This methodology was developed for a Ph.D. thesis made in French-Hungarian cooperation at the University of Burgundy and the University of Budapest, defended in October 2005. Objectives: - Compare the evolution of metal consumption during the Middle and Late Bronze Age in two test areas which have different potentials for metal consumption - Investigate the relation between the geographical organisation and the consumption and circulation of metal products according to cultural, social and economical factors. Since a distribution by points cannot really represent the spatial organisation what should be analyzed considering the territories and combining several parameters. To carry out this analysis Map algebra is a convenient way. Definition: Map algebra regroups geotreatments, defined by C. Dana Tomlin in 1990, that allows the analysis of spatial and thematic information in grids. It operates calculations on one or several grids with local, global, zonal or focal functions. 2- Evolutions of the metal consumption areas To compare the results coming from 2 different variables, the value of one grid should be subtracted to the other. Applied to subsequent periods this method allows us to model the evolution of the phenomenon, highlighting expansions or regressions. During the LBA 1, the Bakony Mountain and Southern Transdanubia developed, while the Danube bend was not any more a region of interface for the main cultures of MBA. During the LBA2, Northern Transdanubia developed some important hillforts like Velem, Budapest, Sághegy, Celldömölk and provide a great amount of hoards. 0,0074 0 0,107 0 ± 0,050 0 MBA LBA1 LBA2 0,043 -0,043 0,03 -0,03 0 50 100Km Main areas of metal consumption in Transdanubia E. Gauthier, Université de Franche-Comté, UMR6565, 2007 Map algebra opens up new perspectives in the study of spatial organisation according to the strategies of consumption of products in ancient periods and their dynamics over the long term. It allows understanding the relations between the territories taking into account economic, cultural or social factors. Comparing Eastern France and Transdanubia, we can conclude that the metal consumption influenced the organisation of the territories during the Bronze Age. Evolutions of the main areas of metal consumption reflect directly the displacements of centers of power and new strategies for the social and economic consumption of bronze. 1- Main areas of metal consumption They are highlighted by taking into account the concentrations of metal objects and the concentrations of units of discovery. Focalsums were applied to the frequencies of these 2 parameters: Focalsum is a density calculation which takes into consideration the neighbourhood. This method allows to reconstruct the spatial continuity, without interpolation. ± 0 50 100 Km IGN GéoFla, Route 120 E. Gauthier, Université de Bourgogne PGC MSH, 2005 0,0053 0 sum of the densities of frequencies of objects and discovery units for 900 km² 0,0038 0 density of frequencies of objects for 900 km² 0,004 0 density of frequencies of discovery units for 900 km² + Metal objects Treatments : - frequencies - pointgrid - focalsum - sum of grids Units of discovery Main areas of metal consumption (with the best potential) LBA1 in Eastern France 3- Representation of the social and economic values The metal as well as all contexts of "thesaurisation" were modes of social and economic self-expression. A scoring system allows to quantify the social and economic value of the discoveries according to 5 parameters for each value. A focalsum was calculated for each parameter. The sum of the 5 grids presents the areas were the value cumulated is the most important. 0 161 economic value social value 0 189 Then they are compared by subtraction: 0 50 100 Km E. Gauthier, Université de Bourgogne PGC MSH, 2005 Treatments : - scoring - pointgrid - focalsum - sum of grids No data In Transdanubia during the LBA1, North to the Balaton, the elite very likely expressed their social status through important tumuli and through prestige goods. The elite of the Southern Transdanubia often opted for presenting their richness and ability to collect important stocks of bronze through heavy hoards. These differences can be explained by different cultural habits of the population Nord and South to the Balaton lake. LBA1 in Transdanubia social economic 4- Social organization of territories The social elite expressed their power through different ways. If we are able to identify the areas where the expression of prestige is present it would be possible to localize the principal participants of the social organisation of territories. A multivariate analysis (PCA and AHC) was applied on the MBA in Eastern France, taking different quantitative parameters as starting-point, on a grid of 20 by 20 km. Class 5 : insignificant meshes Classes 3, 6 and 7 : presence of tumuli very often associated with hillforts Classes 1, 2 and 8 : small, heavy and prestigious hoards Class 4 : prestige goods deposited in rivers As a result of the analysis a model of the social organization of territories can be proposed : 5 classes attest the presence of a powerful elite (classes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8) manifesting their power in different modes. 12 zones can be considered as centres of power. The areas of the tumuli and the hillforts are in the East while the heavy or prestige hoards are in the West. -1 +1C1[35.4%] +1C3[15.7%] -1 1 2 34 56 7 -1 +1C2[18.9%] +1C3 [15.7%] -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -C1+ * -C2+ * -C3+ * -C4+ -C5+ -C6+ * * -C7+ * * -C8+ * * indicators of social activities 1 mass of bronze 2 hoards 3 hillforts 4 isolated finds 5 prestige artifacts 6 tumuli 7 number of bronzes 0 50 100 Km ± MORVAN JURA VOSGES 18 Relief (m) 1706 main centers secondary centers cultural limit axis of circulation 0 50 100Km IGN GéoFla, Route 120 Université de Franche-Comté, UMR6565, 2007 MBA in Eastern France Estelle Gauthier Maître de Conférences University of Franche-Comté, Laboratory of Chrono-Ecology-UMR CNRS 6565, MSH C.-N. Ledoux Modelling metal consumption in Eastern France and Western Hungary (Transdanubia) during the Bronze Age Chrono-Ecologie, UMR 6565, Besançon UMS 2913
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This methodology was developed for a Ph.D. thesis made in French-Hungarian cooperation at the University of Burgundy and the University of Budapest, defended in October 2005.
Objectives:- Compare the evolution of metal consumption during the Middle and Late Bronze Age in two test areas which have different potentials for metal consumption - Investigate the relation between the geographical organisation and the consumption and circulation of metal products according to cultural, social and economical factors.
Since a distribution by points cannot really represent the spatial organisation what should be analyzed considering the territories and combining several parameters. To carry out this analysis Map algebra is a convenient way.
Definition: Map algebra regroups geotreatments, defined by C. Dana Tomlin in 1990, that allows the analysis of spatial and thematic information in grids. It operates calculations on one or several grids with local, global, zonal or focal functions.
2- Evolutions of the metal consumption areasTo compare the results coming from 2 different variables, the value of one grid should be subtracted to the other. Applied to subsequent periods this method allows us to model the evolution of the phenomenon, highlighting expansions or regressions.
During the LBA 1, the Bakony Mountain and Southern Transdanubia developed, while the Danube bend was not any more a region of interface for the main cultures of MBA. During the LBA2, Northern Transdanubia developed some important hillforts like Velem, Budapest, Sághegy, Celldömölk and provide a great amount of hoards.
0,0074 0
0,107 0
±
0,050 0
MBA LBA1 LBA2
0,043 -0,043
0,03 -0,03 0 50 100Km
Main areas of metal consumption in Transdanubia
E. Gauthier, Université de Franche-Comté, UMR6565, 2007
Map algebra opens up new perspectives in the study of spatial organisation according to the strategies of consumption of products in ancient periods and their dynamics over the long term. It allows understanding the relations between the territories taking into account economic, cultural or social factors. Comparing Eastern France and Transdanubia, we can conclude that the metal consumption influenced the organisation of the territories during the Bronze Age. Evolutions of the main areas of metal consumption reflect directly the displacements of centers of power and new strategies for the social and economic consumption of bronze.
1- Main areas of metal consumptionThey are highlighted by taking into account the concentrations of metal objects and the concentrations of units of discovery. Focalsums were applied to the frequencies of these 2 parameters:
Focalsum is a density
calculation which takes into consideration the neighbourhood.
This method allows to
reconstruct the spatial
continuity, without
interpolation.
± 0 50 100 Km
IGN GéoFla, Route 120E. Gauthier, Université de BourgognePGC MSH, 2005
0,0053
0
sum of the densities of frequencies of objects and discovery units for 900 km²
0,0038 0
density of frequencies of objects for 900 km²
0,004 0
density of frequencies of discovery units for 900 km²
+
Metal objects
Treatments : - frequencies- pointgrid- focalsum- sum of grids
Units of discovery
Main areas of metal consumption(with the best potential)
LBA1 in Eastern France
3- Representation of the social and economic valuesThe metal as well as all contexts of "thesaurisation" were modes of social and economic self-expression. A scoring system allows to quantify the social and economic value of the discoveries according to 5 parameters for each value. A focalsum was calculated for each parameter. The sum of the 5 grids presents the areas were the value cumulated is the most important.
0161
economic valuesocial value
0189
Then they are compared by subtraction: 0 50 100 Km
E. Gauthier, Université de BourgognePGC MSH, 2005
Treatments : - scoring- pointgrid- focalsum- sum of grids
No data
In Transdanubia during the LBA1, North to the Balaton, the elite very likely expressed their social status through important tumuli and through prestige goods. The elite of the Southern Transdanubia often opted for presenting their richness and ability to collect important stocks of bronze through heavy hoards. These differences can be explained by different cultural habits of the population Nord and South to the Balaton lake.
LBA1 in Transdanubia
socialeconomic
4- Social organization of territoriesThe social elite expressed their power through different ways. If we are able to identify the areas where the expression of prestige is present it would be possible to localize the principal participants of the social organisation of territories. A multivariate analysis (PCA and AHC) was applied on the MBA in Eastern France, taking different quantitative parameters as starting-point, on a grid of 20 by 20 km.
Class 5 : insignificant meshesClasses 3, 6 and 7 : presence of tumuli very often associated with hillfortsClasses 1, 2 and 8 : small, heavy and prestigious hoardsClass 4 : prestige goods deposited in rivers
As a result of the analysis a model of the social organization of territories can be proposed :
5 classes attest the presence of a powerful elite (classes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8) manifesting their power in different modes. 12 zones can be considered as centres of power. The areas of the tumuli and the hillforts are in the East while the heavy or prestige hoards are in the West.
-1 +1C1[35.4%]
+1C3[15.7%]
-1
12
345 6 7
-1 +1C2[18.9%]
+1C3 [15.7%]
-1
12
345 67
-C1+*-C2+
*
-C3+
*
-C4+ -C5+-C6+
*
*-C7+
**
-C8+
*
*
indicators of social activities1 mass of bronze2 hoards3 hillforts4 isolated finds5 prestige artifacts6 tumuli7 number of bronzes
0 50 100 Km
±
MORVAN
JURA
VOSGES
18
Relief (m)1706
main centerssecondary centerscultural limitaxis of circulation
0 50 100 Km
IGN GéoFla, Route 120Université de Franche-Comté, UMR6565, 2007
MBA in Eastern France
Estelle GauthierMaître de Conférences
University of Franche-Comté, Laboratory of Chrono-Ecology-UMR CNRS 6565, MSH C.-N. Ledoux
Modelling metal consumption in Eastern France and Western Hungary (Transdanubia) during the Bronze Age
Chrono-Ecologie, UMR 6565, BesançonU M S 2 9 1 3
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