MODELS – PLOTTING THE COURSE IN UNCHARTED WATERS Ecological models to support beCer management and policy implementaFon Chair: ChrisFan Wilson, OceanDTM DEVOTES Final Conference, 17 – 19 October 2016, Brussels PRESENTORS IN BLOCK 3 (14:00 – 15:15) Laura Uusitalo (SYKE Finnish Environment InsFtute) Next: Guillem Chust, AZTI Christopher Lynam (Cefas) Christopher Lynam (Cefas)
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MODELS – PLOTTING THE COURSE IN UNCHARTED WATERS · MODELS – PLOTTING THE COURSE IN UNCHARTED WATERS Ecological models to support beCer management and policy implementaon Chair:
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Natural selection / Adaptative process (Darwin 1859) versus Neutral theory of molecular evolution (Kimura 1983)
• “most of evolutionary changes at the molecular level is the result of randomly genetic drift acting on neutral alleles (not affecting fitness)”
• ‘stepping stone model’ of dispersal: populations tend to exchange migrants (or propagules) with nearest neighbours along a coastline
Species - Evolution
Niche theory adaptive processes (Hutchinson 1957) versus Neutral theory of biodiversity (Hubbell 1997, 2001) • “In an ecological community of trophically similar species (i.e. neutral), diversity arises at random (ecological drift), as each species follows a random walk”
• when migration rate is low (i.e. species are dispersal limited), species similarity declines with geographical distance
• neutral: all individuals are assumed to have the same prospects for reproduction and death
Modelling of marine connectivity and biodiversity across regional seas
www.azti.es 22/10/16 6
Dispersal types in benthic macroinvertebrates
Direct developers: a larval stage has very low dispersal potential and usually looks like the adult form of the animal. Lecithotrophic larvae: generally have greater dispersal potential than direct developers. Many fish species and some benthic invertebrates have lecithotrophic larvae, which are provided with a source of nutrition to use during their dispersal, usually a yolk sac. Short pelagic larval durations and do not disperse long distances. Planktotrophic species: generally have fairly long pelagic larval durations and feed while in the water column. Consequentially, they have the potential to disperse long distances. This ability to disperse is one of the key adaptations of benthic marine invertebrates. During their time in the water column, planktotrophic larvae feed on phytoplankton and small zooplankton, including other larvae.
• Oceanographic distance: minimum path distance between two stations, i.e. circumventing the terrestrial zone
A
BdA-B
• Pairwise community similarity (βsim) which express the proportion of shared species with respect to the minimum number of species of the two sites (adapted for non-equal sampling areas)
Ecological Archives E084-045-A2 Brian P. Kinlan and Steven D. Gaines. 2003. Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84:2007–2020.Appendix B. Estimates of dispersal scale for marine taxa.†
Acanthaster planci I Echinodermata:AsteroideaAllozyme 0.00000805 0.00000805 199 Nishida and Lucas 1988Acanthaster planci (non-outbreaking)I Echinodermata:AsteroideaAllozyme 0.0000119 0.0000119 135 Benzie 1994Acanthochromis polyacanthus F Perciformes:PomacentridaeAllozyme 0.000506 0.000506 3.2 Doherty et al. 1994Acanthurus triostegus F Perciformes:AcanthuridaeAllozyme 0.0000475 0.0000475 33.7 Planes 1993Acanthurus triostegus F Perciformes:AcanthuridaeAllozyme 0.0000376 0.0000376 42.5 Planes et al. 1994Acropora cuneata I Cnidaria Allozyme 0.030 | | 0.03 0.053 Ayre and Hughes 2000Acropora cytherea I Cnidaria Allozyme 0.016 d 0.016 0.1 Ayre and Hughes 2000Acropora hyacinthus I Cnidaria Allozyme 0.014 | | 0.014 0.114 Ayre and Hughes 2000Acropora palifera I Cnidaria Allozyme 0.018 | | 0.018 0.089 Ayre and Hughes 2000Adalaria proxima I Mollusca:OpisthobranchiaAllozyme 0.024 0.024 0.067 Todd et al. 1998Alaria marginata M Phaeophyta AFLP 0.000381 0.000381 4.2 Kusumo and Druehl 2000