Modern Systems Analysis and Design INTERNATIONAL EDITION SIXTH EDITION Jeffrey A. Hoffer University of Dayton Joey F. George Florida State University Joseph S. Valacich Washington State University PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
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Modern SystemsAnalysis and Design
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
SIXTH EDITION
Jeffrey A. Hoffer
University of Dayton
Joey F. GeorgeFlorida State University
Joseph S. Valacich
Washington State University
PEARSON
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Preface 21
FOUNDATIONS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 30
1 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT 31
Learning Objectives 31
Introduction 31
A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 34
Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 35
The Heart of the Systems Development Process 40
The Traditional Waterfall SDLC 42
Different Approaches to Improving Development 43
CASE Tools 43
Rapid Application Development 45
Service-Oriented Architecture 46
Agile Methodologies 4V
eXtreme Programming 50
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 50
Our Approach to Systems Development 52
Summary 53
Key Terms 53
Review Questions 54
Problems and Exercises 54
Field Exercises 55
References 55
2 THE SOURCES OF SOFTWARE 57
Learning Objectives 57
Introduction 57
Systems Acquisition 58
Outsourcing 58
Sources of Software 60
Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 66
Validating Purchased Software Information 67
Reuse 68
Summary 71
Key Terms 71
7
8 CONTENTS
Review Questions 71
Problems and Exercises 71
Field Exercises 72
References 72
3 MANAGING THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROJECT 73
Learning Objectives 73
Introduction 73
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\wmnvm Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 74
Managing the Information Systems Project 75
Initiating a Project 79
Planning the Project 81
Executing the Project 89
Closing Down the Project 91
Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 92
Representing Project Plans 94
Calculating Expected Time Duration Using PERT 95
Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture 95
Using Project Management Software 99
Establishing a Project Starting Date 100
Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 100
Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports 101
Summary 102
Key Terms 102
Review Questions 103
Problems and Exercises 104
Field Exercises 105
References 106
APPENDIX OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: PROJECT MANAGEMENT 107
Learning Objectives 107
Unique Characteristics of an OOSAD Project 107
Define the System as a Set of Components 107
Complete Hard Problems First 109
Using Iterations to Manage the Project 110
Don't Plan Too Much Up Front 110
How Many and How Long Are Iterations? Ill
Prqject Activity Focus Changes Over the Life of a Proj ect 111
Summary 113
Review Questions 113
Problems and Exercises 113
Hi BEC CASE: COMPANY BACKGROUND 114
Case Introduction 114
The Company 114
Company History 115
>mpany Organization 115
velopment of Information Systems 116
>rmation Systems at BEC Today 117
CONTENTS 9
ln-Store Systems 118
Corporate Systems 118
Status of Systems 119
Case Summary 119
Case Questions 120
PLANNING
AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 122
4 IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 123
Learning Objectives 123
Introduction 123
Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 124
The Process ofIdentifying and Selecting IS Development Projects 125
Deliverables and Outcomes 129
Corporate and Information Systems Planning 130
Corporate Strategic Planning 131
Information Systems Planning 133
IPINEromiTURE Electronic Commerce Applications: Identifying and Selecting SystemsDevelopment Projects 140
Internet Basics 140
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 141
Summary 142
Key Terms 142
Review Questions 143
Problems and Exercises 143
Field Exercises 144
References 144
BEC CASE: IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 146
Case Introduction 146
The Idea for a New System 147
Formalizing a Project Proposal 147
Case Summary 150
Case Questions 150
5 INITIATING AND PLANNING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 151
Learning Objectives 151
Introduction 151
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 152
The Process of Initiating and Planning IS Development Projects 153
Deliverables and Outcomes 154
Assessing Project Feasibility 155
Assessing Economic Feasibility 155
Assessing Technical Feasibility 163
Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 166
Building and Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 168
Building the Baseline Project Plan 168
Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 173
10 CONTENTS
|nito«b Electronic Commerce Applications: Initiating and Planning Systems DevelopmentProjects 177
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore
Summary 180
Key Terms 180
Review Questions 181
Problems and Exercises 181
Field Exercises 182
References 182
BEC CASE: INITIATING AND PLANNING THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 184
Case Introduction 184
Initiating and Planning the Project 184
Developing the Baseline Project Plan 185
Case Summary 187
Case Questions 187
BIB ANALYSIS
AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 190
6 DETERMINING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 191
Learning Objectives 191
Introduction 191
Performing Requirements Determination 192
The Process of Determining Requirements 192
Deliverables and Outcomes 193
Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 194
Interviewing and Listening 194
Interviewing Groups 198
Directiy Observing Users 199
Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 201
Contemporary Methods for Determining System Requirements 205
Joint Application Design 206
Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination 209
Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 211
Identifying Processes to Reengineer 212
Disruptive Technologies 212
Requirements Management Tools 213
Requirements Determination Using Agile Methodologies 214
Continual User Involvement 214
Agile Usage-Centered Design 215
The Planning Game from eXtreme Programming 216
gHH FINE
BSnItuhe Electronic Commerce Applications: Determining System Requirements 218
Determining System Requirements for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 218
Summary 221
Key Terms 221
Review Questions 222
CONTENTS 11
Problems and Exercises 222
Field Exercises 223
References 224
•I BEC CASE: DETERMINING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEB-BASED CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 225
Case Introduction 225
Getting Started on Requirements Determination 225
Conducting Requirements Determination 225
Case Summary 226
Case Questions 227
ANALYZING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 228
Learning Objectives 228
Introduction 228
Process Modeling 229
Modeling a System's Process for Structured Analysis 229
Deliverables and Outcomes 230
Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics 230
Definitions and Symbols 231
Developing DFDs: An Example 233
Data Flow Diagramming Rules 235
Decomposition of DFDs 236
Balancing DFDs 239
An Example DFD 241
Using Data Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 244
Guideline for Drawings DFDs 244
Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 246
Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 247
Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 249
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Data Flow Diagrams 252
Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 253
Summary 254
Key Terms 255
Review Questions 256
Problems and Exercises 256
Field Exercises 262
References 262
APPENDIX 7A: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: USE CASES 263
Learning Objectives 263
Introduction 263
Use Cases 263
What Is a Use Case? 263
Use Case Diagrams 264
Definitions and Symbols 265
Written Use Cases 268
Level 268
The Rest of the Template 269
CONTENTS
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Use Cases 272
Writing Use Cases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 272
Summary 274
Key Terms 275
Review Questions 275
Problems and Exercises 275
Field Exercise 276
References 276
APPENDIX 7B: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS 277
Learning Objectives 277
Introduction 277
When to Use an Activity Diagram 277
Key term 279
Problems and Exercises 279
Reference 279
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS 280
Learning Objectives 280
Introduction 280
Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams 281
Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram 282
A Sequence Diagram for Hoosier Burger 286
Summary 287
Key Terms 287
Review Questions 288
Problems and Exercises 288
Field Exercise 288
References 289
BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEB-BASEDCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 290
Case Introduction 290
Structuring the High-Level Process Findings from Requirements Determination 290
Case Summary 292
Case Questions 293
8 ANALYZING SYSTEM DATA REQUIREMENTS 294
Learning Objectives 294
Introduction 294
Conceptual Data Modeling 295
The Conceptual Data Modeling Process 296
Deliverables and Outcomes 297
Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 298
APPENDIX 7C
CONTENTS 13
Introduction to E-R Modeling 300
Entities 301
Attributes 303
Candidate Keys and Identifiers 304
Other Attribute Types 305
Relationships 306
Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 307
Degree of a Relationship 307
Cardinalities in Relationships 309
Naming and Defining Relationships 311
Associative Entities 312
Summary of Conceptual Data Modeling with E-R Diagrams 313
Representing Supertypes and Subtypes 314
Business Rules 316
Domains 317
Triggering Operations 317
Role of Packaged Conceptual Data Models—Database Patterns 318
Universal Data Models 319
Industry-Specific Data Models 319
Benefits of Database Patterns and Packaged Data Models 319I PINE
InjmStmE Electronic Commerce Application: Conceptual Data Modeling 320
Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 320
Summary 324
Key Terms 324
Review Questions 325
Problems and Exercises 326
Field Exercises 328
References 328
APPENDIX: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: OBJECT MODELING-CLASS
DIAGRAMS 329
Learning Objectives 329
Introduction 329
Representing Objects and Classes 329
Types ofOperations 331
Representing Associations 331
Representing Associative Classes 333
Representing Stereotypes for Attributes 334
Representing Generalization 335
Representing Aggregation 337
»BaB^ An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 338
Summary 342
Key Terms 342
Review Questions 343
Problems and Exercises 343
References 344
CONTENTS
BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING
FOR THE WEB-BASED CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 345
Case Introduction 345
Structuring the High-Level Data Modeling Findings from Requirements Determination 345
Case Summary 346
Case Questions 346
PART FOUR DESIGN
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 350
9 DATABASE DESIGN 351
Learning Objectives 351
Introduction 351
Database Design 352
The Process ofDatabase Design 353
Deliverables and Outcomes 354
Relational Database Model 357
Well-Structured Relations 358
Normalization 359
Rules of Normalization 359
Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 359
Second Normal Form 360
Third Normal Form 360
Transforming E-R Diagrams Into Relations 362
Represent Entities 362
Represent Relationships 363
Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 366