Modern Persian Onversat on Grammar With Reading Lessons, English-Persian Vocabulary and

Modern Persian Onversat on -Grammar With Reading Lessons, English-Persian Vocabulary and Persian LettersONVERSAT ON -GRAMMAR WIT H
R E A DIN G LE S S ON S , E NGLISH -PE RS IA N VOCABULA RY A N D PE RS IAN LE T T E RS
T HE R E V . W. ST . CLA IR -T ISDA LL , M . A .
0 0 0
C . M . S . MIS S IO N A RY A T IS FA HA N , PERS IA : A U TH O R O F GRA MMA RS
O F T HE PA N JABI A N D GU JA RA TI LA N GU A GES .
LO N DO N .
DA V ID N U T T , 57—59 Long A c re . DU LA U do C o . ,
37 S oho S quare .
S A M P S O N LO W, MA R S T O N dc C c . , S t . D unsten ’ s H ou se , F etter
Lane , Fle et S treet .
NEW YO RK.
,
31 U nion S quare . 254 F ifth A venue . Park P lac e .
BO S TO N . C . A . K O EHLER Co . , 149A T remont S tree t .
HE IDE LBE R G .
J U L I U S G R O O S .
1902
T he me tho d o f G a spey-O tto -S au e r is my own private property,
having b e en a c qu ired by purcha se from the auth ors . T h e text-bo ok s
made after this m ethod ar e in c e ssantly im proved . A ll r ights , espe c ially the right of making n ew editions , and th e r ight of translation
for all langu ages , ar e reserved . Imitation s and fraudu lent impre s sion s W ill be prosecu ted a c c ording to law. m thankful for c om munic ations relating to th e s e matters .
Heide lberg . Juliu s G roo s .
P refac e .
, has long been
recognised as one of the most euphonious, e xpressive and important of O riental languages . U nfortunately , however
, to most Englishmen who have spent any
time in India , Persian is known only in its antique
-form and pronunc iation, which are still in large measure retained on the A fghan frontier and in other
parts of India . This prevents the student from being intelligible to the natives of Persia , should he for any reason find it desirable to visit that c ountry . The
writer’ s own experienc e enables him to speak with
some little authority on this subjec t . Having studied and learnt to speak Persian in the Panjab
, he found ,
on endeavouring to enter into conversation with S hir azis in Bombay
, that he was almost if not quite
unintelligible to them ,
sinc e many of the words ,
g hrases and idioms he had learnt from the pages of
a ‘di and other classical Persian authors have become
obsolete and have been superseded by others in the
modern language as spoken in Persia itself. It was as if a foreigner
, having discovered some c orner of
the world in which English was still Spoken by the
learned , just as it oc curs in the Elizabethan writers and with the pronunc iation of that distant day, had learnt the language from them and then tried to c on
verse with the English people of to-day. His c onver
sation would seem at onc e stilted and vulgar , and it
would amuse everyone with whom he c ame in contac t . T he Civil and Military authorities in England
and India now, however
, seem to have begun to grasp
,
and to feel the desirability of favouring the study of the language as ac tually spoken in Persia itself. In
”a f ..
IV
order, possibly , to assist in the attainment of this obj ec t
, the Publisher of this S eries of Conversation
Grammars (the ‘G aspey
the honour to entrust me with the preparation of the
present volume , which I trust will prove useful to
students and will not be found unworthy of a place
among the many exc ellent Handbooks on other lan guages which have rendered the S eries so well known in many lands .
The aim of this V olume is to provide the S tudent with a thoroughly prac tical and up-to-date Introduction to the study of the Modern Persian L anguage . T here
fore everything obsolete has , whenever it c ould not
be profitably omitted , been admitted only in such a
manner as to shew c learly the changes which have oc curred in the language in proc ess of time
, and to
warn the student against using too antiquated words and employing modes of expression which are not
now used , or are used in a different sense .
A residenc e of more than seven years in Persia itself (in addition to many years’
previous study of
the language) and conversation with all c lasses of the
people have , I trust , in some slight degree , fitted me
for the task which I have been invited to undertake .
I am much indebted to A qa Mirza A sadu ’llah of Is
fahan , who has c arefully revised the Persian Text of
the S tories c ontained in this Grammar , and has also
been consul ted about every matter of importanc e . My sinc ere thanks are due to the R ev . C . H . S tileman
M . A . , the S ecretary of the C . M . S . Persia Mission ,
for his great kindness in going c arefully through the
M S . of this Grammar with me , and for the many
1 T he danger of this is well illustrated by the narrative
of what actually o ccurred to a learned Orientalist who had
studied Persian in the Panjab and then happened to be tra
velling in P ersia . Handing his horse’ s bridle to a native servant
he said, ‘A sp i mcira hiddyat ku/n.
’ He doubtless meant to say ‘Lead my horse
’ in Modern Persian ‘A sbamm j ilciu bikan ’
:
but what he actually did say denoted ‘Guide my horse in the
way of salvation ’ . T he Persian
’ s surprise at the commissionwith which he was entrusted is more easily imagined than
described.
V
valuable suggestions he has made . Coming from such
a c areful and ac curate student of the language as he
is , these have been of great servic e to me .
The R eading L essons subjoined at the end of
this book are taken in part from the S ad Hikayat, and in part from the Journal of the late Shah’
s Third V isit to Europe . T he former book is well known ,
in
India especially ; but its style is somewhat antiquated , and not a few of the words used in it are now ob
solete . I have therefore had it rewritten by Mirza
A sadu ’llah , with the obj ec t of bringing its style and
phraseol ’
dern standard . The first sixteen S tories are given as
Exerc ises in the Grammar itself , in the usual print
,
are lithographed in the N askh charakter in the R ead
ing lessons . T he style in which the Shah’ s Journal
is composed , at once free and elegant, may be said
to have now bec ome the model for such compositions 1 11 Persian . T he extrac ts from it are given in the
N asta‘li '
q charac ter. U ntil the S tudent can read these Extrac ts freely
, he should not attempt to read the
Persian L etters contained in A ppendix F . T he Shikas
teh hand in which they are for the most part written is somewhat difficult to decipher, and the Key should here be c arefully c onsulted by the L earner
, in order
to test his succ ess in solving the enigmas which will
plentifully present themselves in this part of his
course of study . These L e tters are a selec tion from those ac tually rec eived from various Persian friends .
The variety of the handwriting has been carefully reproduc ed , but the nec essity of obliterating c ertain
proper names etc . has produc ed some erasures here and
there in them , for which the reader’
s indulgence is requested. It will be notic ed that the R eading L es sons are paged as is usual in Persian books
, and
begin at the end of the V olume .
,
supply all that the beginner will require . T he ad
V I
vanc ed student will find S teingass ’ Persian Dic tionary
needful .
It remains for me to acknowledge my obligations to Ibrahim’
s , Forbes’ and D r. R osen
’
, from which I have borrowed useful suggestions,
though I have ventured to differ from them whenever ac curacy required.
T he system of transliteration adopted is an exac t one
, and this will enable the student
, without any
sacrific e of ac curacy , to dispense with the Persian
charac ter in the first few Exerc ises and thus to learn something of the language before beginning to read
the Persian type , a method which experienc e has shewn to be very useful and profitable . T he Persian charac ter is
, however , used in the reproduc tion of
these L essons in the Key. T he English of the passages for translation into Persian has
, it will be observed ,
an O riental colouring , as it is a translation from the
Persian original given in the Key. Many of the histor
ic al passages are taken (with a few slight alterations and simplifications) from M irza Hairat
’ s Persian V er
sion of S ir John Malc olm’ s History of Persia .
W. S t. 0lair-1 isdall.
Index .
Preface .
Persian words ,
E lements of Persian Grammar.
First Lesson : N ouns and Adj ectives S econd Lesson : N ouns and adj ectives continued; I zafeh .
T hird Lesson . U se of m, -i etc .
Fourth Lesson : Personal Pronouns Fifth Lesson : N umerals .
S ixth Lesson : Relative and Interrogative Pronouns S eventh Lesson . T he Reflexive Pronoun E ighth Lesson : Prepositions, Conjunctions , Interj ections N inth Lesson . Language of the Common People
T enth Lesson : T he Verb in General . A ctive Voice : T enses from the Infinitive
E leventh Lesson : T he Verb, Active Voic e continued ; Tenses from the Root (Imperative) .
Twelfth Lesson : T he Verb continued . A uxilaries : T enses ofRare Oc currenc e .
T hirteenth Lesson : Passive Voice : Order of Words in a
S entenc e ; O ratio R ecta and O ratio O bliqua .
Appendix to the 13th Lesson : Irregular Verbs Fourteenth Lesson . T he Causative Verb : Compound and
ositional Verbs .
Lesson : Defec tive , Impersonal and Contra cted Verbs
S ixteenth Lesson : U se of T enses of the Verb
S ec ond Part.
T he Arabic E lement in Persian : Compound Words : Idioms Government of Verbs .
pageIntroduc tory Observations on Arabic Words in Persian . 129 S eventeenth Lesson : Regular Arabic N ouns and Adjectives 131
V III
E ighteenth Lesson . A rabic Broken Plurals in Persian .
N ineteenth Lesson . Irregul ar and Double Plurals Twentieth Lesson : Voices of the Regular Arabic T rili
teral Verb .
Twenty-first Lesson : Arabic Verbal Forms continued . Verbswith Feeble Radicals etc .
Twenty-second Lesson : Formation of A rabic Derivative N ouns and Adj ectives
Twenty-third Lesson : Formation of P ersidn Derivative N ouns
, Adjectives and Adverbs .
Twenty-fourth Lesson . Persian Compound Nouns and Ad j ec tives
Twenty-fifth Lesson . Turkish Compounds: U se of Izdfeh as a Relative Pronoun
Twenty-sixth Lesson : Government of Verbs simple and
compound Twenty-seventh Lesson : Certain Persian Idioms Twenty
-eighth Lesson : Parsing T wenty-ninth Lesson : N otes on Polite Conversation
T hirtieth Lesson : S ome Persian Proverbs
Appendix A : Arabic Phrases in constant use in Persian
Appendix B : Arabic Calendar Appendix C : T he S igciq Method of Reckoning Appendix D : Money, Weights and Measures Appendix E : Itineraries Appendix F : Persian Letters
E nglish -Persian Vo cabulary
Reading Lessons (paged afresh from the end of the book)
1 . From the S ad Hikdya t
2. From the S hah ’ s T hird Journey to E urope
21 5
217
219
Introduction .
,
in all 32. These with the Transcription of each
used in this G rammar a re given in the following Table .
(or omitted) ( V ide 5)
9 A s in E nglish
3 P 6 77 n
4 T e Italian 5 S é E ng . 8
C
1 1 2 5 1 3 A 3
12 R e
U
S
u a
Italian d
E nglish 8
L5 6 y (vide 5) consonants]y
(N ote that the dots of Q , a a1id 951 instead of being plac ed
beside one another , are often placed one above the other . G af
is usually printed exactly like d .)
It shoul d be observed that the distinction be
tween Capital and Small L etters is unknown in P er
sian . Each letter always retains its own sound , exc ept
that 0 before a .
) is pronounc ed m, the L3 in the
word [ST ‘Mr is pronounc ed a and final 6 in
A rabic words , when it should be fully written (5 , is
often pronounc ed aa : it is then transcribed a ’ .
2 . The student should notic e that each letter has in reality only one form . The apparent diversity of forms is due to the facts that (1 ) most of the letters may be united to the prec eding or to the following letter
, and (2) that when a letter is separate or oc curs
at the end of a word , a flourish is in most c ases ad
ded , partly for ornament and partly to shew that it
A s E nglish 2
Italian t
E ng . 2
( V ide 5) A guttural hard g A s E ng . f
A guttural hard k
Pronunciation of consonants . 3
ends the word. In most A rabic M S S . the dot of the
final nun is plac ed not in the middle but at the right hand c orner of the letter. This is sometimes the c ase
with the dots of final as and as also . Henc e it is c lear
that even these letters have really only one form each.
T he only letters which have no final flourish are s
5 J j 3 5 L 15. A ll but the two last of these nine letters are inc apable (exc ept in the Shikcisteh or broken hand) of being united with the letter which may immediately follow in the same word .
3 . There are several different varieties of the
Persian charac ter. The most important of these are
the N askh, the N astcilig, and the Shikdstek.
‘ The fir st and second of these are used in lithographing books, while the third is a running hand commonly used in letter-writing . But they are all mere varieties of the
charac ter given in the Table above .
Pronunciation.
T oo much attention cannot be paid to the ao
quisition of a corre ct pronunciation . This is perhaps ofmore importanc e than is even grammatical ac curacy.
1 . Consonants.
4 . A ll the letters in the Table are considered to be consonants, though in prac tic e we may say that l ,
and L; are often used as vowels . They are , how
J
, but are known as the weak
letters, because their sound so readily melts into that of the vowel which imm ediately prec edes them .
5 . T he sound of most of the letters is suffi
c iently indic ated in the Table , though some call for
further eluc idation . A lif has properly the sound of the
smooth breathing in Greek, i. e. the sound of the hiatus
‘
li ‘
q. T he letters are in Shikcisteh. Printing from metal types is still rare inPersia , most books being lithographed.
Hence the student will find a knowledge of all three kinds of script necessary.
4 Pronunciation of consonants .
heard between two words , the former of which ends
and the latter begins with a vowel , as he eats . A l if
has this sound when it begins a word , and also when
in A rabic words adopted into Persian it is found in
the middle of a word with a hamzeh (_i above it, as
in M ali . O therwise A lif has the sound of a
Initial Al if 1 s not generally indic ated in transcription , it being understood that whenever a Persian or A rabic
word in transcription begins with a vowel, in the
original it begins with A lif. T hus we transcribe
Li ’
dab , politeness , cidah, and
’Isfahan (QWDis trans cribed Isfahan. In P ersian the A in (z has exac tly the
same sound as the initial A lif , the t strongly guttural
sound which the letter has in A rabic never being heard. Vav is the English 1) exc ept under the c ir
cumstanc es mentioned in 9. A fter C in Persian
words the J is almost always silent ; when such is the
c ase a dot is plac ed under the v in transc ription , as
Khoud ‘ self
‘helmet ’ . Ye (L5) is
y when it begins a syllable , it is also stric tly speak
ing y when it ends the syllable (ride In
the latter c ase , if 15 follows u or a
, the ye is very
slightly pronoun c ed and may even be omitted , as 6 L
jay, ‘
, often written and pronoun
’
, the second syllable begins with hamzeh and
the ye is pronounc ed i (side
6 . Te and 1 a (a and L) have one and the same
sound in Persian , which is that of the Italian t, formed
by placing the point of the tongue against the p01 11t of the upper teeth
, and not against the gum as m
English. Dot (3) is a soft d formed in a similar man
ner. S e, S in, and Sad (CL. u "
, U s ) are in Persian pro
nounc ed just like the English 3 in such. T hey never
adopt the e ° sound which the English 3 has at the end
of words . He and He (C and are in Persian pro
nounc ed alike , as the h in have
, but at the end of a
Pronunc iation of vowels . 5
word is not pronounc ed after fatheh exc ept in
. S (duh), ‘ten
, and in c ases in which the fatheh is used
by contrac tion instead of alif, as 4 1
, mah for AS
, shah
Zal , z e
, Za (a J u“ L) have all alike in Persian
the sound of 2 . R e (J) is pronounc ed more dec idedly than in English
, but less so than in French. S uch a
word as $33 (faqir), for example , must not be pro
nounc ed fagiah, as Englishmen have a tendency to
pronounc e such words . G hain and Qaf (g and J) are gutturals and resemble hard 9 and h respec tively, but are formed far back in the month by a movement of the uvula and throat . Great c are should be taken not
to confound them with the ordinary g and h , which
are f and J in Persian . T he latter two letters are
seldom distinguished from one another in Persian printing , the second stroke of the f being usually omitted
, but in pronunc iation they are c arefully
distinguished .
H . Vowels.
7 . In all languages there are three original short vowel sounds
, a “
, i , u, which when lengthened
become a, i , u as heard in Italian . In Persian the
three short vowels are represented by the signs foitheh hasreh and eammeh respec tively , and
these are shortened forms of the weak letters 1 , L5
and T he long sounds of the same three vowels are
denoted by writing after each short v owel its corre
sponding weak letter , as c l aw, dasht,
'
‘twenty’ . The signs for the short
vowels are hardly ever ac tually inserted in Pers1an, exc ept when absolutelynec essary to distinguish between words that might otherwise be c onfounded with one
I g 7 1 another
, as
, a seal
, Je mihr, k1ndness . Even 1n such instanc es the 1r 1nsert1on is opt1onal, as the
6 Pronunciation of vowels .
reader is supposed to know the meaning from the
context and to be able to supply the short vowels from his knowledge of the language .
8 . Whenever alif oc curs anywhere exc ept at
the beginning of a word or syllable , (where , to shew
that it is long , if it be so
, the sign madd [L ]or
‘ ex
tension’ should properly be plac ed over it), this letter
shoul d be pronounc ed as a long (2. Then in nearly all
parts of Persia it has the sound of a in hall , though
very oc casionally the flatter sound of a in aftei ° may
be heard (oide But note that in ordinary c on
versation , not only among the uneducated but even
among Persians of almost every c lass , unless they are
for some special reason on their guard , the letter a
before 71. and mi in purely Persian words is pronoun
c ed it ; thus nan, bread, is almost always pronounc ed mi n. T he same rule applies to a few A rabic words of
a similar kind which are of such general use as to
have practic ally become Persian , as inhim (fl
‘ a gift’
im. T his ought not to
be imitated but should be observed.
9 . V an (j ) prec eded by gdmmeh (expressed or
understood) sounds like it (Italian). When prec eded by fdtheh and not followed by another vowel, the two
letters (fatheh and van) together form a diphthong au ,
pronounc ed as the French an or the English long 0.
In all other c ases w e is simply the English 1) (side
10. Ye ( L5) when pre c eded by kdsreh serves to
lengthen the sound of that letter the two to 0
gether are therefore pronounc ed like i in Italian or
ee in English. (We might transcribe by iy, but it is
more convenient to write hist for than biyst, which
latter would , stric tly speaking , be a more exac t trans
c ription . ) When ye is prec eded by fatheh, the resulting diphthong ay or ai is now generally pronounc ed like ai in the English word ail
, though the older sound of
ai in aisle is oc casionally heard . The latter sound is
For the working ont of .
this rule I am indebted to the
R ev . W . A . Rice , M . A . ,
of Shiraz .
,
S imple vowels : a 1 u
L engthened vowels : a , 1 , u : I (5 , 3
4 .
! an : (5 —3 3
so-called majhi ‘
sounds of j and L; (i. a s
and s respec tively) are entirely obsolete , exc ept that in most plac es the can in the two words 3 ; (two) and
3 : (thou) is pronounc ed long 0. T he sound of e as in
get, met, is heard in c ertain Persian words , but it has
no proper sign to represent it and is therefore in
some instanc es denoted by fatheh and in others by hcfsreh
, as will be explained under those signs.
1 2. The vowel fatheh oc curs far more frequently in Persian than does any other vowel, it is therefore of espec ial importanc e that the student shoul d pro nounc e it aright . It has been found expedient to represent fdtheh in transcription by a
, bec ause when
the sound is lengthened it becomes a , but the fatheh
has never exac tly the sound of the English short a in hat. It approaches this sound
, however, in the following,
c ases : (1 ) When followed by C’ or i ’ as in the
first syllable of M I. A hmad, .JLs I, a mat , or the last
syllable of {fur bandah. (In Isfahan the last fatheh in Iwords ending m o is thus pronounc ed , but in Shiraz
the fatheh ln such cases is pronounc ed e, henc e in this book we shall write such words bandeh, etc .) (2)When the syllable containing the fatheh 1 8 O pen (i. e. does not end m a c onsonant), as$1
, ma-li-keh,
a few words when followed by two consonants , as in
W 3, a ) ; R asht, Yard, espec ially when the latter of
the two is r ; as [
if gabr (an impolite wo1 d denoting ‘ a Zoroastrian) ; gabr,
‘ a grave ’
, 31a sabr ,
8 Pronunciation of vowels .
But as a general rule fdthch has the sound of the E ng lish u in bu t, ou t, or the dull sound of the vowel of the final syllable in such words as heaven , region , when
pronounced hefw ’ n , r egy
’ n . If this be not borne in
mind , the student
strange to a Persian , and will be extremely unpleasant
and incorrect. (The/ usual English may of writing fl
cummerbund for n ’
, éfli ‘that’ , ca
, as well as in
l l ilzihi (Divine), etc .
when thus written in Arabic style , one of the fdthehs is pro nounc ed a
, being written in the old Arabic fashion for alif.
T his is often shown by printing the fatheh erect , as in the
above examples , and calling it alif i khanjari ‘
,
‘dagger -like alif’ .
14 . Kasreh has generally the sound of short i in hit. But (1 ) when immediately followed by C' or a.
it assumes the sound of e; as i ‘ tira
'
m) : (2) when coming
between two words , as in .b SLu lzf kitdb i padshdh (pr.
kita '
b-e ’
padsha '
however , it will always be transcribed by i
, exc ept
when in c ertain instanc es it stands at the end of a
word ending in and is pronoun ced yi or 2 , when
it will be so transcribed (v .
1 5 . Za '
mmeh is usually and properly a short u pro nounc ed as in Italian or as in the words put, pull. But before
0 i and A it has the sound of a short 0 , as
in muhr ,
‘ a seal
, (pronoun c ed mo ’
min). It has the same sound at the end of all A rabic words where it is pronounc ed by the Persians at all
, as «Big al
iho akbar, jflifli, ‘G od
is most great’ . 1 6 . A s in our system of transcription long
marks are plac ed over the long vowels (as a) : bud),
’
is a sign which shews the absenc e of a vowel after
"
a word it is c alled jazm, elsewhere sulcun. E . g . w an.
sdltanat, where the suhun and foam shew that the d and
C.» are not followed by a vowel. This sign is , however,
never used exc ept when absolutely nec essary ; in this respec t it is treated like the signs for the short
vowels . The word above given is therefore generally written CA LL»
, the reader being supposed to know the vowels and where they oc cur .
21 . Tashdid ,
which denotes that the c onsonant above which it is
plac ed is to be p1 onounc ed double , as £2 1
111 , tala
‘but ’ . English students should be c areful always to
give the double pronunc iation to a c onsonant which is tashdided
, and not
22. V dsleh union ’
, is a mark sometimes placed
above the alif of the Arabic artic le LII (al) to shew that it
loses its vowel and has the last vowel of the preceding word carried over to take its place and thus unite the two words into one
, as
‘Commander of J
the Faithful ’ . It must not be confounded with Madd (L ). 23. T anein,
’ N unation
ttanvin, ‘ the N un of
N unation ’ is the name given to the doubled short vowel signs
(1 , 7 , which sometimes oc cur at the end of Arabic words : the signs are then read -Ein, - tu,
-iin respectively. T hey are not
used with purely Persian words .
24 . The eight letters C) , C’ u é , Q
'
s , L, g and
5 are never found in purely Persian words, exc ept that
U s is used in sad
,
, as al,.zsa l
, e . g .
, in Jaxlo
bag—g (tapidan) to palpitate . When they oc cur other
wise they shew the word to be either A 1 abic or T urk
i .sh But a , b io
, l, and t are distinc tively A rabic ,
whereas u , C: 3 and f never oc cur in A rabic words, having been added to the alphabet by the Persians .
Accent . 1 1
25 . The reason why so many 3 and z sounds oc cur in Persian is that A rabic words introduc ed into the language have to be written as in A rabic . In the
latter tongue the sounds of é , a . U
s and again those
of 5, do and 15 are quite distinc t from one another ,
as are those of C and a, of Iand But these distino
tions are not observed in Persian . There is also a
great differenc e betwe en the A rabic and the P ersian sound of g (ghain).
26. T he Arabic letters were originally 22 in number , and were arranged in the same order as in Hebrew ,
Syriac and
Aramaean , i. e. in the order shewn in the following . ollection
of unmeaning words , and from this order their numerical value is taken . T his arrangement is called A biad, from the firstword of the series . It will be seen that the Arabic letters added later are arranged at the end. T he numerical value is
attached to each letter .
gee see sees M a s s e s a w r w w w"
27 . T he Arabic numerals now used in Persian are
I Y V e c s V /x a xo i u w mw 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1899 1900
T he apparent strangeness ot the fact that these numbers seem to be written and read not from right to left but from left to right is due to the circumstance that in Arabic , fromwhich the Persians have borrowed this system of notation ,
the
smaller number is read as well as written first : thus an Arabwould read 1899 ,
‘ nine and ninety and eight hundred and one
'
g notation is given in A ppendix C to this Grammar .
N o signs to represent punctuation are used in Persian, except that sometimes a lakht is employed to denote a
pause , and the sign above the first word of a new sen
tenc e . But these are often omitted.
A ccent.
28 . The A c cent in Persian presents no diffi
culty , though the following rules may be found use
ful. A s already mentioned , the ac c ent does not lengthen
a short vowel if it falls thereon .
12 Accent.
1 . The ac c ent never falls on any syllable farther than the third from the end (antepenultimate), except
in su ch instances as those in which R ule 4 nec essi
tates this : as, maliheh (Ana) ‘ a queen
’
.
2 . When a word c ontains a vowel before two
consonants or before a tashdided 21 ) letter which is the same thing
, that vowel has the ac c ent
, ex
c ept when a long vowel (other than in such instanc es as are mentioned in R ule 3) oc curs in the same word nearer to the end
, in which c ase the said long vowel
’
, afarindndeh (OX ‘Creator’
’
‘
edness ( 154 3 ) from bad,
‘wicked ’
the
iga '
feh 40) and -ra 41 ) and the parts of the verb
ast 40 , Words), do not take the ac c ent whether
they c ontain long vowels or not : E . g . niki (gig), ‘goodness’
, shahri ( 15J e t ),
, i ‘
’
,
,
‘the
. which’
, 41
, the —i often has the ac c ent , especiallywhen the definite article in English is emphatic ; as
kitabi '
.
4 . The partic le s mi, bi, ra, ma , prefixed to tenses
of the V erb formed from the root (L esson XI . ) take the ac c ent : when prefixed to tenses formed from the
Infinitive (L esson X .) none of them exc ept na takes
the ac c ent , but na always does : E . g . mi-avarand
(A H IJ ), ‘they bring’
, mi-diham (He l p)
‘I give , bi—dihid
A c cent. 13
’
'
was not commanding’
, na-mi-raftand, (A LE
.
5 . In c ases not c overed by the prec eding rul es ,
if a word c ontains only one long vowel or diphthong, the ac c ent falls on it ; if two or more
, the ac c ent
falls on the one which is nearest to the end : E . g . ,
agahanid (smut /
‘kings’
, hitabha
‘better’
, nihtarin
(Car i? ) ‘best’ . This rule does not hold in referenc e to
par , ticles adverbs
, as aw, amma, Finja, kttj d , halo,
bali, ya ui , harchand, and a few others , inc luding most
c ompounds of har ,
,
t.
6 . In compound words the ac c ent of the latter of
the two prevails : E . g . ashpaz -kha
'
, chahar-pa
7 . In words of more than two syllables a secon
dary ac c ent is often heard as well as the one above
mentioned , as saltanat
not require any explanation . In questions and also
in emphatic assertions the plac e of the ac cent is also
often changed , as in all languages .
R eading E xercise.
:
J »
Lgf e l Q SLJ ‘J J Q Jf J L/ N d“ b ala s t V bA JJ
I
p f IJ Q IA Ji A A LuLhL: ( I
cf j j é j j k - M J DF Aalo
l
14 Lesson 1 .
J a IJGa
s ulna/ AP Q F — A A IL J LA sile nt ly”
J a ck“ : 6 1»o J
. . ISJs I c ub : A Q IW I;
T ranscription (with A cc ents). D ar shahri anbar 1 panbeh
,
'
1 zd-ra na-yaft . A miri arz kard kih, A gar farman i S ultan bashad
, duzdan
ra m 1-giram . Padshah vaira amr farma d kih , Chinin
b ‘
1 '
kun . A n amir bih khaneh—y -i khvud rafteh khvurd
va buzi '
y -i ziyafat _t_alab1d.
, amir bi-an
afkand va guft, Chih bisyar b1 -haya va ahmaq -and
ashkhasi kih panbeh duzdideh badinja amadand va
rizehha-y -i panbeh dar rish—ha-y
-ishan j ay girifteh
, fi
’ lfaur
rishha-y -i khvish-ra bi dastha-y
-i-shan pak kardand, va ma lum shud kih duzdan kudam and.
(For translation see the Key).
F irst P art.
First Lesson.
29 . T he Persian , like all other A ryan languages,
at one time recognised the distinc tion of gender . T he
modern Persian language , however
all c onsideration of gender , as , far as the grammatical
relations of words are c onc erned , if we exc ept a few
construc tions borrowed from the A rabic , which affec t
N ouns and adjectives . 15
A rabic nouns and adj ec tives only . These will be dealt with in Part II . Persian nouns which from their meaning denote females are from a grammatical point
of view treated exac tly like all other nouns . In most instanc es the words denoting the two sexes are distinc t from one another
, as :
Muse.
a '
nurn, mistress .
When this is not the c ase the distinc tion is
denoted by adding the word nar, ‘male
’
. In
both nouns and Personal Pronouns (as will be ex
plained in due course) a distinc tion is often made between words which denote animate and those which denote inanimate obj ec ts
, but this is not a distinc tion
of gender.
30. A ll case-terminations have also disappeared in Modern Persian
, both in N oun s and Pronouns . T he
noun has therefore only one form in the singular and
one in the plural . It is convenient , however
, when
the N oun is the S ubjec t in a sentenc e to say it is
in the N ominative , when it is the O bj ect of a V erb
or follows a preposition, to speak of it as in the
O bj ective case . In this we follow the analogy of the
French language , to which in this and many other
respec ts the Persian language from a grammatical
point of view most nearly approaches .
,
affixed to it ; as A i word, or M arci-a ,
‘0 man ’ . But the
noun may also stand alone .
When a noun is the O bj ec t of a Verb, it may in
c ertain cases have the Postposition -ra 41 ) affixed
16 Lesson 1 .
to it. But these are not c ase terminations , as -ra is
never used when the noun is governed by a preposi
tion , and c annot therefore be said to form the O h
jective c ase .
31 . T he Plural of all N ouns in the modern
spoken language may be formed by adding the ter
mination -ha to the singular : as , mard
,
'
,
‘books’ . T his applies to A rabic words introduc ed into the language as well as to purelyPersian words
, although A rabic nouns frequently
retain their own peculiar plurals (vide Part II . L essons
XV II— XIX). In writing also the termination -ha may be
, and frequently is , attached without distinc tion to
all nouns to form the plural . But elegant writers still c onsider the old rule of Classic al P ersian Grammar
worthy of some degree of attention . This is , that
nouns denoting creatures with life form their plural
by adding -an , those without life by adding -ha to
the singular. In c onversation , however
, the use of -an
as a mark of the Plural is very limited .
32. A dj ectives undergo no change for gender or case
, nor for number when they are used in c on
nexion with nouns or as the predic ate in a sentenc e .
When used as substantives they form their plural
,
‘big things’ .
A s a general rule (for exc eptions vide L esson II . , 38) the adj ective follows its noun and is united
’
‘big books ’ .
33 . T he V erb generally c omes last in a sen
tenc e . N ouns denoting inanimate obj e cts generally require the verb to be in the singular, even when the noun is in the plural. Conversely, nouns of multitude
1 For a fuller explanation of the iga ‘
feh, vide Lessons II . and XXV 40 and
Translation 2.
T he girl is big . T he father is not good . The
child is very small. T he man and the woman are
here . Where is the woman ? The good father and the
good mother are there . The boy is not good . T hat
book is '
small . Where is the little child ? T he mother is old and the boy is young T he brother and
the sister are here . The boy or the girl. Where was the sister ? T he good brother was there
, but the old
mother was here .
nah
Khvahar inja ’ st ya anja
’ st ?
S econd Les son .
N ouns and A dje c tive s ( c ontinued) . Igcifeh .
-
,
: mardén i dam? yi nikfi, ‘wise
and good men ’ . (N ote that in Persian in such phrases
1 O f course the following word, to require the inserted y, must be c losely united in the sentence with the preceding , 6 . g . as an adj ective with the noun it qualifies . If the i begins
the second word, the y is inserted, but not if the i begins an
affix or enclitic : e . g . rig fi-y -i izadi
'
,
’ st .
amma pisar khaili bad ast .
Khair , buz 1 '
1rg nistand , khaili
nistand.
dar va d1 '
1khtar 1nj a hastand.Inj a b11dand, amma hala u 1st
and.
the ‘ and
‘
ifeh c omes between the two adj ec tives). A fter a and ii and this inser
ted y is written but after 15 7 “
or (which is
practically a vowel-ending, as the a is not pronoun
c ed) the y is sometimes represented by a kdmzek and
sometimes not written at all , though always pronoun
oed ,
y i n, khdnek yi khvub. ( Vida The euphonic y
is never inserted before ast ,
‘ 1s
word is often omitted , as kuj d
’
?) for kitja ast
,
‘where are
they ?’ the alif of the and then falling out. In the
perfec t of verbs the y is not inserted , as dmadeh- um,
35 . T he four nouns dardkht ,
‘ a tree
not in ordinary conversation . In writing , the words
1 In Arabic words which end in AWHdmzeh , if the
hcimzeh is written in Persian (which is not always the case), the 15 is not inserted but only the kdsreh : as
ry ia hifificulaamafi
y -i Isldm),
“the religious authorities
(learned men) of Islam”. T he former method of writing is the older
, but the latter method is now permissible . When a noun
or adjective (Arabic) ends in (5 -d ’
) and is followed by the
izdfeh, the (5 is changed into (41) and the L5 then inserted ;
as but dun(sly ; (da ‘ vd-y
-i ishdn) “their claim
If the noun ending in [5 be a Proper name , this is not allow able
, but the igdfeh is represented by a ha
’
” . N ote that in this form the alif i khdfn
jari (or upright hcimzeh) over the L5 is omitted, as in fact it often is in such words even when they are not followed by ig i/‘feh ( V ide 1 55
, fin).
,
may also take fi n , probably be caus e regarded as
animate ,
but with these words the fi n is really obsolete at the present time in speech.
36 . In the written style (and the same rule
applies to set speech, as in a sermon or oration), nouns
ending in and denoting animate beings change
the to 5 /
fi n ; as , bachagan,
bandagan (from ”w ba ’
The reason of this is that such words onc e
ended in k in the singular (bdndak), which was softened
to 9 before the vowel a of the plural termination . It
is not therefore corre ct to write dK an , for the word
should be dLfiug, though when -ha 1 s the plural term
ination both ks should be written (e . g . le ash ).
37 . A djec tives form the Comparative by ad
ding tar, and the S uperlative by adding tarin to the
Positive . as , khvub, khmibtar, khpubtarin, g
‘ ood
, better,
’ .
T he S uperlative is hardly used in ordinary c onversa
tion , the Comparative with az hameh (m j l).
‘from all ’
, being employed instead. T he Comparative
has a plural formed ac c ording to the general rule ,
but the S uperlative has none . If two or more
superlatives qualify one and the same noun , the - in
of all the superlatives exc ept the last is elegantly omitted . as
, Shahr i Kirmdn dar ayyZZm i sabig yaki de
mu tabdrtar va pur-j am ‘
iyyattarin sharhd yi Iran bad,
‘The
c ity of Kirman in former days was one of the most
important and most populous c ities of Persia’
38 . A s a general rule all Cardinal numbers and
all D emonstrative and Interrogative A dje c tives (in c luding all those given in the list of words prefixed to Exercise II .) must precede the nouns they qualify ,
1 S o also other parts of the body, as : muzagdn (pl . of
mi ‘
(though now muzgdn is used as the singular
and its plural is angushtzm (fingers), mkhan (cheeks) laban (lips), gisuvmi (curls), zulflm (curls), . .etc But these are
obsolete .
as an mard, ‘that man
’ : Icuddm shakhs .
,
their noun or follow it. (But when cnand means ‘how
it must prec ede its noun , as it is then an
interrogative). When the adjective prec edes the noun
it does not take izd/eh, when it follows the noun the
is required . Hdmek ,
,
requires izafeh after it . as hdmeh yi mardumdn, ‘ all (of)
men ’ : but if regarded as an adj ec tive it does not take
izfifeh, as haimeh mardumfin,
’ .
39. When an adj ec tive is the Predic ate in a
sentenc e it does not take igdj eh before it ; as dn zanan
khvusiwi '
’ .
40. T he Igdfeh is merely the shortened form of
the A vestic yo, ‘who
, which’
208 ,
’
s
‘This book is that man ’ s ’
,
‘this house is that woman s is rendered by in kitc ‘
ib
( 635 a n ft an mard ast, in khdneh d e an 71 an zan ast, in
the older litei ary style , but by in ki
tdb m a l 4. tin mard nut in wnekma t i an zan ast, in the modern language .
(Mal means ‘
prOpei ty ’ : in the spoken language it often
denotes a horse or other animal for riding .) In answering a question c ourtesy demands that a
portion of the words of the question should be used again and not that a mere affirmative or negative reply should be given’
. E . g . dsb i mdra didi? ‘Didst thou (did you) see my Khair, Sdkib, dnm nd
didam,
Words.
In, this .
am , that .
ham ‘
Chih. tau/r, Chih qism, what sort of
zamin, land, country.
ast, he , s e , it is .
22 Lesson 3 0
, what kind of?
dngi ‘
hdmeh, all .
a
mftand, they went .
it, he , she .
, such and su ch a .
in qism,
in nau ‘
hamchina '
‘
’
,
‘G od exists’ : but ast means is merely, as W
nik ast, ‘H e is good
’ . This distinction ,
,
Shiraz? ham hast, ‘he is moreover a Shiraz l ’ . T he verb A st may
be joined on to the preceding word, and then loses its initial
alif in all the persons and becomes a mere enclitic affix.
T he words nah, ‘ not
’
, may be written
as part of the following word and then lose the final as
dubs -t bi-khaneh, ‘to the house
’ instead of bih kha '
, instead of nah raft. A z is some
times treated similarly and then becomes ai (f) as ziam‘
z ‘
‘from that aspect ’
rah, a road.
kitekeh, a lane .
asb, horse .
garbeh, c at.
bi (bih), to, for .
Comparative). ba, along with.
birtin de, out of , out from .
bi-deh, give thou .
hastim , we are .
hastid, you are .
hastand, they are .
E xercise 3.
‘
1khtar dar shahr nist , dar deh ast. In chih chiz
ast ? Pidar 1 an bachcheh - y -i niku kuja’
st? D ar mai
dan i shahr ast. Zamin hast va darya hast . S ag -ha
- y -i shahr dar ku chehha -
y -and
'
'
fandha va gavha dar an zamin bisyar hastand. D ar
khanehha -
'
ija id ? D ar bagh i khaneh im . Chih nau
‘ bagh ast? Bagh khvub ast
, amma kuchik ast.
T ranslation 4.
, sheep,
mules and asses (home and, etc ). That dog came out
of this house . The c ities of that land were many . T he
brother c ame along with the sister. Give a book to
the brother of the maidservant . The children’ s man
servant c ame fi om the c ity . What sort of a horse is
that ? This kind of garden is very good. The sea is
laige i than the land. T he boy is smaller than the
gii l . The village is large , the town is larger
, but the
city is largest of all (from all). A ll the men and
women of that large village c ame to the square of the
c ity . Where al e those houses? They are in such and
such a village .
shahr amad?
for Persian words must not be divided in printing or
writing in Persian character in such a way as to put one part
of the word on one line and the rest of it on another , unless
in the case of compounds : but even then it is better for the
whole word to be on the one line .
A nswer.
S ag ast, amma khaik buz1 '
1 rg nist. Bali
az har sag?
maidan amad ya na -
(A ya) an zan d1 '
1khtar 1 szihib i in ulagh
-ha nist ?
T hird Lesson.
U se of -rZi (b) and 72 ( Ly ). 4 1 . A rticle. There is no definite Ar ticle in P er
sian , but its plac e is in some measure supplied in c er
tain instances by the use of the affixes (b) -rd and
-i .
R d is a postposition, the only one in ordinary use
in modern Persian . In Pahlavi it meant ‘for the sake
of ’
, and in this sense it still exists in the strengthened
form ba-ra-yi, ‘for
, which is a prepos
ition . R a has its original meaning not only in old
Persian writings but also in the word chira, ‘why
’ ?
for what 9) which is in common use . R a also means .
‘ to
,
thus taking the plac e of bi : as iira gnftani , ‘I said to
him’
; i ‘
‘I gave him a book ’ . But this
use of -rd to denote the Latin D ative c an hardly be said to exist in ordinary c onversation at the present
time . In the modern spoken language the proper use of 4 45
is to denote the direct object of a verb, espec ially when the direc t obj ec t is definite. Henc e -ra is attached to
the direc t objec t of the verb when the direc t obj ec t ,
(1 ) is a noun which in English has the definite A r ticle ; as
, deb-rd i n lean
‘ saddle the horse ’
: (2) is the
proper name of a person or plac e ; as, l ahrdn-ra didam,
‘I saw Tehran ’ : (3) is a noun qualified by an, in or
some similar demonstrative adj ec tive as , an
,
‘I took that book’
; (4) is an adj e ctive used as a noun and prec eded by the definite artic le in English ; as
, Kt nika
kuchiktar nist ; hameh-
1khta1 i
kuchik amadand.
ast , va qatir i baradar 1 s ihib
i .
an '
1 an zan ast.
as kitdbi ‘ a book
without the addition of any such affix , for the word
kitab by itself may mean either ‘ a book
’ or
’ . T he use of -i in this sense is rare
in c onversation , yak prefixed to the noun gene
rally taking its plac e , as yak kitab ,
‘ a book
,
’
, who
’
; zanani-ra kih
.
When the word to which the i is to be attached ends in a ; or L5 , the affixed -i is written ( ih ) or merely a hamzeh is appended , but the long sound of
the -i is retained ,
Sufi-i, ‘ a S ufi’ . When such words are immediately
followed by ast , the hamzeh is dropped and {5 is in
serted after the alif of ast, as w is h. khaneh ist, ‘it
is a house ’ : w lé y lgl anja S iifi tSt,
‘ a S ufi is there
’ .
T he affix-i may c ome either (a) between the noun
'
, mardi khvub
; or
(b) after the adj ec tive , in which instanc e the izafeh
is retained betw een the noun and the adj ec tive : as ,
mard i khpzibi ,
’ a good man
far more usual in speaking , though it might give rise
to a ' mistake ; for mard i khpnbi might mean ‘the or a
man of goodness’ , through this idiom is hardly Persian .
T he student should bear in mind that not every -i at
the end of a word is the affix which is explained in this para
graph . For the final -i may (a) be an adjectiva l termination
( as Isfaha '
ni, ’belonging to Isfahan, a native of or (b)
it mav be the termination of an abst1 act noun , like mess in
E nglish, (as niki, or (c) it may be a verbal termin
ation , (as a
’
;
to mard i niki, ’ th01i art a good These will be explained
each in its p1 oper place .
43 . A question is generally in conversation denoted merely by the tone of voic e .
. In writing it
U se of -ra (b) and i ( Ly ). 27
is often marked by the word aga Lat. -ne),
which is plac ed at the beginning of the sentenc e : but this word is rarely used in ordinary c onversation .
M a ’
’
duc es an objec tion , sometimes even implying that the
answer ’ no
’
’Is that a good ac tion ?’
44 . A fter such words as qadri and other parti tives the singular is used when the English idiom would require the plural ; as
, qadri hullz ‘
dar-i, thou hast . da '
d—i, thou gavest .
dar ad, he (she , it) has . dad, he (she , it) gave .
dar am, We have . d a
d-mi, We gave .
D id-um, I saw. Bad-am, I was .
did-i , thou sawest. bad-i, thou wast.
did, he (she , it) saw. bud, he (she , it) was .
did-im, we saw. bad-im, we were .
did‘ ld, you saw. bad-id, you were .
did-and, they saw. bud-and, they wer e .
dasht , he had. girifteh, having taken .
much.
small change .
gash, ear .
radlcha '
n, Persia .
a beggar .
N otes . In Persian two words are often written together , 0
0 o Q
’ .
ieé lr lf uds
new, m g agfi f éiifi anguish”, ab}h i s »
J}; awbl. bd erfi l‘bwflrw“3 5 “i t?
z e 0
a t, ay a t fi fiwua ih w — asfi g
twgf é a
i m aa h .t.. 6 & 1 ;i
a c aTahwgfiy an m uzw ffiwuafia
g r ail}?
J ala u
‘
Translation 6.
T he king saw the good man who was in the
servant ’ s house . T he river was in that country . I
gave the book to the queen ’ s maidservant . The daugh
ters of the queen gave the red apples and the yellow pears to the little children . I saw a c arriage with black horses 011 the bridge , and
the servants . D idst thou see the
the garden ? It was not in th
lane . 1T he asses in this c ountry the mule to the owner of the he
nurse saw the dogs in the great A c ertain
v
horse in the lanes of that city .
Personal Pronouns . 29
l
u k dé j Q ‘JL ’ d i-JJq i f Q lJ J U j
" d ied /i( a b yw“)
(4 4 1 9 dr fi
‘ a JZJ
3f )
i ‘j 1 ,
g af f
;
F o u r th L e s s o n .
P ersonal P ronouns .
two kinds : (a) S eparable and (b) Inseparable . T he
S eparable are :
thee
, they (persons and
them. them .
A s it is sometimes nec essary to use the words "we and ‘
you ’ with a very extensive meaning, these
words , though plural, may take a plural termination ;
a s, mag
-ra
darid, ‘
you (i. e. all of you, you and your c o-religionists) hold that tenet’ . If a noun in apposition follow the
l ‘i't P ei s . S ing . man , the izafeh is inserted ; as
, man i
feh is not
used. To is in some plac es pronounc ed tu. 17 and oai
have prec isely the same meaning the one as the other ,
but u is more c ommonly used .
T he simple andc ompoundprepositions (L the iga
'
,
however, that man-rd and to-ra are contrac ted into
mard and turd (lj - l g . C bi-man dad, ‘he gave
to me ’ : Shaina ura d ‘
you saw him ’ : kita
The Possessive P 1 onouns are (as in the above
examples) formed by prefixing the izafeh to the P er
sonal pronouns : as , asb i shumd, ‘your horse ’
(lit , ‘horse
of you ’
’
a noun with a possessive pronoun attached is the ob
jec t of a V erb , 4 1 7 is added in ac c ordanc e with rule :
as , man asb i m et didam,
‘I saw his (or her) horse ’ .
When a personal or possessive Pronoun of either
number and of any one of the three persons is the
dire ct objec t (or part of the direct obj e ct) of a V erb
and refers to the same person as the subjec t of the sente nc e
, instead of the simple pronoun the word
khoud or one of its equivalents must be em
ployed (bide L esson V II ) : as , man kitab i khmidra
dadam,
’
.
The separate Pronouns are in Persian much less
frequently used than are their equivalents in English, because the different terminations of the persons of
the V erb suffic e to express the meaning sufficiently c learly . A s a general rule
, therefore
, the Personal
Pronouns are not used as the subjec t of a sentenc e
exc ept when especial emphasis has to be expressed : as
, main mi—raoam, a
(Cf. the usage of
the Classic al languages . ) 46 . 1 n sepa rable P ronouns . Besides the S epar
able Pronouns given above , there are in Persian a
Personal P ronouns . 31
number of Inseparable Pronouns or Pronominal A ffixes , which may be used in their stead whenever the pro
noun is not the subj ec t of a sentenc e . These are :
S ingular .
bU- j -atdn (itdn), you , your,
Mi a — j -ashc
in (ishdn), them, their .
It will be notic ed that the plural forms are made
by adding to the singular in each case the plural ter
m1 11 ation win. T he pronunciation , however , has now
changed into -imdn , i tem,
-iskdn instead of -amd1i , -atam,
-aslian.
When any one of these terminations is affixed to
a noun or adj ec tive ending in -eh), an alif is
inserted and the termination is written as in the fol
lowing 6Xamples : ( ML; (khaneh am), ‘my house
’ : “s u p
-
itc ‘
iii) ‘your attendant’ (of children). In popular usage and espec ially in c onversat1on
these pronominal affixes are far more commonly used
than are the separable pronouns . They may in correct
style be affixed to nouns, adjec tives , verbs , and c om
pound prepositions ending in izdfeh (L esson V III . , and mean my, to me, me ; thee, to thee, thee, etc . as
required : as , kitc
’ :
’ : zddamash,
‘they said to them ’ . A t one time
these affixes could not be used exc ept in referenc e to
animate beings , but this rule is now almost obsolete .
In '
prepositions also , as biash ‘to him
’
3? Lesson 4 .
47 . In most parts of Persia a or vai is used of
persons only , an taking its plac e in referenc e to
animals and espec ially to inanimate things : as , ii qdvi
’ st
, however, i i is often used of animals and even
of things ; but this c ustom , though found in old
books , should not be followed .) S o also is7ian is used
of pe1 sons only . aiihii of animals and of things prin c ipally, but also of persons . T he plurals anaii and
man are hardly ever used now even in writing exc ept when followed by kih; as
, main kih or aiianikih
‘those who ’
. In c onversation aiihaikili is used instead with the same meaning .
Ma is sometime s vulgarly used instead of man,
with the ve1b in the plural, if this pronoun be the
"
English , when addressing a single person courteously .
To is used by villagers : it may be used to children
or inferiors . It is also used (like ‘T hou
’ in English) in
addressing the D eity . Probably for this reason the
affix -at is often u sed in c ertain expressions of
politeness when addressed to superiors ; as fidiiyat bdsham
,
i pa-y -i javahir-asa-y-i dqdasdt shdvim,
‘may we be
the offering of the dust of thy most sacred , j ewel
like foot’ (in petitions to the S hah of Persia). § 48 . H onor ific s , etc . Ce1 tain wor
, ds titles etc .
In speaking , e . g . to a sovereign , gibleh
-
Majesty’
the verb : as , Qibleh-y-i
Maj esty is aware that’ , etc . S o also
, Haziir i mabarili
famiiiideh budand, ‘Y our R oyal Highness had c ommand
ed ’ . T o any gentleman may be used the title saikdr
with 01 without other words ; as sarkar i
shmna didid , y
,
‘
you
wrote ’ In this c ase the 2nd plural of the verb is used .
O n the other hand politeness require s the speaker to
avoid the frequent use of man ,
‘I’ , and to substitute “
nde7i ( ‘your humble
of G od ’ . The king asked (from) him,
,
‘Bec ause a king is a person who has need ofmany things
, but a religious
mendicant is a man who has need of nothing . I am a
mendicant of that sort , therefore I am richer than all
of you ’ .
i
é at fi x;
9
/ 4 4 ; e nsu
u l
. )main—b :
9 6 54 4 ca n, 1 .o b u tfi f : 9 1> ou t;
J J l x ‘k? cp -Lm.U h U K
N
49 . T he Persian numerical system is very simple .
The c ardinals from 1 1 to 1 9 inc lusive are formed by
P refiXing to i .s (dah), ‘ten
’
, a slightly varied form of
’
, the equivalent A rabic ordinal dj l, (dvval) is used ; but for 31“ etc . the regular Persian form IS ,
(ya '
kiim) is alone in use . T he ordinals are formed from the c ardinals by affixing -um,
as will be seen in the
table . N otic e , however
, the slight irregularity in the
N umerals . 35
,
tieth ; also the Spelling of the words for 60 , 100
, 200
In ordinary c onversation instead of , LP .
char 1n said ; (hijdah) 1 s p1 onounc ed hijdah, or even
hi ’
édah; chahardah l s pronounc ed chardah; hifdah 1s pron :
and the vulgar but very usual pronunc iation of panzdah and shanzdeh is piinzdah and shiinzdah (vide 8 , fin). S o also pansad is said not unfrequently for
pansad . also sinzdah for sizdah, ‘thirteen .
b ay}:
v 40
A 50
a 60
70 Satan:
YT ‘
O rdinals
‘T en thousand’ is sometimes c alled 11 1 ) (lah), five
hundred thousand , Zf (hariir), and the word miliyi ‘
in
is borrowed from European languages to express
(N ote that the Persians, in borrowing lah ail d Iiuriir from India have considerably changed the meaning of the words , as in U rdu lah’
hmeans
P ?
O .
.9
, hazar
hazdi‘hd '
,
may take the plural terminations -ha and -an wheri required . as
, sadha nafar hashieh shudand,
; hazaran hazar ‘ alam hast,
‘thousands of thousands of worlds exist’ . more modern style would be written thus,
N umerals . 37
50. T he A rabic Cardinals and O rdinals , espe
cially the units , are oc c asionally used in Persian ; but
it is unnec essary to give the Cardinals , as they are
used only with A rabic words , as « awl Jfi-t
’
(chahiir Injil). The O rdinals are more c ommonly used ,
'
’ . In numbering the ‘
heads of a
discourse etc . they are also used in an adverbial form
with the A rabic c ase-termination T (pronounc ed -a "
n) appended , as list
“? di ‘
J ib Cf “
j ‘ eh, yak ma
mean ‘ a second time
’
a phrase as ‘five times six makes thirty’ is expressed
by Ew tu z a
é; (panj shish ta si ta), the word 5 (mi
shavad), ‘becomes
, being understood .
52 . Fractions. S ome of the words denoting frac tions are Persian
, but most of them are A rabic . They
are used in the following manner :
sih yak.
O ne eighth hasht yak. sumu .
Q :
‘ .
‘ ushr
b
f z;
T he word nim 1 s not used in counting , nisf having
now taken its plac e . Al though we may say and write sih yak (both Persian words) for ‘O ne third ’
, yet to
‘do sih
; one must say do sals . The same applies to the
other frac tions : e . g .
‘five eighths’
, haft
‘ askr.
53 . R ule. A fter all purely Persian Cardinals the noun is put in the singular (never in the plural as in
English) : e . g .
’
,
If these words are the subjec t in a sentence , the
verb is sometimes in the singul ar , sometimes in the
plural : as , mardi ro do pisar biid
,
( ‘ a c ertain man had two
an sad gasfdnd yurikhtand, those hundred sheep ran away’
. A s a general rule the plural verb in such ‘
instanc es is used with words denoting persons : it is often used with words denoting animals, but it is not
c orrec tly used regarding inanimate things , (though
this usage is gradually finding its way into the modern language).
54 . In conversation the word naifar is
usually inserted between the numeral and a word denoting persons : as
, shish nafar savar,
’
Daneh or ta is similarly used with all other words ; as
panj ta sib, ‘five apples
’
’
;
‘ten cups ’ . In writing
, to is rarely used
in such c onstruc tions, but the other words are . In
more precise written style other expressions are used ,
somewhat like our English ‘five head of c attle ’
P anj zinjir fit, ‘five elephants
’ : (zinj ir
: (dast
‘
’ : (farvdnd =
’ : (jild
(qabgeh hafthdlgeh angiishtar,
‘ seven rings’ : (hdlqeh
In referenc e to houses in legal documents the word bob is used ; as , do bobkhaneh,
‘two houses’ But in ordinary spec eli or writing dast takes the
plac e of bob , and do dast khoneh is said .
55 . In such phrases as ‘ a glass of water’
,
piece of bread’ , the Persian follows the German idiom l
by omitting the ‘ o zi’ as
, yak shisheh at , yak pareh min 3
(cf. ein G las Wasser ; ein S titch Brat. ) vo
Words
qai ‘
big/ nan”a m m (10 Krans).
desert.
shad, he became .
I T his is the meaning of the word when used alone in answer to a question .
mi-danad, he knows .
merely.
pashima '
.
gismat, a portion .
’ s .
pal i siydh, a black coin, a cop
per .
-i, about, concerning.
chun , since , when
j uz, except .
bi-khvahi, well. alfa
'
“
ai i blw U 1 ule b ‘ f V ii . J‘ru ’
JU L} 13 fl e a s
“ “V OL-y 6 » bar» :w e
?)
J l — lf n j l g ghj we y tl — f ow j 9
Li l — J} J f h u ) A f lj j j
k a A—d e M aij a
g lLW -XlM XJ } f w k ’i bl}?
T ranslation 10. A Tale.
A beggar saw a king and said to him (that), ‘0
king , thou are very wealthy and hast houses and
horses , (and) lands, (and) servants , and very much
money ; but I (bdndeh) who am thy brother (for A dam is our father and E ve is our mother) have nothing .
Give me a brother ’ s portion of thy wealth and pro
perty ’ . T he king said to one of his servants,
‘Give him a copper
‘0 king , what does
this mean ? Why dost thou not give me a brother’ s
portion ? ’ T he king laughed and said to him (that),
‘B e silent ; for (kih) if the other brothers understand ,
thou wilt not get even this (even this does not arrive
to
ghula '
stand, (if they get to know about .)
mi-rasad, it arrives .
42 Lesson 6 .
it is often nec essary to supplement the feeble relative kih by the personal pronouns with the prepositions to express the English R elative when prec eded by pi e
positions or when it is the obj ec t of a verb. T he
method in which this is done will be best understood from the following examples :
(a) ‘T he man who came hither (a) Mardi kih inja imad daulat
was rich ’ . mand bud.
(b) zani kih iira didid (or, kih
(lit. ‘who you saw her
’
) dididash). 1
(c) ‘T he child to whomyou gave (0) Bachcheh 1 kih kitab-ra bi
the book ’
(lit. ‘ that to vai dadid.
(d) ‘T he person whose child they (d) Shakhsi kih bachcheh-ash-ra
took ’
(lit. ‘ that his giriftaiid.
'
(lit. ‘that I saw kur badaud.
’
(lit. ‘ that to budand.
‘T he robbers , from whose (g) R ahzanan1 kih shamsh1r
hands (lit. ‘that from their az dast 1 Mai n girift gurikh
hand ’
fied’ .
57 . Chih as a R elative is strengthened by the
addition before it of the demonstrative on, ‘that’
, when
it is governed by a preposition : as ,
‘From what (that which) he A 2 dnchih ii guft, fahmidam.
an? said I understood
’
A nehih may be the obj ect of a verb without being followed by -rii
, but if -rii , is inserted the word kih
ought to come after the -rci : as ,
(a) A -
or heard is true ’
A nchik—ra kih shinidid, etc .
(T his latter sentenc e is hardly right : it would he more c orrec t to say, chiZi kih (an roi ) shinidid rast ast.)
’ .
In a similar way kih as a R elative may be strength ened by the insertion of on or in before it
, and may
,
‘T he man
whom you saw to -day was a merchant’ , but this cannot be defended.
Relative and interrogative pronouns . 43
be used of things as well as of persons ; as , in answer to the question , Chih kitcib git/tid,
‘What book did you
it may be replied, A nkih dar dast i nae bi ‘
ids
‘Whoever’
their oblique c ases , are similarly expressed by the use
of such words as hdrkih , hdroinkih
, hdrkaskih, harka
,
, Hdrkih bé
’
shyak kitab dodi mamniinat shad) Everyone to whom thou gavest a book became
(was) grateful to (of) thee .
A sb i ha ’
rkas ra kih didand as it giriftand, W‘ hose soever horse they saw
, they took it from him’
.
“
im kih
bi-7ihvahid bi-girid.
S imilarly harchih, haronchih, haranchih kih, liar chizi kih, are used to express ,
‘whatever’ " ,Whatsoever
‘ everything that’ , -etc .
59 . Interrogatives . T he simple Interrogative pro nouns are kih (formerly
, and still in vulgar spec eh, ki,
whenc e the plural kiyan), and chih ,
‘what?’
When -ra is added to these words the fin al h is
dropped ; as him, chi '
word chi ’
’
‘
’
(a) I n kitabi kist kih ast), or an kitab mat i kist ?
( b)
c) Bih kih dddid(ash) 9 ‘Who are they
? ’
(d) Ishzin kiyiin and ?
60. T he Persian method of expressing the inter rogative adj ec tives ‘which?’ ‘
any? ’ ‘how ‘how
But when kih or chih are rela tives and in compositionwith an, in etc . , ihe h is retained before -ra. With hiirkih the
final h falls out when ~ra follows.
44 Lesson 6 .
’
(a) ‘Which house did you see ?
’
that ? ’
(0) ‘How much did you give for that? (lit. for how mu ch did
you buy
’
(i) ‘How do you do that ?
(a) Kudom kha ‘
neh-ri didid?
(b) A ya hich kudom i ishon (or hich kudomashon) anra kar
deh ast ?
(here the bi is generally omitted in conversation).
(d) G ' hond nafar haair bfidand?
(e) Shumit kai ‘
(h) Chiro giryeh mi-kunid?
kunid ?
has also the signification of some ; as tdni chdnd, ‘ some
persons ’
Words .
diriiz, yesterday.
dmruz, to-day.
morrow .
to, in order that.
bi-binam, I may see .
dihad, he may give .
parvoz kardeh, having flown .
filfawr, at once , instantly.
zod , soon , quickly.
, let him go
fuhsk, abuse .
Relative and interrogative pronouns .
rafteh bad, had gone away. avdrdand, they brought.
. (his times became hm
"
daw‘
d, he showed , made .
dqa, master . qdz ‘
tanbih, warnin punishment . kar, deed, work, action .
shudeh bad, it ad become . bad, evil , bad : badly.
gardideh, having become . fage '
chist, friend. gira ‘
in, a kran (Persian coin). ta ‘druf, present, gift . birau, go , away with thee !
khuda '
mi-kwnid, you do , make . bidu, to him .
nazd 2, near to . bar da ‘
ri ’
kflj a ifi j é f l c é la}
( b u r dbj r
fi ‘b lj he l o h lb o af lw’ i 2 .a t
( J ‘s)n ' 1 L M ‘? r
‘
e lg L6 u h J ; LJ x x ; LI»
L i
r » ) u
T ranslation 12. A Tale.
A religious-mendicant went into a fruiterer’ s shop,
bec ause (aza '
n j ikat kih) the fruiterer did not quickly to him (17rd rah na-y
-anddkht), he found fault
with him . T he fruiterer too abused the mendicant ,
.
(struck a shoe on the fruiterer’ s head). The fruiterer
lodged (namad) a c omplaint against (az) him before
the judge . The judge summoned the mendicant and
(having summoned . asked (from) him (that), ‘Why
didst thou strike this shopkeeper? ’ He replied , .
‘Bec ause he gave me abuse !
’ The judge said to him
,
‘Thou hast
done a very evil deed ; but sinc e thou art a poor man
I shall (do) not punish thee severely : give half a (a half) kran to this shopkeeper and go away’
. T hereupon
the mendic ant took (brought) a kran out of his pocket and
, having given it to the judge
, struck him also on
‘If such is justic e ,
.
l l -bau Lé LJ J LD ’KJ J Yfl
léT _) l J a la l 0? $33 4
?
I.» Jl ‘
at. mi : a}, s k in
N an iJ ‘
o s-l-fi f
U ta -JJ
J
d ; f la KaJ aflb af q lw l g j fi f
b j
fl U JL l f ‘u lJ afi w l fi gp f
ttl if f
’
d aq LS ‘J .
Jf g l‘zp
4 .9 L. as; J
T he reflexive pronoun . 47
S e v e n th L e s s o n.
T he R eflexive P ronoun.
61 . T he R eflexive Pronoun khpud or khmsh.
‘ self
’
(which is of the same origin as the L atin se, suus' ) is used very much as the similar pronoun in Latin . T he
great differenc e is that , while se and saus belong to
the third person singular and plural and to no other ,
the Persian R eflexive Pronoun is used of all three per
sons and of both numbers. Khvudmay be (a) the subj ec t of the verb, in which c ase its use is easily under
stood : itmaybe either (b) the direc t or (c) the indirec t obj ec t of the verb ,
or again it may (d) be governed by the prepositions (inc luding flea/eh) and the post
position -ra : it may also (e) be used as a noun and
have the separate pronouns with iza '
feh or the prono
minal affixes of either number and of any of the three
persons attached to it. The use of this pronoun is
rigorously observed in Persian , but it presents no dif
ficulty if the following rules be observed . (We deal first with khmtd alone and then with khpish separately . )
62. When khpad is the subj ec t of the sentenc e , it
is used almost like the English self, and like that word is generally united with a personal or possessive
pronoun : as ,
1 . Khvud (or man khvud, now more usually man khvudam, khvud i man or khvudam) bi—shahr mi-ravam,
‘I myself am going to the c ity’
.
2 . Khvud (to khvud, now tb khvudat, khend to, 01
khvudat) 17m didi, ‘Thou thyself didst see him’
.
8 . t ud (a khend, now w khpadash khend i u ,
khvudash) Zinrd guft, ‘He himself
u
said that’ . S imilarly are used : khpud (ma khpud, now ma
khmldaman , khgnid i ma, or khmldamdn) : khvud (shame
— l
t ud is fromkhvu (found as late as the M asnrwi of
Maulana-yi Rumi) ta (cf Skt. tas termination f _
rom) : khvish from the same root ash, affix of 3rd sing. his .
[Pahlavi khiit and khvésh]. Khvu is Avestic hva ’
(A khaemenian
“
‘
1 4 for wag avzovg) the reflexiveppronoun , as in Persian ,
refers to both numbers and to all three persons .
48 Lesson 7 .
’
'
ashan, or khpud l fisha '
n). O nly in vulgar speech does the khvud take the plural termination -ha (the h in this termination is frequently omitted by the un
educated), and khvudhaman khvudha '
'
shun) are then used.
63 . When khvud is (a) the direct or (b) the indirec t obj ec t of a verb
, or (c) is governed by a pre
position (inc luding flzafeh) or -ra '
, it refers to the
same person or thing that is the subj ec t of the sen
,
’ .
.
’ .
(A ya) shumf ‘
‘
pud gama '
(b) Shanta khpadra (or bl -hhoud) (b)
‘Y ou have given yourself a
khaz ‘
(c) U dar ba '
reh-y l khvud guft. (0) ‘He (she) spoke about him self
64 . Foreigners often make mistakes in the use
of khend through failing to remember that , whenever
in English one c an use the word self or own along with a Personal pronoun without materially altering the meaning of the sentenc e
, then khvud (alone or
parable) must be used in Persian instead of the simple
personal pronoun (generally in such c ases a possessive). E . g .
, in the sentenc e
,
the meaning is not materially altered by saying ‘I left my own book on the table
’ : therefore in Persian
,
instead of saying Man kltab fl mara (bar) m- y -fl mzz
ea guza '
rdam , which is u tter ly wrong, one should say
man kltab f l khund-r a (bar)ml-y-l mlz ea guzardam.
When governed by ara it must be the direct or indirect object of a verb, as will be readily seen .
‘mounted on your horse ’
But the phrase is
llmEl Ha ’
’
l , a miser . andlshid, he thought out.
ml-bdsham, I am. bl-nazar a lardeh, having (bi ought ml”bashad be
, it is . to sight . devised.
bElyad ba '
'
manded attention , notice
, ml-khpziham, I wish.
mamn lln i, grateful to .
dmshab, to-night. zinda '
bl-raft, he went . darElz, long.
rafteh bad, he had gone away. khpc ‘
lhl ’
naqd, cash, ready money. farmz ‘
ld, he commanded.
z flm
panhan, hidden . aqraba (A r . pl . ofgamb) relatives .
bl-hwaam, I may make . kha '
yln, treacherous .
afta '
dandEln, a tooth. amid, hO pe .
bag/an, explanation . tahs fll , attainment.
alllad , children (A r. pl.) ma bagz, the remainder .
khglzlhllnd mard, they shall die . mazkl ‘
lr, mentioned.
plsh l '
m , before the face . bar gal danld, he returned (trans).
EigElh (az), aware (of). tadbl ‘
r, plan .
sons . gardid, he became .
slam/rd. be handed over. bl nih at,
bi-slpafi '
az dqab l '
, behind. mu‘dbbl '
ml -gaza '
ndlEld, he put . dEinlshmdnd, wise , sage .
bfl-dld, he saw.
duzdl ‘
bl-bli/rd, he carried off. out
T he reflexive pronoun .
ing . bad-shukl '
E xercise 13.
.
.
w 3 1; J, a ,
) J JJ Jay m e-4 5 3 3] o aj l km M l O M J r
-d —b d J U J Ji J JV ‘ u
‘ w j é é l — K
g u ss et. an»
%J J _
V L
.»
“
35> 6 14 U ta -v i{13 414 1
T ranslation 14.
,
this , that all (thy) children and thy relatives shall die
before thine eyes (fac e) . T he king became angry and
(having become angry) threw that man into pi ison .
Having then called another interpreter of dreams he 4*
52 Lesson 7 .
He said ,
, for its
:
shall live longer (more) than all (your) children and relatives
’ . T he king laughed and c om
manded (to) his attendants to give (that, ‘Y ou give ’
) a gift to this wise-man : and having rebuked that other he let (him) go .
Conversation.
JI3. .
sf alaj j s j s lz f sx f Afi ll b,
s la '
“ 19 51 11 3 i s AfT ( is uf é .
’ , KJI) !flan
g e "
T
a) A
J ‘w a i ‘c ‘fl y dsl fi l J? "
314 51 ”
’
J ; d h j li lJ J};I
7 32? l 13151 4” a b dl j l a»
J in n -1}
ex c l . ) a w l
J -f-lg 353. . 1, 111; QT (1T)
Q u id
“: j .) (L A
u a s
gm M b 0 4 5 -
4 dt ob s lj
I d id
E ighth Lesson.
P repositions , simple and c ompound :
Conjunc tions , Inte rje c tions .
67 . T he simple Prepositions now in use in P er
sian are very few , the only ones of Persian origin
now used being : as
bi , ba (when united with the following word : when
separate , bih, bah), to, for, at ; in , with (means).
ba, with, along with (now used of manner and in
strument). bar, on
dalf , in . into, at ; on (of time).
-i, of (the izEl/eh, which ln many instanc es is now
a simple preposition). ta , up to
, as far as .
O f A rabic origin and less c ommonly used a1 e :
ila ’
'
‘from the sixth to the seventeenth
halal , as far as (often used with in kih, as bath? in kih fEl ghagabnEllc shad,
‘to such an extent that he grew
fl, per as used in English (as, shot/far, hl '
jdehman
per
bila , without (as , bilEl shakll ,
‘without 68 . T he older form of bfl is ba, which is still
used in Shirl — la and in some other plac es . When followed
by 71 , an , m , ishEln, a still older form of the words may
be used , bad or bid after which the initial alif of
the above four words is omitted : as bidEl bidE ’
ln
bidi '
conversation .
69 . In modern conversation dar is seldom heard , t l (more properly tEl-y
-i) being often used instead , as
in sandElq, ‘in the box
’
, (bar) ml-y-i generally taking its plac e : even in
54 Lesson 8 .
writing it has a tendency to be used almost inter changeable with bi, exc ept after verbs of giving. Ta bi
is now more frequently used than ta alone , and bi jun
is sometimes Said for jaz.
The Compound Prepositions in c onversation and
even in writing are nowsupplanting the simple ones .
T he simple Prepositions are , however
, often omitted
the sense is clear enough without them ; as , U rafteh
ast (bE shahr, ‘he has gone to the c ity’
: B i-dih man
’ . Shamshi
’ s hand’ .
ing part of a c ompound Preposition , the simple pre
positions . are also frequently omitted both in speaking
and in writing : as , N ardll ln (bar) sar i dinElr bEld,
‘the
’
U ka '
st? (Dar) khElneh-y-i baita '
r ast. °Where is
he ? He is at the veterinary surgeon’ s (house); A n
shakhs (bar) ddman i kEEh llftad, ‘that person fell at the
foot of the mountain’
‘that box is at the foot of the tree ’
; A '
Elr yEl/t shad, ‘my horse was found under
the wall’ ; A n shahr (bar) lab i darya vElqi c ast,
‘that city is situated on the shore (lip) of the sea
’ . In these
brackets may be omitted without changing the
meaning .
70. T he Compound Prepositions are generally composed of a noun prec eded by a simple prepos1tion
expressed or understood. For this reason .they all
require an igEl/eh after them, exc ept in the few 1nstanc es
in which as or bi takes its plac e . Most of the c om
pound prepositions in ac tual use are given in the
subjoined list . They are shewn in ac tual c onnex1on with other words in order to make their meaning and
u se c learer and more easily understood.
BErEln az shahr, out of the c ity .
B irEln i shahr, outside the c ity .
Prepositions , conjunctions , interj ections. O 5
(dar) andarEln i khaneh, within , inside the house .
(dar) bain i rElh, on (amid) the way.
dar asuEl-y-i an lair, during that work.
(bar) sar i rah, on the road , by the roadside .
(bar) bald-313-l sar i vai , above hi s head .
bidiln i dElstam, without my friend .
W bi istisnEl-y-i ishEln, with the exc eption of them .
(de) aqabi vai ufiEldand, they followed (fell) after him.
de rah i A bilshdhr, via Bushire .
2; javanmdrdl , from, byway of
, generosity .
,
qarib i, qarEb bi
de garblr i Elnchih maktilb ast , ac cording to what is
written . c
(dd ?) pai-y-i ( 6 1 ) val, after (in search for) h
(bl) ghair i El, except him .
ghair az Eln , besides that
, other than that .
pain i kElh nishdst, he sat at the foot of the
mountain .
pa ’
c'
(dar) dgab i pardeh behind the curtam .
(dar ) pusht i dEvElr, behind the wall. (bar) pusht i bElm, on the roof.
plisht i sar i nallkar Elmad, he c ame up behind the servant.
qa ’
bl as an vllgt, before that time .
pEsh i hakim Elmad, he c ame to the doc tor.
plsh i gElzi EstEld, he stood before the judge .
pish i rEl -y -i m l, in front of him (before his fac e).
pahlEl - gj -i barl
ldaramnishdst, he sat beside mybrother .
rEl bi rEl-y-i padshElh, fac e to fac e with, in front of, the king .
r , near (to) the c ity .
after that , afterwards.
dar mq lbileh y-i Qur ’
an, in c ompa1 ison with the
Q ur ’
na ’
(bl) ndzd i val raft, he went to him .
as ndzd i hElkim, from the governor .
de jElnibi Khudd. f1 om G od.
as hq l r i padshElh, from the king’ s presenc e .
EnrlE la y-l Eln kitdb bE-guzar , put this inside that book (spoken style) .
(bZ Z ldd 7:
(bl ll hilElf i an huhm , c ontrary to that c ommand .
(bar) hhildf i
mq lfiq i
(bar) ha ’
sb i
dar hElb i EmEln, in referenc e to belief , in the matter
of faith.
that matter.
(bar) sar E El rEkhtand, they fell upon (attacked) him.
(bar) sdr i su ’
freh, on the table (c loth). bald-y
-i sar i El EstEldand, they stood c lose beside him .
(dav) miyan i tElifell , among the people .
mlyane '
’
between those two persons .
, instead of him.
tdraf i shElm , towards evening .
(bar) an ddst i rEldkhElneh, on that side of the river .
(bi-)Eln sil y-i ( tdrafi) rEldlchElneh, across the river .
hamrElh i EshEln,
jilali i mal l bE-rau, go in front of me .
dal lr i Elra girEftand, they surrounded him.
along with them.
pas, then , ac cordingly.
27 . laterj ectimis . T he princ ipal are : Iaak, lo !
( ti, oh ; ast kih,
.
way, woe ! Elk, ah ; afsEZs, alas ! Ziaij , alas ! (liaif bah ba h! ‘bravo , well done !’
Words.
bl—kashad , he may (might) draw .
mE-kashad, he draws .
hashEd, he drew .
hashEdeh, having drawn .
bi binala
be cluster , bunch.
zlideh, having struck .
hEElEl, now.
out .
Ila '
fancy ing .
mEceh, fruit.
mardamdn , people .
parsidand, they asked.
pardeh, a curtain .
pEsh, fb rward.
ma‘ ll ‘
Em, known .
dar pa ’
fahmEd, he understood.
mi ’
naqsh, a picture .
farEfteh shadand, they were de ceived.
chand ‘
l
was deceived.
A id J
'
u j uuo d lj c abal b ox j j j j l s j > fi hU J J Q5YhJ
j fi d l dhaf — w lo
r A
C S ld x aj g; Q LrlJ )
) lJ l) M ) Jr.) J ug Q l; J G; U lla) Ju l)
w l o aJ Q l p A if —l w k—f j i K-QM ;
J i b of”. . .a .. l d, xdata; m
C) !
w d j é {w l Jp n , J!{a} s lid! . hLC
j ) : -v) ; Lgl— K mlo w u l
u ag l ox a lf l— ay
[h u h j g ft f J y j
’ U L? “ V «( l lc ’
kK u
Translation 16. A Tale.
A slave fled from his master . A fter a short time
his master , having gone to another c ity and having
found (seen) that slave there ,
seized him and said , ‘Thou art my slave
, why didst thou run away from
me ? ’ T he slave
, having laid hold of (having struck
hand upon) his garment (hem of his garment), said in answer to him (in answer of him).
‘N o !; on the c on
trary, thou art my slave ,
and having stolen much money from me thou hast run away : now that I (have) found thee
, I (shall) give punishment’ . Finally they
both went to the governor and (having gone they) asked for justic e . The governor of the c ity
, having
both should put their heads (head) out at one time .
,
(having drawn) behead (strike the neck of) that slave ’ .
When the slave heard this speech (word), he at onc e
drew his head back , but his master did not make any
60 Lesson 9 .
movement at all . The governor understood which was the slave and which the master (that which is .
therefore he bastinadoed the former (wire?) and de
livered him to his master .
Conversation.
»
o$J J J <il i4 l d b l
{ an d 4: t L533! J Q JJ LB