Modern Gymnast - February 1970

THE MODERN GYMNAST MAGAZINE

FEBRUARY 1970 60c

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THE MAGIC OF GYMNASTICS is the first contemporary readings text on the gymnastic market! It consists of a compilation of articles submitted by some sixty-five nationally and internationally known teachers, coaches, and physical educators. This classroom text deals with the broad spectrum of the total gymnastic curricula for both boys and girls of all levels.

• Designed for Teacher, Coach, and Professional Student! • Includes Teaching Methodology for all levels! • Kinesiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Gymnastics! THE

MAGIC OF GYMNASTICS Just

• Covers the Current Available Literature in the Field! • Elementary, Secondary and College level Physical

Education Gymnastics! • Competitive Gymnastics at all levels! $6.95 • Exhibition Gymnastics! • Lists Current Equipment and Supply Companies!

TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I Historical Overview

A Hi storical Review of the Development of the Gymnastic Apparatus by Brullo A. Johllke . .... . .... A Br;ef Histo ry of Trampoline Competition. by Glellll Wilsoll .

Part II Gymnastics in Foreign Lands Gymnastics in the Japanese School Sys tem. by Tsuyoshi Shimizu . ....... 14 Thought s on Gymnastics in the Austrian School System. by GumerA .lberer. Ph.D. .. 17 Gymnastic Training in the East German School System. by Brullo Klaus . . 19 Gymnastics in the H ungarian School Sys tem. by J ames A. Farkas .......... 2 1 An Inte rna tional Gymnastic Sympos ium fo r Male Coaches. by R ichard M. Aronson. ...... 23

Part III Psychological Interpretat ions Psychology a nd the Gymnast. by Dr. Joseph L. Massimo....... . ...... 32 Mot iva tional Fac tors in Teaching and Coac hing. by Dr. Richard J. Sm;th .... 35 Psychological Basis of Teaching Methodology. by Dr. In 'ill E. Faria. . ... 37

Part IV Men's Gymnast ics F loor Exercise for the Beginner. by Jamih· A slrmore T.he Pommeled Horse Event. by Robert MallllillK . The Still. Rings Event. by Fred OrloJsky ..... . T he Para llel Bars Event. by Kellll"h T. Bartlell.

.... 43 45

. ... 48 . ................ 50

Long Horse Vaulting. by Armolldo Vega. ..52 An Introduc t ion to the Horizontal Bar Event. by RORer H . Gedney . ........ 54 The A ll -Arou nd Event. b\' Arthur Shurioek. . .... 56 T he Trampoline Event. b)' Fred B. Sallders . . .. 58 Tu mbling - The Foundation of Gymnast ic Movement. by Frallk J. Fortier III ......................................................... 60

Part V Women's Gymnastics T he Use of Dance in Women's Gymnast ics. by Gail Solltgerath. Expression in Women's Gymnastics. by Mimi Murray ... ...... . Women's Gymnast ics at the College Level. by Edward P. Fran z Trends and Innova tions in Wome n's International Gymnastics,

.. .. 65

. ... 67

.... 69

by Vanllie Edwards ............................................................... 71

Part V I J udging Competiti ve Gymnastics Trends in Judging Men's Gymnastics in the United States, by Dr. JOII Culbertsoll. Ph. D . .................. .... ............................. 76 Gymnastic Judging o n the International Sce ne. by Dr. Gene Wells tone ... 80

Part V II T he Art and Science of Gymnastics The Art of Gymnastics. by Dall J. Millmall .. .. ............................. 85 Mechan ical Analysis of Gymnastic Moveme nt. by JOSi'ph A. Dorsey. Jr . .... 88 The Twisting Illusion in Gym nast ics. by Don T Ollry .......................... 91 Nomenclature of Gymnastics. by WilliamJ. Villee", . Ph.D . ................... 93

Part V III Phys ical Basis of Gymnasti c Training For Physical Ski ll or F itness. You Ca n't Beat Gymnastics. by A bie G rossJeld ............................................................... . 98 Techniques for Enhancing Gymnast ics S trengt h . by ROller L. C oUll sil . .. 100 Card io-Respiratory Condit ioning for Gym nastics. by Patrick J . Bird. PhD. . .................................................. 103 Condit ioning fo r Gymnastics. by Joseph M. Fodero ...... . . .. 108 Techniques of Hand Care for the Gymnast. by Ed ... ard J . Serobe ... 114 Spotting as a Safety Factor in Gymnast ics, by Jack Bellsoll .. . .. 116 Pred ic ti ng Potentia l Gymnas tic Abil ity . by Joseph L. Reglla. . 118

Part IX Gymnastic Foundations • Gymnastics - The Bas is of Movement Educat io n, by Thomas C. Dunkley 12 1 T he Role of Gymnastics in the Intramura l Sports Programs. by Johll C. Gilmore, Ed.D . ................... . . ...... .. .......... .............. 124 Gymnastics - The Foundation of All Ph ysical Education Activity C urricu la. by Ali/hOllY J . Canillo. . .... 127 T he U niq ue Contributions of Gymnastics to Physical Education and A thlet ics. by Hartley Price. Ph.D . ............ .. . .. 130

Part X Gymnastics in the Schools Tumbli ng Abi lity Levels of E lementary Sc hool Children. by R ex Davis ... 136 Competitive Gymnast ics at the Elementary Sc hool Level. by G odJrey 5 tych . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . 140 Teaching Methodology fo r Basic Level Sk ill s. by Marsha ll R . Claus. ... 142

The Role of Gymnastics in the Seconda ry School C Urriculum. by W. P. Wortman . . .................... . Competiti ve Gymnastics a t the Seco ndary Leve l. by Bill R oerzheim . Gymnastic Ability Leve ls of College Students. by John Rammacher . Teaching Methodology for Advanced Level Skills. by OrwYIl Sampson. Ph.D . .. . . A Backward Approach to Teac hing Gymnast ics. by Erik Kjeldsell . Efficie ncy in T eaching Competi tive Gymnast ics. by Larry Ballller ..

Part X I Gymnas tic Programming Sokol and Turner Init iate Gymnas tics Program. by Ed. Gombos. Supplies a nd Equ ipment Needed to Initiate a Gym nastics Program .

. 145 ..... 147 .... 149

. ... 151 .. .... 154

.. 156

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by Bob Rector. ..................... .. .. 165 A C heck List to A id in Planning Gymnastic Meets. by Eric H ughes. PhD. 168 A C urrent List of Gymnastic Equipment and Supply Companies. by Waller Zwickd . . ............ .

Part XII Exhi bit ion Gymnasti cs Exh ibition Gym nastics. by George F. Kramer. PhD .. The Use ofa Living Statuary of Youth Tableaux as Originated by Professor Leslie J. Judd. by Frallk A. Wolcoll .

Part XIII Current Issues in Gymnastics Is Gymnastics Dangerous? A Stati st ical Just ifica tion Correcting C urrent Myths. by Ralph A. Piper, Ph.D. Is T rampoli ne Safe? by Bill 50rellsoll ............ . .. Is Gymnastics Gain ing Popularity? by Jam es M. Sweelley. PhD. Gymnastics - A Team Sport? by Richard J . Smith. T umbling and Tram poline Removed from Competition: It s I mpact on

.. 173

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Gymnastics Cu rricu la. by J eJJ A ustill. .. ................ 198 T he A ll -A round vs. the Specia lis ts. by 0 110 R yser. Ph.D. . ............ 200

Part X IV Contemplati ve Readings Gy mnas tics as I See It. by Russell D. Mitchell . .. ........... 206 The Un ited States Can Win in Olympic Gymnastics. by Tom Ma lol/l'y ... 209 Trampolini ng '- Nowa Worldwide Sport . by George P. N issell... .. .... 2 13

Part XV Overview of Available Gymnastic Lite rature Gymnastic Magazines - U.S. and Foreign . by Richard Criley . Ph.D .. .... 2 18 A C urrent Bibliography of Available Gymnastic Materia l. by Clair W. Jenllell. Ph.D. .. 223 T he Analysis of Gymnast ics - A Survey of the Literature. by A. Bruce Frederick ........... .. .. ... 227

THIS ANTHOLOGY IS A MUST FOR EVERY GYMNASTIC LIBRARY ORDER NOW!!!!!

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notes FROM THE

editor: Gymnastic Schools: In our many travel s covering interna­tional events for the MG we have always been thrilled when we had the chance to visit sport schools in Switzer­land, Germany and Scandinavia and have always hoped we would be able to develop similar separate institutions in America. We do feel there is a definite need for a sport school in America where Olympic and national teams could train , clinics and seminars could be held, extensive film and pub­lication library, resident advanced study in gymnastics for coaches on sabbatical, a training site for gymnasts out of school , a research institute for gymnastic programming of all ages and on and on with ideas unlimited. We would be interested in MG reader response to what YOU think about a national gymnastic school . . . where should it be? .. . how big should it be? ... what should the program cover? How will it be supported? Is there even a need for such a project, or are the local and state schools doing all that can be done for gymnastics? We have many thoughts on the subject and know you do, too .. .. You have heard some of ours ... we would like to hear some of YOURS.

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Ad Rep For M.G. We are pleased to announce our association with Mrs. Jean Davidian, who is now our new advertising representative.

Jean has five and a half years' experience in de­veloping marketing programs for trade publica­tions. She is experienced in all phases of publish­ing, having specialized in production, circulation, and editing, but primarily, in promotional programs. Jean served as Promotion Assistant to the president of one of the largest publishing companies in the south. She also served as Advertising Manager for a trade publication of smaller circulation, but with considerable prestige within the publishing field.

Send in your production problems to Jean, and she will insure efficient and professional help in getting your ad prepared on time to meet the ad­vertising deadline. In addition, she is qualified to prepare advertising copy and submit layout sug­gestions for your approval, should you require assistance in your ad preparation.

Along with her marketing efforts, Jean will edit a column about new products and services avail ­able in the gymnastics field, with comments about them which we think you will enjoy reading.

m THE MODERN GYMNAST MAGAZINE

CG Official Publication of the United States Gymnastic Federation

VOLUME XII

CONTENTS

FEBRUARY NUMBER 2

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR ... . .......... Glenn Sundby 4 GUEST EDITORIAL ........ ... ... ... .... . Dan J. Millman 6 CHALK TALK .......... ......... . .... .. ....... ... ..... .. ... . .. . 8 VIEWPOINTS .. .. .. .. .. .... ....... .. .. .... ... Dick Criley 9 MG COLLEGE & UNIVERSITY DATA .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ...... . 10 COLLEGIATE CAPT AI NS ..... .......... .... ... .... ...... ...... 1 2 JUGGSLAV GYMNAESTRADA LADDERS . .A. B. Fredrick 14 MG CENTER PHOTO ....... .... ... ... .. Steve Klutz, Navy 16 RESEARCH AND FITNESS IN GYMNASTICS

A Cinematographic Analysis of the Backward Handspring, by Harold Z. Holmes,Jr . .... .... .... ...... . 18

CONTROLLING SHOULDER PROBLEMS OF THE RINGMAN ..... ...... ..... ... .. .. . M. Mickey Cobb 20

RINGS, The German Rise on Still Rings ... Doug Church 21 JUDGING BY JERRy ..... ...... ...... .. ... .. Jerry Wright 22 A YOUTH GYMNASTICS PROGRAM .. Michael R. Bula

Mrs. Kathy Stacey.. ....... .... .... .... ..... ... ...... ... .. 24 MG INDEX TO VOLUME XI ..... .... .. .... ... ... ........... ... 26 LETTERS ..... ...... .. .. .... .. ... .. .... ........ . .. ...... ... . ..... 28 BOOK REVIEWS ...... ......... ...... ..... . .A. B. Fredrick 28 MY GYM CALENDAR .... ... .. ..... ..... ... ... .......... ..... . 30

NOT ICE: A typesetting error in the Janua ry issue li sted it as Volu me VII , Ja nua ry Numbe r 12 . It shou ld have been set as Volume XII, Janua r y 1970, Numbe r 1

COVER, Captain Ran Rappe r of Coach Newt Loken's University of Michigan Gymnastic team. Ron is a P.E. Maior at Michigan, a speciali st on the P Bars and the Big Ten and NCAA Champion in th is event ("Michigan Daily" Phot o by Richard Lee).

PUBLlSHE.R-EDITOR GLENN SUNDBY

ASSOCIATE EDITORS-TECHNICAL DICK CRILEY, FEATURE KEN SAKODA, LAYOUT

ASSOCIATE EDITORS - Feature

A. Bruce Frederick, Education ; Dr. James S. Bosco, Research; Jerry Wright, Competition; Frank Bare. USGF; John Nooney, Canada; Robert Hanscom, YMCA; Andrzej Gonera, European; Gerald George, Dan Millman & Don Tonry, AA Instructional; Bill Roetzheim, Instructional.

THE MODE RN GYMNAST magazine is pu blished by Sundby Publications, 4 10 Broadway, Santo Monico , California 90.40 1. Second Closs Postage pa id o f Sa nto Monico, Calif. Published monthly except bi- monthly June. Ju ly, August, and September. Price $6,00 pe r yea r, 60c a si ng le copy. Subscription correspondence, The MO DE,RN GYM NAST, P.O. BOl( 6 11. Santo Monico, California 90406. Copyright 1970© all rights reserved by SU NDBY PUB LICATI ONS, 4 10 Broad wa y, Santo Monico, Calif. All photos and manusc ripts submiHed become the p roperty of The MODE RN GYMNAST unless a return request and sufficient postage a re included.

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C __ gu_e_st_e_d_ito_r_ia_I:_J ON THE (R)EVOLUTION IN GYMNASTICS D AN J. M ILL MAN Gy mnastics Coach Sta nfo rd U ni ve rsity

" WHEREAR E WE HEA DED ?" T he sce ne (of a ll places) is a n art ga ll e ry. The

eve nt is the F irs t I nte rnatio na l Pa in ti ng Co m­pe titio n. A pa ne l of ex pe rt s has bee n se lected fro m a s prin kling of knowledgeable a rt critics and conno isse urs. Rules of co mpetition have bee n se t up.

.. A pa inting must convey a clear message thro ugh a bala nced. a rti c ula ted j uxta pos itio n of a t leas t six diffe re nt shades and colo rs." (Thi s is how a rt critics ta lk ). "Th e painting should capture a rea li s tic mo me nt in time , con­veyed in contras ting hues, re necting the e mo­t iona l tone of the the me."

I n j udgi ng the pa intings. the judges , in orde r to convince the mselves of the ir obj ec ti vity , use ma ny impress ive mathe ma tical tools a nd a number of long fo rmulae. A mong othe r things, li ght mete rs and protractors a re used in deter­mining the qua lit y of shading and ba la nce of each pa inting. T hese tools give the j udges ma ny objec ti ve numbe rs to w rite down.

I n the end , a pa int ing is selec ted as the win­ner - the painting w hic h rece ived the fewes t point deductio ns fro m an a rbitrary 10. 0 sco re. The j udges are congratul ated o n the ir objec­ti ve judg me nts. and they in turn la ud the effi ­cient syste m of co mpetition , in w hi ch " max i­mum crea ti vit y is a llowed" (within a s tri c t fra mework of rules. of course) .

T he competit ion was e xce lle nt. O ne ques tion re ma ined to be a nswered: Whv compete at all? Was n' t it e nough to look a nd enjoy each paint ­ing for its unique contribution ~ How can we compa re app les a nd oranges (s imply because they a re both food) a nd say which is " be tter?"

While most of us would consider the above "painting competitio n" a nalogy a bit ludicrou s , mos t of us bla ndl y accept gy mnas tics competi­tion as a na tura l. reasonabl e thing to do. One reason is we a re used to it , have grown up with it. I ndeed. in th e pas t, the s port of gy mnas tics le nt it se lf to co mpetition , for that was it s main

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att rac ti veness - the thrill s a nd spill s, the da r­ing. the team a nd indi vidua l ide nti fica tio n thro ugh competit ion. Yet things a re c ha nging. Thi s evo luti on of gy mnas tics away fro m com­pe titi on is the to pic of thi s artic le.

Le t' s look at the changing gy mnas tics scene from it s ince ption in a nc ie nt G reece. Keep one point in mind as you read : sports and a rt fo rms a re mirro rs, renec ting the soci eta l a nd cultura l a ttitudes in the time th ey a re po pula r. The popu­la rit y of a co mpe titive. ma n-against-ma n sport such as foot ball over a primaril y aes th etic one suc h as gy mnas tics, fo r example , is a co mmen­ta ry on our cultu re'S present prio rit ies and proc li vi t ies.

I n anc ie nt G reece. the "gy mnas tes" o r gy m­nas t was a da ring athlete who built a lithe . beau­tiful bod y (as was th e thin g in th ose days) th ro ugh specified exercises suc h as jumping ove r bull s . (Yo u can keep in good shape that way.)

More significant perhaps was the re birth of mode rn gy mnas tics w ith the O ly mpic event s approx imately as we know the m today . The time, the 19th Ce ntury: the place, G ermany. The G e rman cultura l ethos was o rgani zat ion a nd disc ipline through hard, practical work . It was not a pa rti cula rl y afflu e nt c ulture , the re­fo re hadn't muc h time for fri volo us o r leisure ac ti vities. Gy mnas ti cs was prima ril y des igned for o ne utilita ri a n purpose: to keep the na­tion's youth fit through we ll-ro unded exercises o n the diffe re nt a ppa ra tus. Gy mnas tics was not a n aesth eti c sport the n. I t was a set of bod y­building exercises . S ince the s po rt does build a we ll -rounded , coordina ted body , the Ger­ma ns gave an in va lua ble contributio n to the world of s po rt s and fitn ess.

However, times change a nd so do cultures. Gy mnas tics began as the a ll-a round beca use it seemed point less to build one 's bod y in a lop­s ided ma nner, a nd the whole purpose of gym­nas ti cs again was body building. In the U nited States , specia li za tion was bo rn because of the " ha ng loose" e thos, borne, of efflu e nce and more leisure time , the rea li zation that the sport was not simply to build a body, but for its own sa ke, for the pure kinesthetic joy ! The purpose of gy mnastics, in the minds of ma ny, had cha nged and is s till changing. N ew tre nds are set in new cultu ral environme nts.

Yet we' re so fa r behind . T o the pUblic , gy m­nas ti cs is s till a set of exerci ses. The mos t com­mon view of a gy mnas t is a " mu scle man." We stil l ca ll routines "exerci ses." Look up the definition of gy mnas tics in " Webste r' s Diction­a ry," and you' ll find " ph ys ical exercises per­fo rmed in or ada pted to performance in a gy m­nas ium." This reflects the public ' s abys ma l mi s­conce ption of what gymnastics is. T oo many a re s till loo king a t what it was.

What is the new gymnas tics? Where are we headed ? We are headed for a revolutio n. So the word won' t cause a ny discomfort ; le t' s defin e it fo r the sake of thi s discuss io n. Revolution may be called evolutio n that' s happening more quick ly tha n we a re used to. A nd gy mnast ics is ma king such a leap: it 's cross ing a line to new direc tions .

Thanks to the innovators of an insight ful a nd c ha lle nging F IG code of points , gy mnas tics is now a n aes theti c spo rt. Gymnas ti cs is a rti s tic , appealing to the sense of sight , rhythm a nd to the emotio ns. T he sta ndards a re ever higher in te rms of perfec t execution. The ro utines that a re scored 9.7 today w ill proba bly fa ll into the 8.5 -9.5 ra nge tomo rro w, if hi s torica l precedent is re levant. The F IG code is excelle nt but not

complete ... a nd never up to da te because gym­nas ti cs itse lf is c ha nging so rapidl y.

I n the near future. it will gro w increas ingly diffi c ult to rate th e bes t gy mnas ts. If the in­crease in qu alit y cont inues, gy mnasts in cham­pionship competitions will simpl y not have form breaks. We may have to begin deducting for blin king the eyes o r fo r lac k of dramatic fa­c ia l ex press ion. Wh en eve ry move me nt is be­ing do ne with stra ight arms, whe n the legs are a lways toge the r. a nd the toes a re a lways point­ed , a nd every move poss ible is do ne ri ght to the ha nd sta nd: for exa mple, it may be that humans int e rpreting a writt e n code may be completely insuffic ie nt as a meth od of evaluat ing who is "bette r. " The ques tio n will the n arise, " Who cares who's be tter?" "Can we compare apples w ith o ra nges?"

As gy mnasti cs evo lves fro m exercise to s port , to aes the ti c spo rt. to art fo rm tha t's a lso a s port

. and fin all y to pure pe rfo rmance art , the point of co mpetitio n wil l be los t. A t that time (whic h should be within a decade o r so), it will see m as ridiculous to judge gy mnas tics perfor­ma nce us ing rigorous rules as it is to judging pa intings w ith a light meter. Who is " better" will become subo rdinated to the enjoy me nt of si mpl y watc hing some uniquel y beautiful per­fo rma nces.

N atura ll y, it will take sometime fo r the s port to "give up the ghos t. " Competiti ve die hards will try everything to kee p co mpetitio n going. When a ll the good gy mnas ts are in the 9.7-9 .9 ra nge, we may change the hori zonta l ba r event to two bars on which we fl y back and forth dur­ing a routine , adding difficult y. We may build new a nd springie r apparatus a nd begin doing tw isting dou ble sa ltos in free exerc ise a nd on the pa ra llel ba rs. But thi s so rt of thing will only be good for so long. Eve ntually gy mn as tics is going to leave the realm of competitive sport a nd become a performance a rt. It won' t happen soon, but it will ha ppe n.

Wh en gy mnas tics fi na lly leaves the fie ld of competiti ve sport, a number of proble ms will be solved , a nd some new ones will e merge (as w ith a ny new developme nt) .

First , the F I G technica l committee, a ft e r per­forming a n invaluab le service to the gymnastics world by giving the sport a n aestheti c philoso­phy, will honorabl y re tire , leav ing the art to sma lle r loca l perfo rma nce orga nizatio ns. G ym­nas ti cs will no longer need a centra l a uthorit y . The re will be no longer be a need for gy mnas­ti cs judges. However, the more insightfu l judg­ing contributors will become critics as in other performing arts .

'The Ghost of Competition Past?"

Second , the all-around vs. specialist contro­ve rsy w ill no lo nge r be so controversial. There will no longer be a philosuphical commitment to the a ll-around. If one young man w ho is ex ­posed to a ll the events (a good idea) want s to deve lop a we ll-rounded body and receive the va luable carry-ove r benefits from one apparatu s to a nother that is well and good . But if a nother young ma n des ires to work only o ne event. he wi ll be free to do so. a nd if he becomes good e nough, he can join a pelformance group.

Third , without competitive pressure , coaches will not have to dema nd or pressure towa rds today's rigorou s workout standards. There will be a more selFmotimtinR atmos phe re. The gy mnas tic persona lit y is unique. The gymnast is often a creative a rti st who chooses thi s par­ticular phys ica l means of express io n. The more free-wheeling atmos phe re shou ld attrac t more youth to the gy mnas tics scene. At present. the ascetic , s toic , demanding workouts scare many talented youth away.

Instead of being a n organizer. pu sher and oft­time ogre , the coach will be ab le to di s regard hi s ulcers and become a beneficent teacher -an expert who will help with mecha ni ca l a nal­yses when requested. He will no longer have the tremendous recruiting pressures and eco­nomic burdens.

When gymnas tics is no longer a competitive sport , it will no longer be under the a uspices of the athletic departments in the U .S. Since it would be a cultural acti vity, the a rt of gy mnas­tics is likel y to be handled by private clubs, uni­versity art or drama depa rtments or indepen­dent performance organizations.

The trampoline would sure ly be included in the performa nces , s ince it is appea ling to the spectators .

Many questions may arise regarding the gym­nas tics revolution. Perhaps a few pertinent ones can be 'answered here:

" Wh en gymnastics is no longer a sports com­petition , wouldn 't we simply be putting on the same old circus peljormance? Wouldn 't form degenerate?"

No to both questions. First , because gy mnas­tics is more than ac robatics a nd has evolved in a different direction. G ymnas tics has irrevoca­bl y become an arti s tic form , a nd the pUblic , once educated a bit more , will appreciate beau­tiful form as well as suspense a nd excitement.

" Wouldn't the men be competing anyway (to see who ge ts to peljorm in th e exhibitions) with the coach asjudge?"

Definitely not; the coach would never have to (nor be able to) say which man is "better. " Each man would have his own particular style and personal elan. I f one man has a fairly easy rou­tine but performs with virtuosity and another has less perfection but a tremendously exciting flair , both would perform. Incidentall y, the word "exhibition" doesn' t imply performing for " free. " Gymnastics performances can and will ma ke moneyl

"Gymnastics has never been a notorious money-making sport. Wh en we take the ex­citement of competition away, what makes you think anyone will allend?"

I n the past , gymnastics has not really offered anything unique to the public. They could see stunts at a circus. They could see more sus­penseful competition a t a football game. Now that gymnastics has evolved to a higher aes­thetic sta ndard , there is more to offer. Gymnas­tics has almost every element of the ballet. It has suspense of the aerialists in the circus. G ymnastics demonstrates in an exciting man­ner what the human body is capable of in a pure athletic-art form. This combination has to at­tract a great number of people if packaged properly. And it wi ll be. Gymnastics can and will be a symphony of dramatic movement.

Gymnastics will be king but only when we look to the new directions and possibilities ; when it sheds its competitive cocoon and steps into the light as a performa nce art.

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HIGH SCHOOL GYMNASTICS­LENGTH OF SEASON

Mention has been made in previous issues of the Modern Gymnast w hich have featured hig h school gymnastics t h a t the length of the competitive sea­son in the h igh school p rograms of the country var ies cons ider ably. A r ecent s t udy, thoug h lim ited t o bu t 4 stat es, bear s t his out. In Colora do, competition begins Ma r ch 1 and lasts 12 weeks, w ith a m aximum of 12 competitions plus a s t a t e championship. In Califor nia, sec­tional varia tions c r eate a season vary ­in g from 12 to 17 week s , u sua lly com­men ci ng F ebruary 1s t w ith 6 to 10 dua l meets plus sec tiona l cha mpionsh ips . California holds n o s t ate cha mpionship d espite the number of participa ting sch ools and high caliber of their gym­n as t s. In P enny lvania there is no s t a t e ­wide r egula tion concerning the len g th of the gymnastic season but it appear s to begin in J a nuary a nd run into Ma rch w it h 8 to 10 dua l m eet s. A Sta t e Ch a m­pionship is h eld w ith qualify ing meet s on a r egiona l basis. In Illinois, ther e is no limit on the len g th of the gymnastics season but dis trict m eets a nd the Sta t e Champions hip are h eld in Mar ch , and d ual com p etitions could be h eld s ubs e­quent t o the St a t e m eet. The over a ll season length w a s a bout 4 Vz mont hs w ith limitations imposed by the con­fe r en ce. There a ppear to be from 10 t o 16 dua l m ee t s plus the qua lify ing m eet s fo r the s t a t e championship. (For other no t es on hig h school gymnastics a b­stra c ted from Murray : A Compa ris on of Inte rscholas tic Gym n a stics on the Hig h S chool Level, s ee previous issu es of Chalk Talk.)

Scholar-Athlete Awards Announced T o give special recognition to student s who

ex ce l in both a thl eti cs and academic endeavor. AA HP ER's National Counc il of Sta te High School Coac hes Assoc iations and the National Scholar-Athlete Awa rd Program. Cos ponsored by th e two groups. th e progra m honors high sc hool student s in grades 9-1 2 fo r a thle ti c ab ilit y. schola rship . leadership. se rvice and citizenship. Attrac tive ly des igned award cer­tifica tes will be sent to sc hools for present a­ti on to award recipients.

C rite ri a for se lec tion of the honor student s a re a cumula ti ve grade average of B or 85% . or th e equi valent in whatever grading sys te m the sc hool uses : a va rsit y lett e r fo r participati on on a sport s tea m sponsored by the sc hool: th e co ntri bution of so me recogni zed service to th e sc hoo l in addition to sports partic ipation: exe mplary c iti zenship and personal qualities . and the reco mmendation of coach and approval of the a thl eti c director and th e high sc hool princ ipa l. A ppli cati on forms are ava ilab le to hi gh schools e lec ting to partic ipate in the pro­gram from Roswell D. Me rric k. AA HP ER. 120 I 16th SI.. N. Woo Was hington. D.C. 200 36.

8

c __ _ This Gymnostic figure is part of a set to use in connection with the 1972 Munich Olympics.

Gym Meets Should Be Beautiful By LLOY D Ll NGEMANN JR.

Gy mnast ics is an arti sti c sport in which non­objec ti ve move me nt s of the hum a n bod y a re pelfo rmed and combined. both with and with­o ut appa ra tu s . in a way th a t is int e nd ed to be beautiful.

Many gy mnas tic pe rfo rmances are undou bt­edl y bea utiful. And whil e beaut y is difficult to defin e. if th ere is orde r in th e uni ve rse the re a re definit e principl es of des ign and composition which will he lp to ex pla in the beauty of gy m­nas tics. Primary and obvious is the principle of interes t.

With an eye to inte rest consider a lmost a ny gy mnas tics meet. Not hing is happening most of the time . O ne must be extre mely devoted to the sport to endure the boredom . Us ua ll y the onl y effort made to im prove the situation is to ru sh the judging. but with th e rul es becoming more co mplex j udging time inev itab ly beco mes long-

Fort un a te ly th e re are ma ny poss ib le so lu ­tions to thi s proble m. T hey req ui re onl y a little of the imaginat ion and creativ ity that are essen­tia l to any truly a rti st ic ac ti vity .

With many schools now hav ing both men's and wo men's teams it is poss ible to ho ld double dua l-meets. Men and women can perform a lter­nately. the men 's judges hav ing me to fig ure and report the ir scores while a wo man is working, a nd vice ve rsa. I n s uc h a mee t th e re w ill be something of in teres t happening almost contin­ua ll y, and th e total time should be c lose to that of conve ntional meets.

Probable advantages are est hetic inte rplay an d co nt ras t. d ec reased use of fac iliti es a nd costs, la rger audie nce immedia tely, and public re lations va lue.

It is a lso poss ible to a lte rnate the competiti ve re rfo rmances with va rio us kinds of ex hibitions a nd unoffic ial eve n ts . So me o f th ese ca n be rore c li mb. Ind ian c lu bs , swinging rings , tra m­poline, rope and ba ll routines, gymwheel. hand ba lanc ing, and pyramids. U nder correct lighting conditions it is a lso possible to project slides of gy mnas ts.

Some meet directo rs a re using music effec­ti ve ly during intermiss ions and the breaks be­tween eve nts. Eve n more effec ti ve is us ing mu­s ic thro ugho ut a mee t. I hav e se en a s killful pi ani st pick up each gy mnas t's te mpo pefect­Iy, greatl y enhancing the exercises as well as prov iding int ere st between them.

Th ese s ugge s ted solution s don ' t int e rfere with rules, j udging, o r scores. They a re a imed onl y at ma king meets interesting enough to at­tract an audience and as a result draw more par­tic ipant s to the sport.

T here is no reason not to e xpe r ime nt w ith eve nt s that might result in changes. I t was not long ago that women's events were changed to great adva ntage.

A new eve nt wh ich co uld be ve ry effe cti ve is a mi xed dou bles fl oor exe rc ise. Doubles tum­bl ing. adagio. and balancing added to the ballet and stunts now used might have a beautiful re-

e r. suit s imila r to doubles figure skating. So . a lthough so me of th e indi vidual perfo rm- A cha llenge eve nt in which members of on::

ances may be bea uti ful . ve ry few meets are. It is team cha llenge members of another to do daring ev ident why audiences a re a lmost nonex istent. indi vidual stunts might give a meet so me of the why inte res t re maa ins limited. and why pro mot- excitement. inte rpl ay , and ex press ion of per­ing gy mnas tics as it ex ists is ge nera ll y futile. so nalities prese nt in wo rkout s. The effo rt th at produces such an exce ll ent mag- Arranging and combining a ll th e apparatus so az i ne as Th e Ma d e l'll G y mn as[ res u It s in a that a gy mnas t moves fro m one piece to another small ci rc ul ation. continuously in one event is another poss ibility.

I n case I so un d lik e a n unfri e nd ly c ri t ic I T hi s makes rea l choreograph y possibl e. and in­mu s t po int o ut th a t my v iew is th a t o f a gy m- troduces c reati vity and freedom whi ch men's nas t. teac her. judge. coac h. and spokes man. on gy mn ast ics te nd s to lack. My s tud e nt s have the c lub. high school , and uni ve rs it y levels. I shown great imagina tion in mov ing fro m one arrange fo r gy mnas ts to a ppear on two or three appara tu s to anothe r. It a lso see ms poss ible to national te lev ision programs each year. wo rk in thi s way for a lo ng e no ugh pe riod to

From any point of view meets. the end prod- produ ce an aerobic effec t. introducing a health uc t of gy mnas tics . a re usua ll y unint eres ting and be ne fit whi c h is now abse nt. Eve n if s uc h a n defeat gy mnas tics ' goal of be ing beauti ful. o r event neve r appears in competiti on it is va lua-a rti sti c . ble in tra ining and teac hing.

Stroboscooic Photos by Dr. Kenneth M. Purdy. Dept. of Heolth, Physical Education ond Recreotion ot LSU.

I n some universit y situations it is poss ible to have a n a rc hit ec t or stage d es ig ner help pro ­duce an arrangemen t of apparatus wh ich is ha rmonious and function a l from the audience 's viewpoint.

Anything which makes gymnastics more in­teresting without violating its unity wi ll ma ke it more beautiful and give it wider a ppea l.

VIEWpoints 8y /Jick Criley

Abstract: T we" 'e matched pairs of subjects, fed a high protein diet , were trained \Vith weights fo r 6 weeks . In the fll/al 3 weeks 12 subjects receil'ed 5 milligrams of methal/dros­tenolone (Dial/abol) twice daily. Maximum weight lifting, thickness of skil/ folds, oxygen uptake , blood chemistry pro.file , and cOl/cen­tration of blood lipids were determined. A lso used were cable tensiometry and anthropo­metric measurements. Th e strength of treated subjects iI/creased significantly; their mean weight gail/ was 2.48 kilograllls with I/O signifi­cant change il/ skin fold thickness. S el'eral al/thropoll1etric measurements iI/creased sig­nificantly, as did oxygel/ uptake ability al/d nitrogen retention by the blood.

L.c. Johnson and J.P. O'S hea 1969 A nabolic steroid: Effects on strength del·eloplll ellt. S cience 164 :957-959.

The study abstracted above was run to pro­vide bas ic information about the ab ility of the a na bolic steroids to increase strength. Because gy mnasts a re certa inl y concerned with strength a nd because so me of our readers may be try ­ing to evalua te the use of these hormones in their own strength-building progra ms , it is a ppropriate that we take a look at thi s practice.

While the medica l use of anabolic s teroids has been ma inly confined to use on patie nts recovering from illness or s urgery. theory pre­dicted the drugs shou ld stimu late muscle de­velopment and strength increases in normal health y men. The a uthors . Johnson and O'Shea . pointed ou t that little is known of poss ible long­term s ide effects on adult s a nd caut ioned against their use by teenage rs a nd ph ys ica lly immature individuals . Their Science article does cite some unfavorable side effects. and o th ers may be found in its literature citat ions.

From a n ex perimenta l s ta ndpoint , thei r s tudy has yie lded bas ic data which te nds to bear out the ir theori es. Nonthe less , they cau­tion that s till more information is needed on ph ys io logical e ffect s on huma ns.

I think that s till another point was made in that s tudy, one which is obvious but which is ignored. Not only did their treated individua ls ga in in strength a nd weight on a prescribed high protein diet a nd weight tra ining program , but so a lso did the ir control subjects. The ga in of the controls ce rt a inl y was not as great , but it does show that the simple initiation of a weight training and dietary progra m is of be ne­fit.

Recently, the N CAA's Co mmittee on the Competiti ve Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports issued a warning on the use of the a nabolic steroids. They were particula rl y con­cerned with misinterpretations of a rticles ap­pea ring in popula r publication s. (notably Sports Illustrated June 23 a nd 30. Jul y 7. 1969) a nd stressed their belief that in young. healthy males , the drugs do not benefit per­formance .

Such concern is not limited to the United S tates. At a Sports Phys icians Conference in Munich , Wes t Germany. thi s fa ll . doctors de bated the use of these performa nce boosters. Among the points brought out were: I) that the drugs apparent ly do augment the deve lopme nt o f mu scle ti ss ue during tra ining, 2) the use of hormones can - in tee nagers - pre maturel y stop bone growth , preventing att a inment of full s ta ture, and 3) the use of hormones is simpl y not in keeping with the precept s of good sports­mans hip. " We need to clarify that sport , e ve n the top sport. s hould contribute to health ," said Dr. Geo rge F. Schliche nriede r. ph ys i­cian for the German Olympic hockey a nd cross­cou ntry ski tea ms. "and not be used for brea k­ing records a lone. "

I think that a great many of our gy mnasts who have en tered the medica l profess ion cou ld ma ke the point in even stronger terms that drugs a re da ngerou s a nd there is rea lly no s ubstitute for we ll -directed . good. ha rd work. Perha ps some of the m will direct le tt e rs to the Ed itor on thi s matter.

To this may be added th e thought that at h­letes are admired for achiev ing exce llence on their own merit. The whole spirit of competition is s ubvert ed whe n a contes ta nt uses drugs to boost his production capac ity. Such use of hormones is not consistent with the high stan­dards of gy mnas tics and it s focus on the in­di vidual' s inna te capabilities.

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quality remains as modern today as it. was 60 years ago and will be just as up-to-date 60 years from now in 2030 . That'sthe way it is with Quality. It has a way of lasting and assuring its buyers the equipment they pur­chased this year, last year, 10 years ago or 10, 20 years hence will always be current, will always be Quality, and will always have a " home" with someone interested in its condition and ready with parts and serVice if needed.

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9

10

m THE MODERN GYMNAST MAGAZINE

C G COLLEGE I UNIVERSITY DAII Colleges and universit ies are invited to send in recrui t­ment information, photog ra phs, etc., core of the Modern Gymnast magazine.

NAME LOCATION SIZE

California State College, Fullerton Fullerton, California 11 ,000

Central Mi ssouri Sta te Warrensburg, Missouri

Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14850 8.000

Athlet ic Conlerence

C.C.AA

Ea st Stroudsburg State College North Athletic Gym-East StroudsDurg, Po. nastics Conf. 2,405 (1,034 men, 1.371 women)

Ea stern Illinois Universi ty I.IAC. Charleston, III. 7,800 students

Eastern Michigan University Independent Upsilanti, Michigan 18,000 students

Ithaca College Independent Ithaca, New York 3.700

lou is iana State University in New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana 10,000

lowell Technological Institute lowell , Massachusetts 3.000

Miami·Oade Jr. College Miami, Flo. 18.000

Oregon College of Education Monmouth, Oregon 4.000

Pennsylvania State Un iversit y University Park, Po. 25.960

Saint Cloud Srat, CoII,g, Saint Cloud, Minnesota 10.000

San Francisco State College Son Francisco, Calif 13.000

State University Agriculture and Technical College Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735 5,000 students

Independent Conference

Solid schedule within the area.

Oregon Collegiote Conference

Eastern Intercollegiate League,

Nationollnter­collegiate Conference

For Western Conference

Affiliation

NCAA CoII.g.

NCAA CoII.g.

Tuition In srat, out of state

$69.00 $30.00 per unit

No in-stote tu ition

Additional Fees Housing, Etc.

N.CAA. University

Architecture, Arts and Science, Room and Boord Engineering, $1.200.00 Hotel Administrat ion $2.350.00 ° y.o r Industrial and Labor Relations $ 700.00 Resident $1 , I 00.00 non res iden t Agriculture $750.000 Resident $1 ,150.00 non resident

NCAA CoII.g, $175.00 $25.00 per credit Division

NCAA CoII.g. $235.00 $600.00 & NAIA

NAIA ond 198 495 semester N.C.AA College semester

NCAA Coli ,g, $2.100 $2.100

NCAA Colleg.

NAIA

$130.00 $380.00

$100 $300.00 per semester

$ 132.00 per/ term

$200.00 per term

$331.00

$450.00

NCAA (CoII.g.) $6.75 per credit hour

$15.00 per credit hour

NCAA CoII,g.

NJCAA

$62.00 for Non-resident tuition over 6 units fee for U.S. citi ien $32.00 for is $30.00 per unit 6 units or up to $445.00 few Non-resident tuition

for foreign students is $8.50 per unit up to $127.50

$400 y.o rly $600.00

$35.00 student activity fee Housing $144.00; 800rd $162.00

Housing - $300.00 per quorter $900.00 per year -Service Fees -$53.00 per quarter (Activity Fee, 800k Rental, Insurance, etc.)

Room and Boord $497.50/ semester

All off-compus, no dorms Boord & raam-$1.l25 General Fee - $230.00; Linen Service, $30.00; Health and Accident Insurance, $35.00

Housing - $240.00 M.ols - $175.00

Dorm Singl.-$869 to $936 00ubl.-$742 to $787

Housing (Boord and Room) $275.00 per quar ter Student Activity Fee per quarter - $ 15.00 Student Union Fee per quarter - $5.00

$1 1 00 for Activity card and Student Union building fund. On campus housing runs approximately $1000. per year

$25.00 CoII.g. fee $45.00 Student ()c tihity $ 15.00 Insurance . $380.00-$550.00 Dorm $580.00-7·doy boord

Financial Aid

Full schola rships: 2 Portiol scholarships: 8 Averoge # ovailable each yea r: 5

FINANCIAL AID, This is administered on the basis of academic achievement and the financial need present in the family. This assistance ranges from small honor· ary needs to full need. Finances should never stand in the way of a student mak­ing application to Cornell University.

Some Aid Available for Needy Students.

Tuit ion grants for students who qualify plus campus work opportunity progrom.

I full scholarship 6 partial scholarships 2 new scholarships each year

No athletic scholarships. financial aid given through Notional Defense Student Loons and l 1l Work-Study Projects. (The latter is best for athlet ics.)

2 full scholarsh ips each year

Average available per year: 2.

$ 1,000 totol, several portial scholarships -no full schola rships. We have work scholarships for all entering f reshmen and approximately fou r partial money scholarships each year.

We are not permitted to give financial oid because of conference rules. The only finoncial aid available is from academic scholarships.

Other Sources of Aid

Job Program Work-Study Program NEH NOEA FISl

NDA loon, Opportunities Grant, Institutional Scholarsh ips

Other sources of aid: There are State grants and work study funds available to students as well as Federal scholar sh ips.

N.Y. State Regents Scholarship (State residents only) N.Y. State Scholar IncentivE Award (State resident s anlv) Port-time employment Notional Defense loon N.Y. State Higher Education Assistance Corporation loon College Scholarships, ronging f rom partial to full tuition, are awarded each year by t he College to students on the basis of need and scholarship.

Work· study program. Student-work avoilable.

There are numerous local grants for deserving students.

Foundation Funds,S Scholarships

Academic ... through examina t ion and H.S. record. Alumni, through alumni groups and H.S. record.

F·ederal work grants, Minority Student Grants, several different types of loons, academic scholarships.

N.Y. Regents Scholarships; N.Y. Scholar Incentive Work-Study Progroms; College scholarships available.

;oach 10. of years

)jck Wolfe ~nd year

Jenny Deem

~ob Mortin i years

3runa Kious sf year

Jr. Robert Hussey 3 yea rs

"'orvin Johnson 7

Jordon Eggleston -; yea rs

:oach Loyd Huval f years

Dick Aronson

Bruce A Davis 5

Jary Goodson S years high school md college

Gene Wettstone 32nd year

Arlynn "Andy" Anderson in fourth year

Jerry Wright in his 7th year.

Coach Robert Hess New this yeor

Assistant Coach

SIeve Koss, Reo Anders

Curtis Reams. Terry Locey

None

John E. Schaefer

No

No

No

Ed Isobelle

Gymnastic Room

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes, 50' x 100'.

Yes

Yes

New gymnasium with two gyms for gymnastics. THREE to FOUR pieces of gymnastic equipment. Floor exercise mot and all latest spotting rigs and crash pade (4).

Yes

May Freshmen Compete

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Currently building new gymnastic Yes room.

Yes Yes Average attendance at Dual meets 6,000.

Yes, excellent facilities and Yes equipment (equipment stays up all the time).

Do not have separate Gymnastic Yes Room.

Work-out in Allard Field House _ our own building.

Yes

Trampo line

Teaching Aid

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

for Training

No

No

No

Dual Meet Record

8 · 3

5 · 5

46 · 14

56 · 86

I J, 35

8·7·0

20·4

45 ·15

148·34

26 · I B

27 · 40

Honors

Undefeated in Ivy League competition -1968 ond 1969 IVY LEAGUE CHAMPIONS.

3rd in NA t A Notionals

NJCAA Notional Champions

8 Olympions, 16 EIGL ond 8 NCAA Championships Team.

One al l-American

Academ ic Strengths

Art, Business. Drama. Education. Engineering. liberal Arts, Music. Physicol Ed ucation.

Law Enforcement. Safety Educat ion, Teacher Educat ion

Cornell has a very diversified program and every deportment is excellent

Health Sciences and Physicol Education. Elementary Educat ion. liberal Arts

Physicol Education Major Teacher Education Business leiters & Science

Education Business Administration Special education

School of Music, School of Health and Physical Education, Division of Physicol Therapy, Deportment of Ra dio and Television, Deportment of Drama, Deportment of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Deportment of English, Deportment of Chemistry,

Education - sciences - moth

Large faculty and ample lob spoce for all sciences. Major programs in 011 sciences, nuclear engineering, textiles, plastics, business administration and mono ement, electrical engineering ..

One of the finest Teachers Colleges in the country, Offers: 8.5. & BA : elementary, junior high, senior high school; general studies, medical technology.

The University is academically oriented with eight colleges comprising the Uni· versity : Agriculture, Engineering, Bio· logical and Social Sciences as its strongest areas. Excellent Liberal Arts and Physical Education Colleges ... New Medical School.

Physical Education, Moth, Sciences, and Elementary Educat ion.

The school is primarily a teacher training institution. Departments of drama, music and English; a notionally-known Physical Education deportment is especially well known throughout the state. Business school and science deportment are among the best as is the Education and Psychol· ogy deportment. Biology is a rapidly growing and recognized.

Agriculture, Data Processing, Business, Chemica l Tech., Civil Tech .. Aircraft Operations, Pol ice Science, Recreation Supervision

11

Southwest Missouri State College Springfield. Missouri 8,500

StanfOlllUniversity Polo Alto, Colifornio 11,545 sTUdents

The College of William and Mary Wiliiomsburg,Virginia

Missouri Inter· colieglOteAthletic Association

Pocific·B

Southernlnler­collegiole Gymnostic league (S.I.G.L.)

NCAAColiege 51 10.00 5240.00 Room and Boord 5630.00 per year

NCAA 52145 per yea r 3 quarters

(room and board): opprox. 51140 per year

NCAA University 5250.00 5630.00 Housing-from 5 100.00 to per semeSTer per semeSTer 5225.00 per semester

(depends on room) Boord - 5250.00 per semester loundry - 520.00 per semester

Gymnastics isonewspon here and as yet there is no scholarship program. Work opportunities are available.

Varied number of Scholarships available. WhileStonfordUniversityisnoT in o position to offer as many athletic grant as tox·supponed State Universities, it i importonltonote: Because af rhe high academic enlranc, reQuiremenls, v irlua lly any studen accepred 10 Sionford University wh , shows finonciol need will receive finon c ial a idrolheexlenrofrholneed

TheColiege offers finoncialossistonce i theiormofscholorships (ocodemic), feliowships,grant·in·oids, loansond studenT employment to deserving students.

United Sta tes Air Force Academy Independent (West) NCAA None Total No. Scholorships for Gymnoslin -UnlimiTed. Number of full Scholar· ships-Unlimited. Number of por1iol Scholorships-None. Average Number of Scholorships ovoiloble each yeor TO new gymnosts - Unlimited

Eoch cadeT receives 5171 .60 per monT to pay for supplies, cfothing ond personol expenses. Tronsportotion often mode ovoilobleby miliToryoircroit.

10 miles north of Colorado Springs! 40 miles south of Denver. Colorado Approximotely 4.000 mole students

United Statn Nayel Academy. fJG.L NCAA None Annopolis. Md. A.4oo

Unimsityof Cali lornia. Bukeley Berkeley. Colifornio

COLLEGIATE CAPTAINS

David Ellis

School: Springfield Col lege (Mass.) Coach : Fronk A. Wolcott Captain: David Elli s Major & GPA : Physical Education - 2.8 Interests: Swimming, Diving, Archery, Tenn is

plu s teaching and coaching Gymnastics Honors & Awards : 1966 Massachusetts State High

School Ring Champ 5th on SH and 8th on R 1969 NCAA College Division Championships. Member of Springfield College Team placing 2nd in 1968 and 3rd in 1969 NCAA College Division Championships.

Candid Comment: "Success in gymnastics is the result of self-discipl ine ... Without self-discipline, gymnastics is a frivolous pastime."

12

Pacific 8 Conference

George Greenfield

N(AAUniversity

School: University of Ca lifornia (Berkeley) Coach : Don Nelson (Hal Fry on sabbatical) Captain : George Greenfield Age: 21 Maior & GPA: Industrial Engineering-2.6 Interests: Marine fish, skin diving High School Attended: John Muir, Pasadena, Cal i­

fornia Competitive Honors & Awards: USGF, Al l-American,

4th NCAA FX 1969, USA Nationa ls 1969. Events: All -Around Ambition: To Qua lify for Olympic and World Games

Team. Capsule Comments: Gymnastics is a tea m sport

and the more you work together the better you wi ll be individually and as a team.

James Betters

Scholorships; By Congressionol Appoint· ment, no limiT.

A large vorielyof ocodemic scholorships ore ovoiloble to 011 oppliconts. They ore hondled by the Undergroduolecommillee on scholorships ond loons. Appijcotions muslbemode beforeJonuarylS.onnuolly forlheseloonsondscholorships

Solory os 0 Midshipman. 5193.50 pe monTh.

Alimiledllumberofgront.in·oidsore ovoiloble for gymnosts. These ore oworded on the rerommendolion by The heodcoochingymnastics.

School : Universi ty of Southern Ca lifornia (USC) Coach: Jack Beckner Captain: James Bitters Age: 21 Major & GPA: Phy. Ed.-2.5 + Interests: Music High School Attended: Thomas Jefferson, Los An­

geles, Ca lif. Competitive Honors & Awards : FX Champ at Western

Clinic in 1968, 6th Rings and 15th AA in 1969 AAU Championships.

Events: Al l-Around Ambitions: Teaching in Secondary Level Capsule Comments: I have never regretted devot­

ing my time to Gymnastics

Or. Charles "Chic" Johnson New Ihis year

DonJ. Millmon 2years

ChriSPolterson 2 years

Seth Anderson Yes.largeoreo.

As of December 1970 we will have our own room.

yes

yes

No

f" Training

yes

KoriK . Schwenzfeier, OrYlyn Sampson, yes yes yes Major. USAF Coplain.USAF. A years

BIIISovering Bruce Wright SeporateGymnostics Focility: A·5 of eoch apparalus.

Don Nelson MasoyukiWalonabe yes (Coach Harold Frey isonsobbolical leave until 1971 )

Craig Ritter

School: UCLA (U niv. Cal. at Los Angeles) Coach: Art Shurlock Captain : Cra ig "Dusty" Ritter Age: 21 Major & GPA: Pictoria l Art - 2.75 Interests: Photogrophy High School Attended : R.A. Millikan-Long Beoch, Calif. Event: All-Around Ambitions : To be a World Games and Olympic team

member Cand id Quote : Gymnastics is primarily an AII­

Araund sport, everyone should work AA and study the basic movements. Only with this atti­tude wi ll gymnastics be what we pretend it to be in the USA today.

,.,

Rich Scorza

Cadet Terry B. Higgins (1966 _ NCAA 3 PB. A HB, A AA; 1966 lillie Olympic: Team; 1966 USAFA MOSI Valuable; Recipient of Alomic Energy Commission and Fullbright Fellowshipsl.

The Universily has fielded on inlercol· legiote leom in gymnastics since 1924. The overall dual meel record over Ihe 45 yeor period of lime is 92% wins and 8% losses. The paSI dOlen years has seen Ihe Golden Bears compile a 132 win and 7 loss record. The Bears have 0150 placed in top five of Ihe N.CAA can· sistently and in 1968 finished first .

School : The Universi ty of Iowa Coach: Mike Jacobson Captain: Rich Scorza (Co-Captain) Age : 21 Major & GPA: Liberal Arts-2.694 Interests: Recreational Sports High School Attended : Willowbrook, II I.

ArI - Education & Psychology­Physical EducallOn-Music­Speech & The<lIre - Life SCience

Slonford Universily is raled in Ihe lap 3 universilies in Ihe nalron for overall e,,;cellence of all deportmenlS. (Ten years ago. Slonford was rated 13th). Slonford focuily were ranked as "distinguished" in the survey. in 10departmenls: Histol)', Economics. PsycholOl:Y, Chemislry, Moth· emotics. Physics, BiochemistI)'. Zoology, Eleclricol Engineering, Mechanical Engi· neering.

Physics, Biology. Manne SCience. Education. History. low

28 Different Moiors (including ENG. PHYS, AERO, INTl AfF., ECON. HIST . PRE·LAW, PRE·MED, PSYCH, ETC.) 11 Rhodes Scholars in II years. 'Whole Man Concept " -Academics. Phys Edond leadership (Ethics).

Majors; TwentY· lhree (23) range from Management 10 Aero Space Engr.

The University of California 01 Berkeley is generally ranked the Number one institution academically by the United Sloles Council on Higher Educotion The school is outstanding in (('9ord to ils library. Nobelloureoles on Ihe faculty, and the large number of faculty in the notional Academy of Sc:ience. The entrance requirements are 0 Ba overage forin·stoteSluden isandoBplus overoge for oUI·ol·sto ut students. SotisfoctorytestresullsonlheSAT. teslsorenecessory.

Roger Neist

School : The University of Iowa Coach : Mike Jacobson Captain : Roger Neist (Co-Captain) Age : 21 Major & GPA: Pharmacy-3.346 Interests: Recreat iona l Sports High School Attended : (Minnesoto)

Competitive Honors & Awards: 1966 Illinois HS ­Horizon tal Bar Champ. 196B USGF Vault ing Champ. Member 1969 Iowa NCAA Championship Team.

Competi t ive Honors & Awards: 1966 Minnesota HS ­AA, HB, PB & R Champ. Member 1969 Iowa NCAA Championship Team.

Events: All -Around Events: All-Around

School : United States Naval AcademY~~c: " ".-

Captain : Steve Klotz \ ' c:. E'N.TER Coach: Bi ll Savering 'I~\" ".'." '. :.;" SEE.

Age: 21 Co' \,HoTo Major & GPA: OceanographY-2.95 High School Attended : North Miami Beach, Florida Competitive Honors & Awards: E.I.G.L. place winner

as a sophomore, Alternate Maccabiah Gomes Team 1969.

Events : AII·Around

13

Jugoslav Gymnaestrada Ladders

14

O ne o f the mos t impress ive a nd innova ti ve di spl ays we saw a t the G ymn aes t rada in Base l las t Jul y was of ladde r work by yo ung boys of th e Jugosla vian Gy mnas ti c Fede rati o n. The boys s howed a fa nt as ti c numbe r o r ways such s pec ial ladders might be used. and they a re trul y worth y or re pli ca tio n in o ur ow n gy mnas ti c and ph ys ica l educatio n prog ra ms.

The drawings acco mpa nying th is a rti c le show tha t the ladde rs we obse rved a re o f two bas ic types. In o rde r to do a ll of the wo rk we saw demon strated. it is necessary to bu ild a t leas t two of eac h kind o r a tot a l of four. The ladde rs may be used indi vi du ll y . or course . but the ir spec ia l connec ting dev ices pe rmit a n unlim ite d numbe r of poss ibilities.

Th e co nnec tio ns a re o f two va ri e ties. As s ho wn in deta il s ke tches "A" and " B" o ne e nd of eac h of the ladde rs form s a uniqu e hinge that loc ks a nd rota tes as des ired. A seco nd type or

co nnec ti on pe rmit s two o f' the ladde rs to be jo ined toge the r to a lmos t do uble the length of the ladde r. With ro ur ladd e rs. a c lass o f boys can ex pe rime nt in ma king their own appa ra tus and the n adapt it ro r specia l move ment s and cha ll e nges ( 16 boys used e ight ladde rs in Base l).

Pyramid s w ith ladde rs we re prac ticed a nd ta ught by Rudo lph Lion before the turn of the ce ntury. (Th e picture acco mpa nying the a rti c le is fro m one or Lion 's guides.) But th e Jugos lav boys ha ve gone One be tt e r o n old H e rr Lion .. they ha ve theil' gYlllnas ti c ladders but man y othe r kinds of a ppara tus as we ll.

The ladders a re a lready unde r cons truc tion at Wi scons in Sta te U ni ve rs ity (Supe rio r ). and we shall look ro rward to re po rt ing ac ti vities co ndu c ted by rvl r. A la n Rupno w . who is d irec­to r o f ph ys ica l educa tion at WS U 's la bo ratory sc hoo l.

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15

RESEARCH AND FITNESS IN GYMNASTICS

BY

JAMES S. Bosco, PHD SAN JOSE STATE COLLEGE

SAN JOSE. CALlFORr'iIA 05114

HOLMES , Jr ., HaroldZ. "A Cinematol!mphic A 11 a Iv .l' i.\· oIthe B ackward H andspring ," Urbal/a, M.S. Thesis , U I/i" er­s itv o/ Illii/ ois , 1968.

PURPOSE Th e purposes of the stud y we re to anal yze

the bac kwa rd ha ndspring a s a basi s for ga in­ing maximum e leva tion a nd sufficie nt time to execute diffi c ult stunts by ide ntifyi ng the c har­ac teri s ti c s differe ntia ting highl y effec ti ve from re lative ly ineffec ti ve performance a nd to dif­ferentiate between the back ha nds pring per­formed se para te ly a nd in a ro utine. Three groups of three each expert. good and fair sub­jects pe rformed three tumbling seque nces for a nal ys is. Th e firs t ro utine was a backward handspring and backward so me rsa ult from a s tand (SB HBS ). Th e seco nd routine was a round-off, backward ha nd spring a nd back­wa rd so m e rsa ult fro m a s ta nding s tart (SR BHBS ). A run was add ed before th e round­ofr. backward ha ndspring a nd backward some r­sault in the third routine (RRBHBS ). PROCEDURES

Ci ne matograp hy was used to record the necessaril y high speed move ment. A tripod­mounted Bell a nd Howe ll 35 millimeter Eyemo motio n picture ca mera was placed perpendicu­la r to a nd fift y-five feet fro m the near edge of th e tumbling la ne. a regulation one- inch thi ck t.nsolite fl oor exercise ma t. in o rde r to photo­graph the backward hand springs and backward somersault s. Two hundred fee t of Kodak Tri-X film. ex posed a t f4. and one hundred feet of Kodak Plu s-X. exposed at f2.8 . were used at a ra te of essentia ll y thirty fra mes per second. A Standard Electric Co mpany Time clock. with a thirt y-inch hand and face , indicating time to .0 I second , a nd a high jump c rossbar with one-foot blac k a nd w hite s tripes were placed in the came ra fie ld as scale object s. The exposed film was deve loped by the U ni ve r­s it y of Illinoi s Photographic La boratory and a positi ve print was produced for proj ec tion in a Rekorda k mic rofilm reade r so that body outlines a nd s ti c k figures could be made.

The backward ha nds pring was di vided into foot-contact, first flight. ha nd-co ntac t, second fli ght a nd rebound phases for s tudy. Each time the subjec t lit o r left the mat a body outline trac ing was made so tha t the center of grav it y could be es timated. With the center of grav ity es timated for the begi nning and e nd of each phase the hori zontal distance and the time be­tween the point s were used to compute the ave rage horizonta l ve locit y of each phase. S ince momentum equals mass times velocity a nd the mass re ma ined constant throughout the routine , any change in ho ri zonta l ve loc it y indicated a change in ho ri zontal momentum. The pa rabo lic projection of the center of gravi­ty in the backward somersault was estimated to find the lengt h. lift and a ngle of take-off of the ce nte r of grav it y.

18

Two a ngles were measured in degrees clock­wi se from the ve rtica l (000 degrees ) through a pivot to a bodil y reference point. The bod y angle was the a ngle a t the pi vot o n the mat be­twee n th e ve rti ca l and the lin e to the ce nt e r of grav it y, I t was measured each time cont ac t was gai ned or lost to show the bodil y lean at the sta rt and fini sh of each contac t phase. With the subj ec ts moving from left to right a nd facing left whe n upri ght in th e ha ndspring and somer­sau lt. a body angle of 350 degrees ind ica ted that the ce nte r of grav it y was 10 degrees to the left of the a nkles . or that the subject was lea ning s lightl y forward. The arm a ngle was measured si mil arl y from the ve rtica l through the ce nte r of the shoulder to the w ri st a t the initia l positions of the foot-contact a nd re­bound phases and at max imum a rm back s wi ng in the SBHBS. Hip and knee angles we re meas ured as the angle between the segme nt s adjace nt to the jo int. These a ngle s were meas ured w hen contac t with the ma t was made or lost . whe n the joint angle was minimal dur­ing eac h routine. and at the time of max imum a rm backswing in the SBHBS routine. Hori ­zonta l distances be twee n the feet a nd hand placement s were measured a nd th e ra ti o of th e feet-to-feet di s ta nce to standing he ight was co mputed .

RESULT

The le ngt hs of the backward ha ndsp rings . as indicated by the hori zont a l distance s be­twee n the place ments of the fee t on the mat. we re greater for th e expe rt th an for the good a nd fair subjects in a ll routines (Table I). The feet -to-fee t measures were 70. 61 a nd 5 1 inc hes for the ex pert. good a nd fair groups in the SBHBS. In the SRBHBS the meas ures we re 74 , 67 a nd 70 in ches for the three groups a nd in the RRBHBS the length s we re 93 . 88 a nd 92 inches. The ratio of the feet-to-feet di s ta nce to the sta nding height of the subj ect ordered the gro ups in the S BH BS routine (1.02, .92 and .77) , but fail ed to o rde r th e groups in th e S RBHBS (1.09. 1.0 1 a nd ' I.U 7) a nd RRBH BS ( 1. 36 . 1.3 1 and 1. 39) routines.

Th e expert subjects required the mos t time ( 1.57. 1. 37 a nd 1.46 seconds) to complete the backward ha ndspring in the SBH BS routine a nd the least time (.75 , .82 and .94 . and .65 , .72 and .82 seconds) in the SRBH BS a nd R R B H BS routines. Nevertheless , the expert s ubj ects performed the backward hand spring in a ll routines at the grea tes t average horizon­ta l ve loc it y (43 . 42 a nd 37: 88 , 76 a nd 76: a nd 128 , I 12 a nd I 12 inches pe r second), indica­ti ve of the highes t average horizonta l momen­tum.

For the foo t co ntac t phase in the SRBH BS a nd RRBHBS routines , the expe rt subjects ge ne ra ll y la nded in the most upright position as indi cated by the body angles (003, 352 a nd 35 1, and 354. 355 and 344 degrees) a nd higher arm angles (235 , 2 18 and 185 , a nd 24 1, 24 1 a nd 198 degrees). In the SBHBS routine without a preceding round-off, the experts had the great­est arm backswing (062 . 092 a nd 109 degrees) . the least hip fl ex ion (83 , 75 and 79 degrees) , th e leas t knee flexion ( 116,98 a nd 90 degrees) and planta r fl ex ion at the time of max imum a rm backswing. The la nding and minimum hip and knee a ngles in the SRBHBS a nd RRBHBS routines did not differ grea tl y and generall y did not order the groups by ab ilit y leve ls. In a ll routines , the ex pert s genera ll y were lea ning the farthest bac kward when the feet left (040, 040 a nd 030: 033 , 030 a nd 025 ; and 033 , 034 and 025 degrees) , suggesting tha t the superior average horizonta l ve locities of the experts in the first flight phase (83 , 72 and 56 : 124 , 11 6 and 95: a nd 183, 160 and 147 inc hes per second) were due to s tronger hip and knee ex­tensions whi ch sent the bodies into fl a tte r trajec tori es.

In th'e ha nd-contac t phase. the bod y a ngle s on la nding did not consistentl y orde r the gro ups . but the body angle s on leav ing (0 I O. 0 18 a nd 020: 009.014 a nd 0 16: a nd 0 17 . 01 7 and 018 degrees ) a nd th e hip a ngles o n leaving ( 134. 120 a nd 94: 125. 105 and 103: and III. I 12 a nd I I I degrees ) indicated that th e e xpe rt subjec ts we re the most nearly in ve rted as the ha nds pushed fro m the mat. T he re lat ive ly high pos iti o n of the ce nte r of grav it y and the push from the mat in sured adequate time a nd con­se rved ro ta ry motion to land in the optimum pos iti on for the rebound from the mat.

Th e grea te st difference between groups was in the rebound from the mat. The mo re s kill ed subjec ts had a n impact type of rebound w hile the less s kill ed subjec ts te nded to land a nd jump. Th e body a ngles on la nding we re esse ntia ll y th e same for a ll groups in a ll rou­tines . however. the more sk illed subjec ts had the highes t a rm pos itio ns on landing (232. 20 1 a nd 189: 245 . 22 1 a nd 194: and 233 , 234 a nd 2 15 degrees ). a nd ge nerall y the greatest hip a ngles ( 105. 98 and 76: I I I. I I I a nd 94: a nd 108 . I I ~ a nd I i 4 degrees) . As the expert subjec ts landed , the ir hips a nd knees we re ex­tending powerfull y and they contac ted the mat with onl y th e ball s of the ir feet in a n impact type of rebound . As a result. the ex pe rt group te nded to have the least additiona l knee fle xion ( II. 28 a nd 34: 8. 14 and 33 : and 10 , 6 a nd 9 de­grees). except in the R RB H BS routine whe re the less 'ski ll ed s ubj ec ts lit s tiff legged , and the s hortest time on the mat (. 13, .16 a nd .20: . 10 .. 12 and . 16: and. 10 , .1 I a nd . 12 second s) . In th e SBHBS a nd SRBHBS routines th e less s killed performers tended to land , give a nd jump into the backward some rsault , thu s di s­sipati ng mome ntum during the rebound.

The backward so me rsa ult s of the expert gymnasts were clea rl y superior to those of the other groups. Whil e th ere was little dif­fe re nce in the ta ke-off angle of the center of grav it y, the ex pert s had consistently the great­est length (35 , 32 a nd 30: 54, 35 a nd 35 : a nd 62 . 48 a nd 45 inches) , lift (23 , 16 a nd II: 28 , 20 a nd 14: and 36, 28 and 23 inches) and time in fli ght (.7 1, .63 a nd .57: .80, .69 and .62: a nd .88 , .80 and. 73 seconds).

The backward some rsault as a sepa rate stunt differed from the backward ha nd spring as part of a routine in the origin a nd di sposi­tion of the momentum needed for the stunt. I n the separate backward handspring, horizon­ta l a nd rotary mo mentum were increased from zero in the s tanding sta rt by unbla nacing and springing backwards and then dege nerated to ze ro in the s tanding finish by la nding with the feet behind the projected pa th of the center of gravity , fl ex ing a t the hips and knees to ab­sorb momentum a nd then sta nding s lowl y with control. The " in-routine " back ha ndspring began with some initial horizonta l a nd rotary momentum from the preceding stunt. A follow­ing " lift " action required converting so me horizontal momentum to ve rtica l lift and con­serving the rotary momentum for s ubsequent turns. But a following "whip" action required increas ing, or at leas t conserving, the rotary mome ntum while converting little or no hori­zontal momentum to ve rtica l lift.

CONCLUSIONS I. The ex pe rt subjects clearly exceeded the

other subjec ts in the lift a nd time of flight of their backward some rsault s in a ll routines by co mpleting their backward handsprings at the highest ave rage horizontal ve locity that they could ma nage , and by converting some horizontal mOO1e ntum to ga in additional verti­cal lift a nd time in flight.

2. The ex pert subjects left the initia l foot ­contact phase w ith the la rgest backward lean a nd a strong push from the mat which increased considerably their horizon tal velocity and mo­me ntum in the first fli ght phase.

3. The push-offfrom the mat in the hand-con-

...... .,...., __ F_IG_URE 2' BACK HANDSPRING, SRBHBS

tact phase wit h a body angle close to vert ica l and before the hips were deepl y piked allowed th e expert subjec ts to ga in height and time in the second flight phase. to rotate about their cente rs of gravity in flight and to land in the optimum position ror rebounding for height.

4. The expert s directed their higher hori­zontal momentum into max imal lift and time in fli ght by landing in the rebound phase wi th an impact ac tion. characteri zed by a high arm position on landing. a rorceful ex tension or the hips and knees wh ile landing. litt le additional knee fl exion after landin g. contact on the bal ls or the reet on ly. and a ve ry short duration.

S. Th e backward handspring as a se parate stunt in vo lved generating momentum from a

TAB LE I

stand by unbalancing and springing backward. Coming to a standing fini sh requ ired placing the ree t behind the projec ted path or the ce nter of gravity. Ilex ing at the hips and knees to di s­sipate the momentum. and then rising to a standing position. I n a routine. the gy mnas t had ro tary and horizontal momentum rrom the preceding stunt. A follow ing " lift " stunt re­quired convert ing some hori zontal momentum to ve rt ical l ift and conserv ing the ro tary mo­mentum for subsequent turns. On the other hand. a rollowing "whip" stunt required In ­creasing. or at least con servi ng. the rotary momentum while co nverting litt le or no hori­zontalmomentum to vert ica l li ft.

MEAN COMPARISON OF ROUTINES

ROUTINE GROUP

Foot-Hand - Foo t F to H H to F F t o F

t o F/ He .

Foot Contact

SBHBS G

Placement 42 32 28 28 70 61

1. 02 .92

26 25 51 . 77

Space 21 16 11 Time .99 . 65 .61 Vel . Hor . 22 25 18

Body Ang le Land 358 000 359 Leave 040 040 030

Arm Angle Land (or Max.) 062

Hi p Ang le 092 109

Land (or Hax.) 83 75 79 Minimum 66 72 75

Knee Angle Land (or Max . ) 116 98 90 Minimum 77 76 76

Plantar Flexion yes no no

First Flight Space Time Vel. Hor.

Hand Contact Space Time Vel. Hor.

Body Angle Land Leave

Hip Angle Leave

Second Flight Space Time Vel. Hor .

Rebound Space Time Vel. Ho r .

Body Angle Land Leave

Arm Angle Land

Hip Ang le Land

Knee Ang le Land Minimum Differenc e

IS 10 IS .18 .14 . 26 83 72 56

14 16 12 .25 .27 .28 56 59 45

348 350 358 010 018 020

134 120 94

13 10 7 . 18 .16 . 11 70 65 62

6 9 . 13 .16 .20 41 35 42

346 345 346 358 001 009

232 201 189

105 98 76

138 149 146 127 121 112

11 28 34

Total Back Handspring Space 67 58 50 Time 1. 57 1. 37 1. 46 Vel . Ho r . 43 42 37

Backward Somersaul t Take- off Angle 69 65 60 Length 35 32 30 Lif t 23 16 11 Ti me . 71 . 63 . 57

41 34 74

1.09

13 .17 76

003 033

235

95

134 91

SRBIlBS G

33 34 67

1. 01

41 29 70

1.07

14 14 .20 . 19 70 74

352 351 030 025

218 185

93 99

138 139 84 93

17 14 22 . 14 .12.24 12 4 116 95

14 15 17 .19 . 25 . 25 72 62 70

345 347 345 009 014 016

125 105 103

15 14 10 . 13 .13 .11 109 110 91

7 4 8 .10 . 12 .16 66 36 49

341 340 340 353 351 000

245 221 194

III III 94

140 151 154 133 138 120

8 14 33

65 . 75 88

62 .82 76

71 .94 76

66 68 62 54 35 35 28 20 14 .80 .69 .62

47 45 93

1. 36

19 .15 121

354 033

241

103

134 98

RRBHBS G

45 43 88

1.31

18 . 17 105

355 034

241

106

137 95

51 41 92

1.39

20 .1 9 102

34 4 025

198

110

139 103

23 18 29 . 13 . 11 .21 183 160 147

19 22 20 .17 .21 . 20 107 102 103

349 341 344 017 017 018

III 112 111

15 16 15 . 09 .11 .11 162 148 146

9 5 .10 . 11 . 12 82 _ 60 48

327 333 334 347 348 347

233 234 215

108 118 11 4

143 149 149 133 143 140

10 6 9

83 . 65 128

80 . 71 112

89 .82 112

67 67 66 62 48 45 36 28 23 .88 .80 . 73

NOTE--Space , Time and Vel. Hor . , and Knee Angle--Land, Minimum and Diff erence--in the table were rounded to t wo digits. This resulted in what appears to be error s in Space /Time or VeL Hor . . and 1n Knee Angle Land minus Minimum or Difference.

E = expert subjects (N = 3) G = good subjects (N = 3) F = fa ir sub jects (N = 3)

19

Controlling Shoulder Prob I ems of the Ringman by M. MI CKEY CO BB Head Trainer Georgia Southern College Statesboro . Georgia

Working the gymnas tic appa ra tu s is quite demanding fo r a ny athlete . T o continuously be exposed to ph ys ical stress present s the poss i­bi lit y of a thl et ic injury to the performer. The ringma n is a good example. Being a ringman requires exceptiona l s trength a nd body control. T o e njoy the possibility of being a c ha mpion requires the a thle te to engage himse lf in s trenu­ous workouts. The nature of the workouts might be in the form of we ight training or just plain working th e a pparatus.

Th e c ha mpion-calibre ringman works yea r 'round. A seasonal gym nast cannot be a c ham­pion. Naturall y. the goal of a ll ringme n is to be the very best in hi s class of compe titio n. To achi eve thi s goa l, the gymnas t will work be­yond hi s fa tigue point. Sometimes an injury w ill occur. Whe n it does. proper trea tment will help de termine how successfu l the a thle te will be.

I n dealing with the injured man. an unde r­standing of a natomy and kinesiology is neces­sary.

The s houlder joint is quite movable . It is a ba ll -and-soc ket joint which is composed of the scapula. hume ru s a nd clav icle. The hume ru s of eithe r a rm has its head ensocketed into the sca pula. It is held in place by various liga ments. te ndons a nd musc les. The clavicle or the co ll a r­find s it s loca tio ns forward and upper to that of the humerus a nd scapula. The three bones make up the acro mioc lav icul a r joint. The ac ro mio­c lav icula r joint is worked by the fo llowing mus­cles: deltoid . triceps. supras pina tu s. subscapu­lari s. tres majo r a nd minor and the pec tora l mu sc les.

The ac romi oc lav icul a r joint is greatl y in­vo lved when a s till-ringman begins to perform. To pull himse lf to the rings and go into a n iron­c ross. th e above- mentioned musc les work to mo ve th e bod y in o rder to a llow the head of the humerus to be positioned correc tl y in the gle no id fossa of the scapula . The movement and stress placed on the sho ulder joint as the a thle te assumes a n ironcross form is vigorous.

If the at hlete is not well conditioned or not a ttent a ti ve. he cou ld experience injury to the shoulde r joint. The type inju ry could range from a s light ove rstre tching of the mu scles to poss ible ca rtil age damage. The ac tual evalua­tion of the injury s hould be made by the team physician. The team physician w ill dec ide the immediate trea tment a nd let the coach know when the a thlete will be a ble to go "full s team."

T here are ways of controlling the num ber a nd severit y of the va rio us injuries to the shoul ­de r joint. For insta nce. a vigorous weight train­ing program is hel pful. And . without a doubt. ha rd work on the rings w ill help to develop the gymnast.

Exp loring the two programs takes det a il ed involvement. Co nsider the weight training pro­gram : th e be nc h press is good for deve lopi ng the sho ulder mu scles pre viou sly me ntioned. A l­though not me ntio ned before now. a n exe rcise to develop the poste rior portion of the deltoid a nd the trapezeous mu scle is helpful. T o acco m-

20

plish th is the behind-the-neck press will do. The bench press is a lso ve ry he lpful in stre ngt h­ening the shoulder joint muscles a nd the pec­toralis muscles . On the bench . if the hands are placed in line with the shoulde rs , the pectorali s muscles are no t taxed a great amount. If the weigh t trainer w ill mo ve hi s hands further out the bar. the pectoralis muscles w ill contract with greate r vigor. Dips o n the P-bars are help­ful in the developme nt of the shoulder, trice ps and pec tora li s mu scles. To determine how far apa rt the ba rs should be , approach the a ppa ratus by plac ing the elbow to one bar. The lower a rm a nd ha nd is extended at a 45 0 angle to the bar. The fingertips sho uld just touch the bar o ppo­s ite the elbow-touching bar.

In add itio n to the traditional weight-training progra m. perhaps o ne of the techniques we use here a t Georgia Southern will help the coac h in hi s weight-tra ining planning : Gymnas tics Coach Ron Oertle y, who has guided our cu r­ren t team to a 12-0 reco rd ( 10 wins from last season), has devi sed a weight-training device. Mr. Oertley had three bolts with " eyes " fas­tened to the ceiling of the weight room. Then pull eys were fastened to the eyebolts. Single pieces of nylon rope are attac hed to each ring: pass over the pull eys are joined and attac hed to a cable handle on a 20-ga llo n ga rbage can. Single weight plates a re placed into the con­tainer un t il a desirab le we ight res is ta nce is met.

The a thlete is between but under the still rings. He reaches up to full arm extension a nd pull s on the rings . The arms assume hori zonta l abduction . Holding the weights a t thi s position inc reases the mu scular st re ngth a nd endurance. If the athlete so desires. he may bring the a rms palms down to the legs. To return the weighted can to the floor , the gymnas t a llows the a rm s to be returned to the abducted hori zontal position by controll ing the weight as it is pulled by grav ita l force .

The above equipment and exe rc ise wi ll help to develop th e deltoid muscle group which he lps in the abuction-horizontal act ion. Sinee the shoulder joi nt has a great deal of physical stress placed on it. periodic phys ical thera py treatment is necessary. Natura ll y . if the coach or trainer suspects any ex te nsive damage to the shoulder joint. the n the orthopedis t sho uld be consulted.

Perhaps th e use of the vario us modalities will he lp you to improve your a thl ete's physical we ll -being. Cons ide r th e follow ing :

U Itrasollnd machine: a device through which ultrasound waves travel. Whe n the machine is se t a t it s proper intens it y and the time li mit set. sound waves trave l through the s kin a nd the underl ying ti ssue . While mak ing the journey. the waves prod uce fri c­tion within the ti ssue. Ti ssue frict ion pro­duces warmt h: the warmth has a dia lati ng ef­fect on the surround ing blood vesse ls, and increased blood ci rc ula tion is the result.

Hydrocillator: a device equipped with a coil. when exposed to elec tri ci ty. hea ts sur­ro unding wa ter. Within the meta l device. a rack to hold canvas cove red "sand bags" can be found. When the wa ter ge ts hot. the hy­d roc ul ator bags a re saturated with ho t water. The y are placed over the ac romioclavicular joint. The hea t from the hydrocu lato r pad is transferred to the shoulder, thu s affec ting the at hle te a nd hi s sho ulder problem.

A nalgesic balm rub-illS : Massag ing the shoulder joint with a mild a nalgesic ba lm see ms to a id the ath lete a nd hi s shoulder joint proble m.

Cryokinetics : C ryo kinetics is a met hod used to increase blood c irc ula tio n by e m­ploying ice. You might propose the question: .. Doesn't ice cause vasoconstri c tion'J" T he answer is " Yes." But aft er a few moments

the body reac ts to the cold in order to keep the body in balance. The reac tion is the deeper vesse ls of the area become dial a ted . Thi s phenome non is ca lled " Reflexvasodiala­tion."

The ice treatment is fine for dea ling wit h the va rious problems the gymnast may have with the shou lder joint. However. even afte r ed ucating the a thlete . he will be reluctant to the idea of cold. So. perhaps , in ma ny cases , the heat is better. I n co nclu sion , th e ringma n is exposed to re­

peated stress o n th e shoulder joint. The a tt en­tion given him must coi ncide wi th that of your ph ys ic ia n. Any of the moda lities suggested do present positive result s. C heck with your physi­cian a nd give your a thlete the best tha t you can

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rings by Mickey C haplan Asst. Coach, Uni ve rs ity of Oregon " The German Rise on Still Rings" by Doug C hurch (Doug Church is a University of Oregon ring­man and a }inalist in the AA W U conference championships. Since he leal'll ed this particu­lar trick before I did and slI cceeded in teach­ing it to me, I asked him to explain the tech­niqlle to my MG friends. M.C. )

The Germa n ri se to " L" on still rings is a unique trick , ra rely wi tnessed in competition. I t requires a combination of flexibilit y, strength and coordination. The move ment consists of a free swi ng into a deep inlocate hang (sk in the cat) a nd a conseque nt ri se through an " L"-

ONE

FOUR

sit. (This trick is to be di stinguished from the back lever - bounce to cross. - M)C»

The necess ity for flexibl e shoulde rs as a prerequisite to the move needs to be e mph a­sized because the great a mount of force that must be applied to reach an " L" creates an in­tense strain on the muscles not accustomed to the action . The fl ex ibility is obtained over a period of time by hanging inlocated (sk in-the­cat) and stretching the toes towa rd the ground. Di slocations from this position he lp loosen th e shoulders . C ross strength is also helpful as the performer must pass through the" L " -cross po­sition . Whe n a deep inlocate ha ng is comforta­ble a nd cross strength is deve loped , the per­fo rmer is read y to begin working the German ri se to " L. "

The move start s from any numbe r of posi­tion s : handstand, inverted cross, Maltese cross , inverted ha ng, etc., but the performer must be swinging freely through the back lever position (probably the bes t place to sta rt when learning the trick is from a straight body in-

)

FIVE

verted hang. - M.C.). The pe rforme r lets his heels drop in a free swing, looking at the ground during thi s swing. When the inlocate hang is reached from the swing. the performer drives into a deep pike, will feel himself ris ing upward , and should then throw his head stra ight up a nd pull down on the rings through an "L"-cross to a n ;;L" -s it.

It should be mentioned at thi s point that there a re variations to th e German ri se to " L. " The performer may do the move to a cross, " L" ­cross (Meythale r of Iowa State Univ. , N C AA co- ring cha mp, pe lformed the German to " L" and " L" -cross in hi s winning routine) , to a front leve r (instead of throwing head up , lean back to fron t lever aft er drive in inlocate hang). M y opinion is that the German ri se performed to a n " L" is the best aes thetica ll y a nd certallll y the most difficult. The move in any case would be a we lcome addition to a ny gymnast's reper­toire .

Good luck and perhaps you should stock up on deep heating rubs.

SIX

o r=

./

21

JUDGING by JERRY By JERRY WRIGHT

1. Straddle 7.00

6 (Hollander) 1.0u~nm- + 9.60

7. Handspring *10.00

8. Handspring with X turn "'*10.00

22

"JUDGING by J ERRY," an MG feature series edited by Jerry Wright to help keep our ports based on their technical knowledge and readers up-to-date on N ational and Interna- experience. If you are a qualified official and tional (F IG ) judging codes and to subjectively have a point offact you would like to contribute analyze changes and problems, is not a one- or a question you would like clarified , drop a man, one opinion project. Jerry will be calling card or an article to : J U DG ING by JERRY ,

on other qualified officials to contribute ~.e~,i ),;~o. Box 611 , Santa ~a~a 90406.

[KT' r \

: 7 ~ D sf?

''' -:;650-I1Im. 12. Yamashita with X turn 1000

5 6$ Y 2~" i~~{~9 8 """ " f!=- ~ 9 1. 7' ~ ';'R.. ~ /' \! , 11 ) 10

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13. Yamashita with 'I , turn 10.00

. ~lt~O~& 2

3 ~V . ~

17.

18. Squat

19.

2

L~ ~160ii;;.ro

20. Scissors with X turn 9.30

22. Handspring *10.00

25. Yamashita ~1.00 .. m+ *10.00

,[fj), ~.

26. Yamashita with X turn '*10.00

~k rnrl~'

1.. ! ' 9~1l '1000 tTIITI~ -

27. Yamashita with 'I, turn **10.00

3~~~~))/

tlY~~ _ - t hO. _ .• , 28. Yamashita, followed bv Saito forward tucked **lo.od

" 3~j"~ ti If,

" H"ht~jij~OO

r~~~, :~ U 1t ~1600 mn\ -

30. Hech t va ult with X turn **10.00 (~~ /!i ,~[,H~ .. V~i~OO ~

23. Hand~pring with X turn **10.00 31. Hecht va ult with 'I , turn **10.00

15. Hecht vault ~6ft;;~ turn 10.00 ,. 3~4~ ~.6 1. 1

~~~~6:8 2 '~~T~ ~~ iTI v'll ~r' ~'-~9 1 ' '/ '~ LIJ ~L

"VJY) mm ___ -1GOOt1Y1"IJ _ 16. Hecht vault with 'I, turn**10.00 24. Handspring with 'I, turn " 10.00

32. Hecht vault. followed bv Sai­to forward tucked . **10.00

Judging the Side Horse Event by D O N T O N RY , Gy mnas tics Coach . Ya le U ni versit y

Mos t judge shudde r a t the thought of judging the side horse eve nt. Di ffic ulti es a re ex tre me ly complicated to recogni ze , a nd exe­c ution e rro rs pass with the speed of light. A ny j udge w ho thinks tha t he unders ta nds a ll he sees o n thi s event has e ither no t judged top-fli ght compe ti t io n, or o nl y thinks he unde rs ta nds. T here a re ve ry few. if any, to p side ho rse spe­c ia li s ts who ca n wa tc h the ir fe llow s pecia lis ts a t work a nd neve r become baffl ed a t the s ight of some new o r complicated combina tio n. Generall y, they do not hes ita te to te ll you tha t they, in s pite of their vas t ex peri e nce w ith unusua l combinations , find mo ments of be­w ilderment.

A good s ide horse ma n has very little body flu c tua ti on as he passes fro m one a rea of the ho rse to another. H is hands change pos itio n and his body turns. but the re a re ve ry few ex tre me pikes a nd ex tens ions. Every double leg sk ill is pelfo rmed as a n extens ion of a c irc le - the degree of hip fl ex ion va ri es little fro m Ke hre to Czech to trave l to c irc le , e tc.

A judge ca nnot mere ly read hi s F. I. G. Ha ndboo k to know thi s event. Idea ll y, he s hould have bee n a quality perfo rme r. sho uld curre ntl y be teaching and lea rning new s kill s. s hould be s tud ying film s and lite ra ture fo r additional technical info rmatio n. and must practice judging quite freque ntly.

. I have. on occas ion. mi ssed recogniz ing such things as diffic ulties (was tha t a C o r a B combination ?), sc issor combinatio n (d id he

TUMBLING TOPICS by DI C K C RIL E Y

7. Back handsp ring, back somersault. (pi ked. tucked . o r layout. A + B = B diffi cult y ). A rapid s na p­down (compare the two tum ble rs ) with a s light­ly mo re ve rtica l contac t angle c ha ract e ri ze o ne of the seve ra l diffe re nt methods o f perfo rm ing

have a back sc issor?). a rea require ment (did he cover the horse with hi s ro ut ine?l. e tc. Com­mon judging e rro rs suc h as these can be a t­tributed to nervousness (the los ing tea m's coach is o n your back. the audie nce is unhappy w ith the t re nd of the meet, it 's your firs t o r second judging ass ignment of the yea r , yo u do n' t know side horse work ve ry we ll) a nd/or a gene ra l lack of ab ilit y in thi s a rea.

O ne ve ry exce lle nt method of improvi ng your judgi ng ability in thi s a rea is to record each pe rfo rme r' s routine in yo ur own pe rsona l shortha nd . Thi s method requires tha t you never look a t your notes during the ro utine . You s hould deve lop a sy mbol fo r A. B and C pa rt s (- I C). fo rward and back wa rd sc issors (S - 3 l, a nd a reas of the ho rse (R - LJ. T he hori zonta l, ve rt ical a nd C are prac tica l be­cause th ey can be executed with a s ingle s tro ke . T he S a nd 3 a re s light ly mo re e la bo ra te. but will provide a c lear indica tio n for the reader. T he R a nd the L are cum be rsome and may be substituted fo r a no the r sy mbol. A side horse ro utine may loo k something li ke thi s: Begin-ner- L - 3 S S S - - - - - R

Th e fo llowing conclus io n would be reached by thc judge a t the e nd of th e ro utine :

1. Form and execution (let's just soy 1.5) 2. He covered all areas (L·R, no deduct ion) 3. He met the scissor requirement (3 S S S , no deduction) 4. He hod on ly ten ski lls (deduct .2) 5. He did not have ( or B ports (deduct 22) 6. We know that his dismoun t hod to be commensurate

with the exercise. 7. His score is ,

1.5 execution .2 missing port

2.2 missing ( and B

3.9 6.1 Tota l Score

thi s seque nce. Note the a rm a nd body pos ition a t contac t : head . a rm . and bod y pos itio n during lift -off: a nd the ex te nsio n from the toes. Be­ginne rs sho uld be cautio ned to kee p the c hes t high a nd no t to th row th e head and a rms back-

Us ing the sa me sys te m. a n inte rmedi a te ro utine might look like thi s: Loop a round le ft end (L - ). uphill C zech ( I ). Ke hre- in (-). o ne circ le (-l. back sc issor le ft (3 ). three front sc is­sors (SSS). one c irc le (-). C zech ( I ). two c irc les ( - - ). s ide trave l. loop a round left end to fro nt vault di s mount ( I -).

L - I --3 s ss- I -- I -

Deduction 1. Execution (let's say I .0) 2. (over area (0.1 ) 3. Scissors (0.0) 4. Number of parts (0.0) 5. ( and B parts (no C. only three Bs, 1 .0) 6. Dismount is B ser ies (00) 7. The score is, 1.0 execut ion

0. 1 area 1 .0 difficulty

2.1 deduct 7.9 Total Score

When a judge can be fai rl y ce rt a in tha t. because of the high qua lit y of s ide ho rse work . he will no t have to co nte nd with short ro u­tines . he may e liminate the sy mbo l for A pa rt s. I n thi s case . it mu st be ass umed that a com­petit o r ca nnot execute a s ide ho rse ro utine w ith the required scissor work. d iffi cult y a nd a rea coverage wi th out hav ing e no ugh A pa rt s.

A coac h sho uld have the right to ques ti o n wha t he cons ide rs to be a n ex tre me ly poor dec isio n by the judges. T he j udge should be ab le to show the coac h the bas ic reasoning behind hi s judgme nt.

The j udge mu s t see eve rything fo r whic h he deducts - if he lowe rs a pe rfo rme r' s score without hav ing an exec ution. co mbina ti on o r diffi c ult y reason tha t re lates to exac tl y w hat he has obse rved . the j udge sho uld no t be o n the noor j Udging. The o nl y exce ptio n to the last s ta te ment would be a te mpora ry loss o f o rienta­ti on as a res ult of ne rvousness o r me nta l fa ti !! ue.

(orloon u!.ed with permiss ion of the Saturday Evening Post.

wa rd before the fee t leave th e ground . Espe­c ia ll y impressive in th is seque nce is the ve rti ca l ta ke-off pos itio n w hi c h e mph as ize s the he ight aspec t" of the so me rsault.

Next. Back some rsault with twist.

23

A Youth Gymnastics Program by MI C H AE L R. BU LA, MRS . KATHY STAC EY

With the inc reas ing popularit y of gymnas ti cs throughout the U nited Sta tes, co mes the de­ma nd for more organi zed programs.

The beginning gy mnast is becoming younger a nd younger. Today gymnast ics and tumbling a re ta ught to the c hild nearl y as soon as walking.

In the De nver Y.M. C. A. 's , a c hild can regis­te r in gy mnas ti c c lasses a t fo ur years of age, a nd begin competitio n at seven. A prog ra m which invo lves tumbling skill s is a lso availab le fo r a child when he is 2 \.1 years o ld.

Wh y gy mnas tics? Through gy mnas tics a child can achieve exerci se in a way whic h is Jo hn Gil ling hom - Physica l Ed ucation Director - Central YMCA - Denver both be nefi cia l and fun. H e can ex peri ence phys ical a nd me nta l stimulatio n and co­o rdinatio n leading to a ha ppy and healthier child. He can develo p a sense of achieve ment a nd se lf-confide nce through the acquiring a nd furthe ring of skill s and techniques. He has the o pportunit y to work with others and co mpete w ith himself and o thers. The s ma ll individua l ca n pa rti c ipate equa ll y with the larger child. A lthough these be nefit s a re not unique to gy mnastics, gy mnas tics does provide the o ppo rtunity for the realizatio n of a ll the above.

The purpose of the youth gymnastics pro­gra m is to provide instruction of bas ic s kill s in a ll a reas of gymnas tics .

The course is conduc ted so that each child has the o pportunit y to learn the bas ic sk ills on se ve ra l appa ratus a nd tumbling. A n outline and c heck cha rt s of the skill s to be ta ught a re ava il ­a ble for each teache r. The child spe nds approx i­matel y 15 minutes each tra ining sess ion on fo ur diffe re nt pieces of a ppa ra tus.

The gy mnas ium is a rra nged as fo llows :

The c lasses are divided as fo llo ws : C lass I 9:00-1 0: 00 A.M. 4-8 year o lds C lass II 10:00- 1 1:00 A. M. 9-14 year olds

II :00- 12:00 Noo n T eam Practice

Within the classes the childre n a re di vided : C lass I A. 4 yea r o lds B. 5 yea r o lds C. 6 year olds D . 7 a nd 8 yea r olds E. 7 a nd 8 year old boys abo ve ave rage abilit y F. 7 a nd 8 year o ld girl s w ith a bove average

ab ility.

C lass II A. Girls above ave rage a bility B. Boys w ith a bove ave rage a bilit y C. Olde r gi rl s group D. Older boys group E. A verage girl s F. A ve rage boys G. Be low a ve rage girls H . Be low ave rage boys

Afte r a ttempting va rio us groupings it is fe lt that the bes t method of grouping C lass II is acco rding to se x, age, s ize, a nd ab ility.

The girl s work a t girl s events , the boys at boys e ve nt s a nd both on tra mpolin e a nd tumbling.

The four to eight yea r olds , as a rule , lack the strength a nd coordma tio n to perform even the mos t bas ic ro utines on the a ppa ratus. It is the refore, necessary to adapt the appara tus a nd progra m to meet the ir capa bilities , a nd ye t

24

,

present a challenge for them. This group spends much of its time on the mat s, low bal­ance beams , and trampoline. They also learn to run , jump, land and skip. Creative activities is a lso part of the program for the four to e ight yea r olds.

In the nine to 14 year old group , co mpet iti ve appa ra tus is used and more advanced skills are taught. The gy mnas t now begi ns to develop his own routines in preparation for competition. At thi s time he begins to work on improving and broadening his sk ills and perFormance.

Competition consists of approx imate ly 12 meets a season. These meets a re with other Y .M.C.A.'s, schools, and A.A.U . meets . The gy mnas tic team practices one to three hours per week. It is not the purpose of the program to develop a highly competitive team, but to offer competi tion to those who are interested. Again , the emphasis is on encouraging the individual to bette r his sk ills and pelfo rmance for his personal sati sfac tion .

For the 15 year old and o lder, an o pen gym­nastic training period is offered twice a week. Team members from the you th gymnastics a re a llowed to attend after completing a fo rm wh ich includes their parent's s ignature permitting the child to participate in the open program.

The open gymnas tics program was first es tab lished for the high school gy mnas ts, and youth who were not involved in any school competition, but enjoyed pa rti cipa ting in gym­nastics. High school coaches were given Y .M.C.A. me mberships and they in turn served as instructors. It must be emphasized that the " Y" does not stress having a competiiive team at thi s level , but to provide an open neutral gy mnast ic training sess ion. These gymnas ts aid each other and in turn improve their own pelformance. A student from one high school may ass ist an indi vidu a l who maY be his opponent.

The youth gymnast ic team a lso receives instruction from the gym nasts who are present. They a re also give n the opportunity to work on their pa rticu lar event and routine which they will use in competition.

To encourage the interests of parents demon­strations a re given at C hris tmas and in May. The demonstrat ions invo lve a ll children who wish to participate. No chi ld is forced or re­quired to participate. The demonstrat ion in­c ludes actua l working c lasses with a running co mmenta ry on the work being performed. A time at the end is se t as ide for actual par­ticipation by visiting members of the audience.

Awards in the form of certificates a re given to everyone at the end of the first 12 weeks of the program and in May. T hese s impl y state that the child has co mpleted a beginning c lass in gy mnas tics. The team me mbers a re awarded badges for their un iforms.

The success of the you th gymnas ti cs pro­gram is dependent on the staff. The director is a ll important. This writer has found th at a qualified phys ical education teacher is the ideal. The director need not be highly skilled in gy m­nast ics, but should possess strong interes t and adni ini st rative a nd o rga ni za tion a l ab ili tie s. Record keeping, memberships , fees , attend­ance, grouping and maintenance of ski ll sheets are a ll the director's responsibility.

The instructors need to be experts in the sk ill which they are teaching. College, high school, and professional gy mnas ts provide many instructors. The open gy mnas tic program has provided severa l volunteer instructors for the youth program. High school and co llege team members are not a llowed to be paid , so plaques, memberships, uniforms, shirts, etc . provide incentive for teaching. The instructors a lso a re int eres ted in pro moting gy mnastics and enjoy work ing with children .

In summary, it can be sa id that wi th inter­ested dependable pe rsonne l, a youth gy m­nas tics program can be organized and pro­moted successfu ll y.

) VAULTING

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D 25

m THE MODERN GYMNAST MAGAZINE

CG INDEX FOR 1969 The Modern Gymnast Vol. XI A. B. FREDERIC K, COMPILER

The Editorial Stoff of the Modern Gym­na st would like to acknowledge the tremendous efforts of more than 50 con­tributors of major articles this post year and many others who ha ve submitted reports.

In the Index below you will find ref­erences followed by, for example, 1 (5-6). Th is simply means that the material will be found on pages five and six of the first number of the Volume (January). Volume numerals correspond to the month. The author for most of the ar­ticles listed will be found fol lowing the title of the article in paren theses. For example ... (Cri ley). A cross index to major contributors fol lows the subject index.

SUBJECT INDEX ART The Art of Gymnastics (Millman) 3( 18) Ghost Horseman 3(28) Gymnastics in Mahogany 4(7) The Soeciolist's Primer 10(27) A Gymnast's Thoughts While Running

(Millman) 1 1 (25) BOOK REVIEWS An Illustrated Gu ide to Tumbl ing by J. Boley (C riley) 2( 12) CAMPS Comments on Jr. Training Camp (Hoyle)

1(9) CANADIAN REPORT S (Assoc. Ed. John

Nooney) 1(9+ ); 2(18); 3(12-13); 4(9); 6-7(7); 8-9(7); 1 O( 11)

CLINICS New England Clinic (Massimo) 1 (10- 11 ) Eastern Gymnastic Clinic 1 (12) 1968 Eastern Clinic - Ft. Lauderdale

(Holzaepfel) 2(8-9) Sokol Winter Session in Florida 2(9) The Tucson Clinic 2(10) 1968 California Winter Clinic Report

(Peavy) 2(11) The Iowa Notional Summer Gymnastic

Clinic Report (Jacobson) 11 (6) Columbus H.S. Gymnastic Clinic Report

(Hinds) 12(8) The New England Gymnastic Clinic

(Cardinali) 1 2( 1 0- 11) COACHING The Gymnastic Team and the Individual

(lonry) 1 (13-14) Progression lists for H.S. Gymnasts

(Murray) 2(22) COLLEGE and UNIVERSITY Request for data from the Editor - Ques­

tionnaire 1 0(4) Gymnastics on the Grow in Texa s

(Gurganus) 10(8) Data Reports 11 (12-13) Reporting this

issue St. Francis Xovier- Can.; Ithaca Col lege - N.Y. ; Bemid ji State College ­Minn.; South Dakota State College ­Brookings and Montcloire State College - N.J.

COMPULSORY NCAA All -Around Compulsory Progress?

(Sundby) 5(4) Compulsories (Men) - 1970 World Cham­

pionships 10(22-24) 1970 AAU Jr. and YMCA Nationals

Compulsories 12(22-23) EDITORIALS Gymnastics and Space Flights (Sundby)

1(4) Sports and Gomes; A Substitute for

Violence (Perry) 2(6) Gymnastics and the 60s (Sundby) 12(4) But, Coach .. (Aldritt) 12(29)

26

EDUCATION The Analysis of Gymnastics - A Survey

of the Literature (Frederick) 3(25-27) Universal Moves in Gymnastics (Wasser­

man) 12(15) EQUIPMENT Gymnastic Landing Mots and the Knee

Joint (Tonry) 1 (22-23) The Coach, the Gymnast and the Safety

Belt (lonry) 2(21) The Machine (Hinds) 3(14) Concerning

Videotape Recorders FASHION (Feature by Walter Zwickel) Fitting the Gymnast 2(28) Which is the Best Stirrup? 12(8) FLOOR EXERCISE Some Generalizations about F.X. (Mill­

man) 10(18) F.X. Concepts for Fine Performance

(Millman) 11(18) Mechanics and Aesthetics in F.X. (Mill-

man) 12(18) HISTORY Leopold F. Zworg (Patterson) 4(6) HORIZONTAL BAR Illustrations of Nakayama's Olympic

Routine (Frederick) 4(20-2 1) Free Hip Circle (George) 10(20-21 ) Cross Grip GianI. Bock Pirouette

(George) 11(21) Teach ing the German Giant (Holmes)

11(22) Stalder Hop (George) 12(21) INDEX Index for Vol. X (Frederick) 2(26-27) INTERNATIONAL Swiss Santo Monico Stopover 3(7) The Swiss Notional Team Tour of the USA 3(8-10) Gymnastics in Ea st Germany (Tuerke)

3(20) Tour Del Norte Americanos En Sud

America (Tucker) 4(7 +) An International Gymnastic Symposium

for Male Coaches (Aronson) 6-7(25-26+ )

Capo De La s Americas (Wright) 8-9 (22-23)

Report on the Moccobioh Gomes (Wasser­man) 10(6)

8th Eurapeon Championships (Gonera) 10(14-15)

Middle East Tour (Roetzheim) 11 (10-11 +) West Germany's Gymnastic Federation

School 12(12-13)

INl l RSCHOLASTIC GYMNASTICS A Comparison of Interscholastic Gym­nastics on the H.S. Level (Murray) 1 (6) H.S. Gymnastic Training 2(7) A Showdown (Hinds) 3(6) H.S. Co-Ed Gymnas tics (Sundby) 8-9(4) Open Letter to all H.S. Coaches (Drain)

8-9(6) The " Big Trick" in H.S. Gymnastics

(Murray) 8-9(6) Notes on H.S. Gymnastics (Criley) 8-9(7) M.G. High School Report 8-9(9-18) INVITATIONALS Making the Invitational Scene in Southern

California (Criley) 1 (6-7) JAPANESE GYMNASTICS The Japanese Gymnastic Workout (Davis)

2( 13) Interviews with Kenmotsu and Nakayama

6-7(15) The Japanese H.S. Championships (Da vis)

8-9(8) T raining for Competition in Japan (Saka­

moto) 11(9) JUDGING The Computer Tokes a New Look at

College Gymnastic Judging 1 (21) Quiz 2(7) Notional Gymnastic Officials' Association

(NGOA) (Wright) 2(23-25) International Judges Course - Penn State

(Wright) 3(22-23) F.I.G. Code Changes (Wright) 4(23-24) Eastern Division Judges Quiz (Wright)

5(28) Code of Points Interpretations (Wright)

6-7(27-28) Critique of FIG Difficulty Ratings

(Culbertson) 8-9(24-25)

Judging H.S. Gymnastics (Wm. Wright) 8-9(26)

Concerning the 1968 Code of Points (Wright) 10(24-25)

Judges Corner (Muzycko) 11 (24) Crit ical Review of Difficulty Ratings

(Culbertson) 12(24-25) Gymnastic Judging Comes of Age

(Roetzheim) 12(26-27) LONG HORSE VAULTING On Vaulting the Long Horse 10(19) On Beginning Vaulting (Millman) 11 (l 9) The Handspring (Millman) 11 (20) The Stoop Vault (Millman) 12(20) N.A.C.G.C. 1969 NACGC Awards (Price) 5(7) N.C.A.A. College Division Championships (Bottitto)

4(10-12) M.G. - NCAA Report (Wright 5(8-11) Interviews at NCAA Championships

(Criley) 5(11-12 + ) Pictorial Report - NCAA Championships

5(13-25) OLYMPICS Olympic Team Comments (Hug) 1 (14) 1968 Olympic Efforts (Beckner) 2(14-15) Olympics 1968 (Weiler) 3( 12) Mexico Olympics (Hartley) 3( 12-13) One Coach's Ca ndid Reply to Two

Olympians (Wilson) 3(29) PARALLEL BARS Swing Through to Inlocoted Position

(George) 10(20) Loy Away Front Uprise (George) 11 (20-2 1) Bock Uprise Handstand (George 12(21)

PERSONALITIES Steve Cohen Interview 1 (18-19) Menichelli 1 (15) Coach Rusty Mitchell (Sundby) 4 (14-15) Steve Hug Interview 8-9( 19) Kieth McCanless Interview (Criley) 10(9) Pau l Vexler Interview (C riley) 11 (15)

PSYCHOLOGY Psychology and the Gymnast (Mas­simo) 3(15+ ) Gymnastic Types (Millman) 8-9(20)

RESEARCH AND FITNESS IN GYMNASTICS (Assoc. Ed. James Bosco) Analysis of Peach to Handstand (Plagenhoef) 2( 19) Scoring Behavior of Gymnastic Judges (Ster ling and Webb) 4(18-19) Effect of Instant Replay Videotape on Performance (Butler) 1 O( 13)

RINGS The Hollowbock Press and Fall or Cost From Handstand (Choplon) 3(24) Straddle Dismount (Roetzheim) 8-9 (21) Position of the Head During Selected Ring Skills (Tonry) 10(19) The Quad - On Swinging Rings (Soko­do) 11 (8) Classification of Ring Skills (lonry) 12(19) Cost for Regular Bock Ring Giants (Chaplon) 12(22)

SANTA MONICA GYM FEST 7th Annual Santa Monico Gymfest 10(12)

SECOND LOOK AT SWING (Feature by Jerry George) Stalder 1(20-21) Eagle Giant 2(20) Overgrip Stalder 3(19) Inverted Giant Swing 4(22) Stoop-In Circle Shoot 6-7(23) See Also - Horizontal Bar

SlOE HORSE The Front Vault Dismount on the Side Horse (lonry) 3(21) The Front Scissors (Tonry) 10(18) Turns in Scissors (lonry) 11(18-19) Side Horse Terminology (lonry) 12 (19)

TRAINING What is Talent? (Millman) 6-7(22+ )

TUMBLING A New Technique for Teaching Tum­bling (Cap) 11 (23) Analysis of a Reverse Lift Front Som­ersault (Fortier) 12(14+ )

TUMBLING TOPICS (Feature by Assoc. Ed. Dick Criley) Running Front Somey 2( 12) Russian Front 3(21) Frant Handspring, Front Somey 4(19) Front Roll, Frant Samey 10(25) Round Off Bock Handspring 11 (23) Round Off Bock Somey 12(1 5)

U.S.GJ. USGF Congress - 1968 (Bore) 1(8) USGF Congress (Elliot) 1 (29) The Not ional Gymnastic Commission 3(11) Report of the USGF 4(8) 1969 USGF National Championships (bo re) 6-7(18-20) Gymnoestrado Report (Bore) 10(10+ ) list of USGF Publications and Ma­terials 10(10+) USGF Gymnastic Congress - 1969 11(14)

VIEWPOINTS (Assoc. Editor Dick Criley) Viewpoints following the NCAA Cham­pionships 6-7(6-7) Notes on H.S. Gymnastics 8-9(7) Upgrading Gymnastics (I) 11 (7) Upgrading Gymnastics (II) 12(8)

WORLD CUP Editor's Announcement 3(4) Fi rst Annua l World's Cup 6-7(9- 14)

YMCA 1969 YMCA Gymnastic Championships (Buffa) 6-7(21) Notional YMCA Gymnastic Survey (Buffo) 8-9(27)

INDEX TO MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS

Aldritt, Art But, Coach ... l 2(29)

Aronson, Richa rd M. An International Gymnastic Sympo­sium for Mole Coaches 6-7(25-26+)

Bore, Fronk 1968 USGF Congress 1(8) 1969 USGF National Championships 6-7(18-20) Gymnaestrodo Repor t 10(10) USGF Gymnastic Congress 11 (14)

Beckner, Jock 1968 Olympic Efforts 2(14-15)

Buffo, Bill 1969 YMCA National Championships 6-7(21) Notional YMCA Gymnastic Survey 8-9 (27)

Butler, Nelson Effect of Instant Repla y (Videotape) on Performance 10(13)

Bottitta, Joe 1969 NCAA College Division Cham­pionships 4(10-12)

Cop, AI A New Technique for Teaching Tum­bling 11 (23)

Cardinali, Jeff The New England Gymnastic Clinic 12(10- 11)

Choplan, Mickey The Hollowback Press and Failor Cost from Handstand 3(24) Cast for Regular Bock Ring Giants 12(22)

Criley, Dick Making the Invitational Scene in Southern Ca lifornia 1 (6-7) Cohen Interview 1 (18- 19) Review - Illustrated Guide to Tumbling by Bo ley 2(12) Frant Handspring, Front Somey 4(19) Interviews at NCAA Championships 5(1 1-12) McCanless Interview 10(9) Front Roll, Front Samey 10(25) Upgrading Gymnastics (I) 11 (7 + ) Upgrading Gymnastics (II) 12(8) Vexler Interview 11 (15) Round Off Back Handspring 11 (23) Round Off Bock Somey 12(15)

Culbertson, Jon Critique of FIG Difficulty Ratings 8-9 (24-25) Critique of FIG Difficulty Ratings 12 (24-25)

Cutler, Sandy

Gymnastics and Recreation, A Pro­posal 12(6)

Davis, Roy The Japanese Gymnastic Workout 2(13) The Japanese H.S. Championships 8-9 (8)

Drain, Sid Open Letter to All H.S. Gymnastic Coaches 8-9(6)

Elliot, G. USGF Gymnastic Congress 1(29)

Endo, Frank Interviews with Kenmotsu and Na­kayama 6-7(15)

Fortier, Frank Analysis of Reverse Lift Front Somer­sault 12(14+)

Frederick, A.B. Index for Volume X 2(26-27) Th e Analysis of Gymnast ics - A Sur­vey of the Literature 3(25-27) Nakayama's Olympic Horizontal Bar Routine 4(20-21)

George, Gerold Stalders 1(20-21) Eagle Giant 2(20) Overgrip Stalder 3( 19) Inverted Giant Swing 4(22) Stoop In Ci rcle Shoot 6-7(23) Loy Away Front Uprise 11(20-21) Cross Grip Giant, Bock Pirouette II (21) Back Uprise Handstand 12(2 1) Stalder Hop 12(21)

Gonera, Andrzei 8th European Championships 10 (14- 15)

Gurganus, Buddy Gymnastics on the Grow in Texas 10 (8)

Hartley, Sandy Mexico Olympics - 1968 3(12- 13)

Hinds, John A Showdown 3(6) The Machine 3(14) Columbus H.S. Gymnastic Clinic Report 12(8)

Holmes, Wm. Teaching the German Giant I I (22)

Holzoepfel , Dick 1968 Eastern Clinic 2(8-9)

Hoyle, Jim Comments on Jr. Training Camp 1(9)

Hug, Steve Olympic Team Comments 1(14)

Jacobson, Mike Iowa Notional Symmer Gymnastic Clinic Report II (6)

Lerner, Steve Hug Interview 8-9( 19)

Massimo, Joe New England Clinic 1(10-1 I ) Psychology and the Gymnast 3(15 + )

Millman, Dan The Art of Gymnastics 3(18) What is Talent? 6-7(22 + ) Gymnastic Types 8-9(20) Generalizations About F.X. 10(18) Fine Concepts of F.X. II (18) On Beginning Vaulting 11(19) The ~ a nd spring Vault II (20) A Gymnast's Thought s While Running 11(25) Mechanics and Aesthetics in F.X. 12(8) Stoop Vault 12(20)

Murray, Wm. F. Jr. A Comparison of Interscholastic Gym­nastics on the H.S. Level (Brief Ab­stract by Criley) 1(6) Progression Li sts for H.S. Gymnasts 2(22) The " Big Trick" 8-9(6)

Muzycko, Ted Judges Corner II (24)

Patterson, A. Carl Dr. Leopold F. Zworg 4(6)

Perry, Richard H. Sports and Gomes, A Substi tute for Violence 2(6)

Plogenhoef, Stanley An Analysis of the Peach to a Hand­stand 2(19)

Price, Hartley 1969 NACGC Awa rd s 5(7)

Roetzheim, Bill

Straddle Dismount on the Rings 8-9 (21) Middle East Tour II (I 0- 11 + ) Gymnastic Judging Comes of Age 12 (26-27)

Sakamoto, Makoto Training for Competition in Japan II (9)

Sokoda, Ken Cohen Interview 1(18- 19) Hug Interview 8-9( 19) The Quod I 1(8)

Sterling, Leroy Scoring Behavior of Gymnastic Judges 4(18-19)

Sundby, Glenn Gymnastics and Space Flights 1(4) Invitational World Cup 3(4) Coach Rusty Mitchell (Interview) 4 (14-15) NCAA All-Around Compulsory Pro­gress? 5(4) H.S. Co-Ed Gymnastics 8-9(4) College and University Questionnaire 10(4) Gymnastics and the 60s 12(4)

Tonry, Don The Gymnastics Team and the In­dividual 1(13-14) Gymnastic Landing Mots and the Knee Joint 1(22-23) The Coach, the Gymnast and the Safe­ty Belt 2(21) The Front Scissors 10(18) Position of the Head During Selected Ring Skills I O( 19) Turns in Scissors I I (18-19) Side Horse Terminology 12( 19) Classification of Ring Skills 12(19)

Tucker, Rick Tour Del Norte Americanos En Sud America 4(7 + )

Tuerke, Werner Gymnastics in East Germany 3(20)

Wasserman, Burt Universal Moves in Gymnastics 12 (15)

Wasserman, Isadore Report on the Maccabiah Gomes 10(6)

Webb, Roger Scoring Behavior of Gymnastic Judges

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4(18-19) Weiler, Willy

Gymnastic Report - Olympics 1968 3( 12)

Wilson, Mike One Coach's Candid Reply to Two Olym­pians 3(29)

Wright, Jerry National Gymnastic Officials Assoc. 2(23-25) International Gymnastic Judges Course 3(22-23) F.I.G. Code Corrections 4(23-24) M.G. - NCAA Report 5(8-II) Eastern Division Judging Quiz 5(28) Code of Points Interpretations 6-7 (27-28) Capo De Los Americas 8-9 (22-23) Concerning the 1968 Code of Points 10(24-25)

Wright, Wm. Judging H.S. Gymnastics 8-9(26)

Zwickel, Walter Fitting the Gymnast 2(28) Which is the Best Sti rrup Arrangement 12(8)

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27

LETTERS

CLEAR UP Dear Glell ll ,

Elljoyed the hiKh school edition very milch bllt was sorry 10 see that YO II did 1I0t Ret re­ports Fom mal/y areas of the cOllntry. Th e pllr­pose of this leller is to clear lip a mistake il/ the report on the Northern California G\'mllastics Champiollship . Encina H igh School is the Northern California Champiol/ , 1I0t Yreka High School as pictllred above the report 011 Northern California Gymnastics . Encino has 11'011 th e championship the last fO llr vears. A nother portion of the report was placed 1111-der th e Wisconsin report 0 11 page 14 , titled , "NC I individual evellls. " This was the results of the Northern California Indi\'idllal Chall/­piollships , which lI'ere held separa te Fom the team champiol/ship. Th e resllit of the North­ern Ca lifornia Team Meet lI'as as fo llo ll 's: Encina 144.88, DeA nza 141.86, Skyline 12 1. 12 al/d YRnacio Va lley 11 5.62. So the scores are more meanil/gful, we compete in th e six Olym­pic events and allow each team to enter two all arollnds, whose scores are a\'eraged , added to­Ke ther, thell added 10 the team score . Th e level of gYII/na stics is improl'il/g in Ollr area al/d will cOl/ til/ue to do so becallse we lUIl'e dedicated coaches, j lldges alld teachers who walll a good program and are willil/g to spend the time to develop aI/ e.

I hope this lell er clears lip the report so that the teams in volved ca ll get th e recognitiol/ they deserve fo r afine year.

Thank YOII R o y Goldbar

(Ed. H ope all take note ' as YOllr leller clears lip our mistake.)

COLO ANO BITTER TRUTH Dear Glenn ,

Hal'ing witnessed the CliP (~r A II/ ericas trials at No rtllll 'es tern S/(/te College the cold and biller tl'llth hecame e l'en 11101'1' se!/l'l'iden t. There is no slldl thing as a potential speC/ator.

Th e lIIeet lI 'as pllblici~ed adeqllatel.". H OII 'e\'er, onl\' a .I'll/all hancUili of spectators tllrned out to watch the oreatest O\, llInasts in the countn·. ,' ,'.

rr th e"'l'ent had heell a high school basket­hall ga lll e, people would IUIl 'e heen sit ting in each others' laps. The reason being - people understand haskethall and NO T gYII/nast ics.

While I lI'as lI1tending Pierc l' College in Woodland H ills, California, Coach 10hn Mu ir staged manv opel/ meets but bel ore each 1' \'1'111 he explained and had delllonstrated certain skills lI 'hich are reqllired for each e\·ent. So, when a competitor pellorllled, th e specta tors could judge ol<iect i\ 'elv to thelllse!t 'es and then COIlI/}(lre their results lI'ith that of the j udges. thlls stimulating interest and to SOllie degree alldience participation.

Ma\'be M r. Muir does n't hal'e the ansll'er hec{l/Ise' this approach is both time consllininK l/nd sometimes horing, but it is a step tOIl'a rd hell{'/' understl/nding of the sport and most illlportant oIall, this DI D stimulate interest I

M.,· hat is oH to M r. Muir and to OIher coaches 11-//0 realize this inadequac." and are doing sOlll ething about itl

28

Sincerelv, Bill Mo rgan,

North western Sta te College , N atchitodes. Louisiana

BOOK REVIEWS by A. B. Fredrick

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T he a uthor . Jack C ha rt e ri s. of the U ni ve rs it y of G uelph in Onta ri o has take n time to co m­bine many or the qua lities of a fin e gym nas ti c vo lume that thi s rev iewer has sugges ted from time to time in the pas t. H e s trikes a n intelli­gent balance between practical knowledge and s uppo rti ve resea rc h. He employs film drawing seque nces to grea t advantage. He has taken the time to inc lude much va luable docume nta tion

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H is c hapte r o n the b iomechani cs o f gy mnas­ti cs is writt e n s impl y a nd rin gs of the inllue nce of D yson 's wo rk in the la tt er's lvlec/lIIl/ ics (~r Atliletic.,. Ph ys io logy. psyc ho logy a nd soc io lo­gy o f gymnas ti cs a re cove red in three ot her chapte rs. These topics combin ed wit h the au­thor' s ideas o n curricu lum design a nd the a ll ­arou nd approach to the co mpet iti ve program make th is boo k o ne o f the best ava ilab le ror teacher preparation in gy mnas ti cs. .

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F ilm drawings are used through o ut the co m­pe t iti ve segme nt o f the book to s how what th e "l! rea ts" are doina. Drawinas a re a lso used to b~ tt e r define som~ conflicti~g te rmino logy. F i­na ll y. we no te the inc lus ion of the author's views on the e niamas or the F . I. G. Code of Poi nt s. -

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m THE MODERN GYMNAST MAGAZINE

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With toe -pc _, odd 75c extra.

SUSPENDERS 1/8 " elastic w/ chrome clipl. Adjustable

and detachable . Comes in white , blue or red .. ...... $3.00 ea.

WOODEN RINGS Meets all specifi cations .. ...... $22.50 pro

CHALK Block or powder . . . ..... . . Lowest prices

1968 MEXICO OLYMPIC FILMS

Super 8 - in color Complete winning and runner-up optional routines on all Olympic events. Taken at 24 fps and edited from 2000 feet of film taken from choice locations. Highly edu­cational. No rentals.

Men's - 400 ft. .............. $32.00 Ppd. Women's - 400 ft. ........ $32.00 Ppd.

Order from: FRANK ENOD 12200 SO. BERENDO AVE. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. 90044

We stock all items for immediate delivery postpaid. Write for FREE brochure.

GYMNASTICS HAS ARRIVED!

Gymnastics is now a full t ime proiect with our company. We who have specialized in wrestling and weight training for many years, now turn our full attention to gymnastics. To prove that we are gymnastic specialists too. we have just printed our long awaited gymnastics catalog. Need further proof? - Our stock of shoes is now sev· eral thousand and our available gym uniforms, number in the hundreds, twenty f ive size combi· nations. The ne.w catalog features these products: o 4 different gymnastic shoes, including three of

the famous Tiger models and a Swiss ··waffle" slipper. (We are US distributors for Tiger wres· tling & gym shoes).

o 7 different gym pants from a $6.00 practice pants to a $30.00 luxury competition pont, and several gym shirt designs in white or col· ors. The top port of our uniform line is American

mode and extremely well tailored as evidenced by being chosen by t he 1968 US Men's Olympic team.

o Oress Warmups from Japan, Switzerland, Ger· many, USA

o Leotards created for American Women gym· nasts, all stretch nylon.

o And all the extras - mot tope, chaulk, palm guards, mot transporters, Vitamins for Ath· letes, Resilite Mots (east only)

o And all the extras - mot tope, chaulk, palm guards, mot transporters, Vitamins for Ath· letes, Resilite Mots (east only)

All products are in stock except the warmups and colors. Write for a 1 969-70 catalog and price sheet. Samples available for schools and clubs.

UNIVERSAL-RESILITE (formerly Olympic Products) 43 Polk Avenue Hempstead Li, N.Y. 1155 (516) 483-3700

( .... __ M_G_G_Y_m_C_Q_le_"_d_Q_, ___ J 1970 March 14, 1970. Southwest Conference Gymnastic Cham· pionship. Texas A&M. College Station. Texas. March 19·21 , 1970. NAIA Gymnastic Championship. Stout State College. Menomonie. Wisconsin. March 19·21. 1970. 8ig 8 Gymnastic Championship. Kansas State Univ .• Manhattan. Kansas . March 26·28. AAWW Gymnastic Championship. Univ. of Woshington. Seattle. Washington. April 2·4 , 1970. NCAA Gymnastic Championship. Temple University. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.

April 11 , 1970. Central Atlantic Area YMCA Championships. Glassboro State College, Glassboro; New Jersey.

April 17·18, 1970. Notional YMCA Gymnastic Championship, Oklahoma City. Oklahoma. April 23, 24, 25, 1970 USGF Notional Championships for Men and Women. Convention Center - Los Vegas, Nevada (World Gomes Compulsories will be used) . . Frontier Hotel will be the Headquarters. May, 1970 Second Annual World Cup, Long Beach, California. InternaUOnil Juages Courses for Men and Women. Tenta· tively scheduled for long Beach. pending approval of FIG Officials involved. Course for all English·speaking women . .. Men from Canada. U.S.A. and Mexico. October 22·27, 1970. WORLO·S GAMES .. . Liubjlana. Yugo­slavia.

AAU TRAMPOLINE COMPETITION SCHEDULE April 11-12, 1970. NAAU Trampoline Championships. Houston, Texas. April 18, 1970. Final·USA Team Trials for World Team, Memphis, Tennessee

UNIVERSIADE The 1970 Summer Universiade will be held

August 26-September 6 in Turin, Italy. These student games were originally scheduled for 1969 but unrest in Portugal caused their post­ponement. The 1973 Games will be held in Paris. France.

~AGIC 0'= .I: $6.95 • ~ z

Order from: SUNDBY PUBLICATIONS Box 777 Santa Monica, Calif 90406

»-lit ... -" lit

SEND FOR FREE COMPLETE

CATALOG OF TRAMPOLINE

EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES

SIDLINGER TRAMPOLINE CO. P.O. Box 2

Garland, Texas 75040

Indisputably the finest name In

trampolining - since 1948

Better Not Take Safety Standards For Granted When You Buy Gymnastic Apparatus Nissen doesn't.

In fact, most new safety and convenience features for gymnasium apparatus in the last decade have been developed by Nissen.

Who else would think of putting a Floating Counterbalance device in each apparatus upright to make height adjustments almost effortless? More importantly, the counterbalance prevents the parallel bar, for example, from suddenly dropping, possibly causing pinched fingers or bruised foreheads. Who else but Nissen would develop an almost unbreakable Perma-Wood top bar for parallel bars, fusing hardwood laininations together under extreme heat and pressure?

Noone insisted these changes ... except Nissen.

Heavier gauge materials, interchangeable parts so improvements or innovations will fit equipment in the field, streamlined, protrusion-free design - Nissen has engineered new safety into gymnastic equipment, on its own, without an outside organization requiring it.

Some equipment buyers take safety standards for granted. If you're

that way, your best bet is to buy equipment from a company that doesn't. Like Nissen, for instance. Nissen Corporation, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406

A floating counterbalance is installed inside each upright of Nissen parallel bars to keep the pistons at static tension. Only a slight hand pressure is required to raise or lower the bar.

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