MODELS AND GEOGRAPHERS AP Test Review 2014 Human Geography is life!

MODELS AND GEOGRAPHERS

AP Test Review 2014

Human Geography is life!

Von Thunen Based on transportation of agricultural products.

Bid Rent Theory

Related to the “gravity model,” “distance decay, ” and friction of distance

Thomas Malthus’ theory of population growth.

The unrestrained growth of the underclass, if unchecked, will outstrip the ability to produce enough food, thus causing massive famine.

Arithmetic vs exponential growth

Exponential population growth

Projected population growth

According to Malthus, food production grows arithmetically.

Why was he proved wrong? Industrial Revolution

Edge Cities

CBD

Willowbrook

Galleria

Airport Complex

Beltway office park

Ship Channel

Baybrook Mall

WoodlandsOffice park and employment

In a modern city the density gradient has fewer people downtown so there is a “density gap.”

This model is often called the “tenement of the information age” because they are made up of many high density townhomes and apartments for those who work nearby.

Edge Cities

Political and Economic Geography – theories and models

Political and Economic “Core and Periphery”Immanuel Wallerstein

Can be used to describe “neo-colonialism”, or, economic dependency.

MacKinder-Heartland Theory “He who controls the heartland controls the

world.”

Nicholas Spykman – Rimland Theory Father of “containment”

NATO and the Cold War

Fredrich Ratzell – Organic State Theory

States are like organisms both politically and economically. They must continue to grow or die.

Who used his theories to justify expanding their borders?

Alfred Mahan postulated that to control the “world” in an economic and political sense, one must control the seas.

Published in 1890.

Sea and Land Empires

Rostow’s Model of Economic Development

Examples?

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Most migrants travel only short distances, towards centers of absorption.

2. Long distance migrants are generally young males.

3. Migrants traveling long distances move to large industrial centers.

4. More migration is found where there are more transportation opportunities.

5. Most migrants move “step by step” or, step migration.

METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT

Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)Atlantic coastal communities oriented

toward EuropeBoston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small

domestic hinterlands

Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)Crude national railroad networkRailroads converged with internal waterwaysChicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT

Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)Rapid development of iron and steel

industriesRapid industrial growth within Northeast

and Midwest

Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)Complex highway and air transportationImproved amenities and speed led to

increase suburban developmentSunbelt migration

Explains the time frame of development of American cities and suburbs.

PEOPLE HAVE ABOUT A 30-45 MINUTE DISTANCE THEY WILL NORMALLY TRAVEL FOR SERVICES

Historically, how was urban growth restrained?

transportation

Cities were initially rather compact with the poor and wealthy living in proximity although in different neighborhoods.

The horsecar era allowed people with money to begin to move to the outskirts of the city yet stay in the 30-45 minute service range.

In the late 1800’s-early 1900’s the electric trolleys again moved the outer limits on transportation and speed. The invention of the electric traction engine was required.

AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL

Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond

Federal highway programs

Developers and infrastructure

Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs

AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL

Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond

Federal highway programs

Developers and infrastructure

Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs

AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL

Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond

Federal highway programs

Developers and infrastructure

Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs

SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

What did the second agricultural revolution have in common with another “revolution” occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries?

Modern farming methods were develop with the improvements in tools and equipment, soil preparation, and fertilizers.

Two of the most important innovations were the plow and later the metal plow.

THIRD AG REVOLUTION (Green Revolution)

• The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland

1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

Developed in the 1960’s by Norman Borlaug at Texas A&M.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

Many people are concerned about the after effects of the Green Revolution. Too much pesticide use, poisoning the soil, making ping farmers dependent on ped agricultural companies who supply seeds and fertilizers..

Bosrup’s theory – that man will find a way to increase food production as a result of a larger and more creative population.

• Anatolian Hearth theory

• Correlation b/t source areas of 3 agricultural centers and 3 major languages

Spread of language with the diffusion of agriculture

Conquest Theory – language spread with the movement of the Kurgans from Central Asia into Europe.

• Least Cost/Location Theory

• Minimizing transportation costs

Least Cost Theory

Market

Input 1 Input 2

a b c

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Purest form deals only with transportation costs

Substitution Principle

labor

taxes

Bulk gaining industry?

Bulk reducing industry

• Central Place Theory • Spatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle

Walter Christaller

Node

DTM - Demographic Transition Model

Stages of population growthend