economic struggles – mostly they rely on the single cash crop of cotton which makes their economies tied to world market prices and results in less food being produced, and are just starting to tap their oil reserves

• Each country is home to many ethnic groups and religions, and they struggle to keep these groups unified politically

Taliban Takes Over in Afghanistan (#11)

• The govt. supported by the Soviet Union finally fell in 1992

• The civil war still raged on until the Taliban took control of the capitol city of Kabul in 1996

• Taliban rule was based on the strictest interpretation of Islamic law

• Women were denied nearly all rights and upper class and educated elites were attacked

• Western movies, television, and music was forbidden

• Violations of the strict laws would result in beatings, arrests, and executions

Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden (#11)• Al Qaeda is the militant

Islamic group that called for a global jihad (religious war) against the west and particularly the US

• Osama bin Laden (a former mujahedeen fighter) became its leader

• Training camps were set up in Afghanistan under the protection of the Taliban

A young Osama bin Laden in a mujahideen camp

9/11 Terrorist Attacks

• The attack was planned by Al Qaeda terrorists

• The four planes highjacked in the plot ultimately destroyed the twin World Trade Center towers and damaged the Pentagon (the fourth plane never reached its target in our capitol)

US Response to 9/11• President Bush announced

to the world that the terrorists who were responsible would not go unpunished

• He also said that any nation that harbored terrorists would be targeted

• Al Qaeda bases and the Taliban govt. of Afghanistan thus would become our first targets

The War on Terror• the Taliban govt. of

Afghanistan refused to turn over Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda leaders

• The US then invaded Afghanistan in October of 2001

• Within a month the Taliban was overthrown and resistance was only in the mountainous areas

War on Terror Expands• Osama bin Laden was not caught

and the Taliban and Al Qaeda rebels were not completely defeated

• However, the situation in Afghanistan seemed to be under control and democratic elections for a new govt. had taken place there

• Meanwhile the US began the war in Iraq in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein from power

• The War in Iraq took soldiers, money, and supplies from the War in Afghanistan

Saddam Hussein

Taliban Regroups• The Taliban and Al Qaeda

fighters used guerrilla warfare tactics against the US and its allies

• These fighters found safety in the mountains and across the border in Pakistan

• Over time the number of Al Qaeda fighters has dwindled while the Taliban strength has grown

Pakistan and the War• After the 9/11 attacks Pakistan’s

govt. had to show its support for the US or risk attack itself

• The decision to support the US was an unpopular stance with many in this Muslim nation

• The Taliban drew much of its support from across the border in Pakistan after 9/11 and found safety there

• The concern still exists today that if the extremist Muslim factions take over they will have access to Pakistan’s nuclear weapons

General Pervez Musharraf – President of Pakistan

Renewed US Efforts

• As the war in Iraq wound down President Obama announced a troop surge in Afghanistan to take place in the beginning of 2010

• He also announced July 2011 would be the beginning of the US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan

The War in Afghanistan may ultimately define Obama’s presidency

Afghanistan Govt.• In 2010 Afghan President

Hamid Karzai told world leaders that he intended to reach out to the top echelons of the Taliban with a peace initiative

• Recent polls of Afghans show:– strong opposition to the

Taliban – diminished support of the

American military presence– opposition to the building

of US military bases in Afghanistan (US is currently building two of them)

Afghan President Hamid Karzai

Death of Osama bin Laden• Osama bin Laden, is killed in a firefight

with elite U.S. forces in May, 2011• Long believed to be hiding in caves,

bin Laden was tracked down in a costly, custom-built hideout not far from a Pakistani military academy in a city a short distance from the Pakistan capitol city

• "Justice has been done," President Barack Obama said in a dramatic announcement at the White House

• The war in Afghanistan and the war against terrorism continues on