Modeling the Science of Flight A Teachers Guide to Aviation Sam Alva Carmilla Duran Jerry Esquivel Albert Simon July 30, 2009 Supercomputing Challenge.

Modeling the Science of FlightA Teachers’ Guide to Aviation

Sam Alva

Carmilla Duran

Jerry Esquivel

Albert Simon

July 30, 2009Supercomputing Challenge Summer 2009

Introduction

Fascination

• Math– Equations

• Science– Newton's Laws– Bernoulli's Principals

Gather Material for Building Wind Tunnel

• 4ft lnch 12 in diameter Concrete Cylinder Form Home Depot $10• 12 Diameter Fan Home Depot

$20• 1/8 in 24 by 16 Plexiglas Home Depot $4• 1in thick 4 by 4 Foam Board Home Depot $5• Zip ties, Duct Tape, Clear Packing Tape, Paper Home Depot $6

Total $44.00

List

• Foam Cutter

• Cardboard

• Sandpaper, Glue, Markers

• Micrometer, Calipers, Square,

Ruler, Calculator • Overlaying Material

• Scale

• ½, 1, and 2 Inch Foam Planks 4 by 4 Feet.

• 500 Grams of Molding Clay, Popsicle Sticks, Rubber Bands, Packing Tape, Duct Tape,

• Compass, Protractor

Gather Testing Equipment and Material

• Food Scale or Scientific Scale. Most schools have in science lab inventory. Can find online for about $30 to $100.

• Hot wire foam cutter. You can build off plans from internet. Cost about $30. Hobby shops have small hand held for about $10.

• Foam can be purchased at local hardware stores for about $8 for a 4ft by 8ft sheet.

Pre Test Knowledge Student Should Know.

Put Together Wind Tunnel and Test1.Put fan and cylinder togetherusing zip-ties.2. Keep structure level using blocks or building a support.3. Cut observing hole 11” by 11” 4. Place plexiglas over hole orcover with clear packing tape.5. Make a diffuser using 8.5 by 11Paper, rolled and taped together,then slide into the tunnel as one piece. 6. Tie yarn to diffuser for observation.7. Build airfoils to test8. Place airfoils in testing position.9. Ask questions, use ScientificMethod of Investigation10.Share results.

Prepare for Test

• Scientific Method of Investigation

• Internet is loaded with sites that show different methods for different levels of Education.

• Science fair projects uses a nice format for this level.

Internet

Scientific Method of Investigation

Choose a project idea

1. Ask a Question

• What is the lift capacity of an airplane?

• How can we simulate lift properties using a simulated computer program? – Bernoulli's Principal– Newton's Laws– Turn Down Flow Theory

2. Research the Topic

• Complex System: Only Looking at Lift

• See Bibliography

• See PPT Slideshow

• See Final Report

3. Formulate a Hypothesis

• Can the results given by the Foil Simulator be verified as true?

4. Test Hypothesis

• Use Foil-Simm to calculate results

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/foil2.html

4. Develop a Test

• Build a wind tunnel to test shapes of airfoils? – Asymmetrical– Symmetrical– Positive or Negative camber–

4a. Conduct Background Investigation

• [edit] Four-digit series the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA

• The NACA four-digit wing sections define the profile by:[1]

• One digit describing maximum camber as percentage of the chord.

• One digit describing the distance of maximum camber from the airfoil leading edge in tens of percents of the chord.

• Two digits describing maximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord.

• For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil has a maximum camber of 2% located 40% (0.4 chords) from the leading edge with a maximum thickness of 12% of the chord. Four-digit series airfoils by default have maximum thickness at 30% of the chord (0.3 chords) from the leading edge.

• The NACA 0015 airfoil is symmetrical, the 00 indicating that it has no camber. The 15 indicates that the airfoil has a 15% thickness to chord length ratio: it is 15% as thick as it is long.

• [edit] Equation for a symmetrical 4-digit NACA airfoil• Plot of a NACA 0012 foil, generated from formula• The formula for the shape of a NACA 00xx foil, with "xx" being

replaced by the percentage of thickness to chord, is:[2]

4b. Building a symmetrical, asymmetrical, and positive camber air

foils.

1. Make pattern and cutfoam for three air foils.2.Freehand trim excessmaterial to make shape3. Sand to closer tolerance.4. Wrap overlaying materialover wing.

4c. Repeat for three wings three shapes.

1. Make pattern and cutFoam for three Air foils.2.Freehand trim excessMaterial to make shape3. Sand to closer tolerance.4. Wrap overlaying materialOver wing.

4d. Prepare for test

Assumptions

• NACA 1408 airfoil shape• Angle of attack 4 degrees• Wing span 40 feet • Chord length 4 feet ( wing area

= 160 square feet)• Speed 100 mph or 147 feet

per second at sea level• Program C++ to calculate lift

L = (1/2.0) d v2 s CL

Construct a Model to Demonstrate Results

• Using NetLogo to view results

•

Shortcut to NetLogo 4.0.4.lnk

5. Analyze Results

• Wind Tunnel • C++

• NetLogo • Math And Science

6. Draw Conclusion

7. Share Results