Mod 5 Mod 5 Processing Information Intersections Intersections Curves & Hills Passing Passing
Processing InformationProcessing InformationBasic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for DrivingBasic Requirements for Driving
DRIVER REQUIREMENTS
VISIBILITY... SPACE... TIME... SPACE... TRACTIONVISIBILITY... SPACE... TIME... SPACE... TRACTIONVEHICLE REQUIREMENTSVEHICLE REQUIREMENTS
TO MANEUVER TO MANEUVER SAFELYSAFELY
DriversDrivers need visibility, need visibility, space, and timespace, and time
ANDANDANDAND
VehiclesVehicles require time, require time, space, and traction space, and traction
Field of VisionField of VisionArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight AheadArea a Driver Can See While Looking Straight Ahead
Viewing Path of TravelViewing Path of Travel
Central VisionCentral Vision
Focus VisionFocus Vision
Peripheral Peripheral VisionVision
TargetingTargeting
(Reading Signs)(Reading Signs)
Motion & Color Motion & Color ChangesChanges
**90 percent of driving decisions are based **90 percent of driving decisions are based on information gathered with the eyes.on information gathered with the eyes.
SearchingSearchingLooking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other DriversLooking for Clues from Other Drivers
Actions of the DriverActions of the Driver
Di t tiDi t ti
Vehicle SignalsVehicle Signals••TurningTurning
The brain must beDistractionsDistractions
••Cell PhoneCell Phone
••PassengersPassengers
••TurningTurning••BackingBacking••Hazard LightsHazard Lights
must be programmed as to what to
••PassengersPassengers
LostLost
ImpairedImpaired
••Hand SignalsHand SignalsHeadlightsHeadlightsHornHorn
look for, identifying potential ImpairedImpaired HornHorn
Brake LightsBrake Lights
phazards.
Position of VehiclePosition of VehicleS d f V hi lS d f V hi lSpeed of Vehicle Speed of Vehicle
Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches
44-- to 8to 8--Second Search AreaSecond Search Area• Immediate Path of Travel• Direct Response Area• Stopping Zone and Following Interval
2020-- to to 3030--sec.sec.
1212-- to to 1515--sec.sec.
44-- to to 88--sec.sec.
1-2 Seconds is INADEQUATE!
Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches1212 t 15t 15 S d S h AS d S h A
Search for Closed or Changing Path of Travel
1212-- to 15to 15--Second Search AreaSecond Search Area
Identify an Alternate Path of Travel or a Safe Stopping ZoneEvaluate Open Zones to the Sides and Rear
2020-- to to 3030--sec.sec.
1212-- to to 1515--sec.sec. 44-- to 8to 8--
sec.sec.
Managing Visual SearchesManaging Visual Searches
Search far ahead to identify potential conflictsSearch far ahead to identify potential conflicts
2020-- to 30to 30--Second Search AreaSecond Search AreaSearch far ahead to identify potential conflictsSearch far ahead to identify potential conflicts
• Objects in Path of Travel
• Limitations to Line of SightLimitations to Line of Sight
TargetTargetTarget Target AreaArea
2020 toto2020-- to to 3030--sec.sec. 1212-- to to
1515--sec.sec.44-- to 8to 8--
sec.sec.
Processing Highway ConditionsProcessing Highway Conditions
IntersectionsIntersectionsRoadway Roadway StructureStructure•Width•Width•Curbing•CurvesSl
HighwayHighway•Slopes
RoadwayRoadwayRoadway FeaturesRoadway Features
ConditionsConditionsRoadway Roadway SurfaceSurface•RoughnessSli k
•Shoulders
•Affixed Objects
Adjacent Buildings
AtmosphereAtmosphere
•Illumination•Slick•Wet Leaves•Mud
•Adjacent BuildingsIllumination
•Glare
•Precipitation•Sand
p
•Wind/Noise
Processing TRAFFIC CONTROL DevicesProcessing TRAFFIC CONTROL Devices
SignsSigns•Regulatory
SS•Warning •Guide•RR
Sensory Sensory Input to the Input to the BrainBrain
SignalsSignals
InterchangesInterchanges
•Stop/Go
•Lane Usage
•FlashingRoadway Roadway
Unmarked Unmarked IntersectionsIntersections
•Flashing MarkingsMarkings•Passing•Traffic Flow•CrosswalksCrosswalks
Motor VehiclesMotor Vehicles
TypeType••AutomobileAutomobile
Drivers must Drivers must understand the understand the handling handling h t i ti fh t i ti f••SUVSUV
••CamperCamper
Pi kPi k
characteristics of characteristics of other motor vehicles other motor vehicles sharing the roadway.sharing the roadway.
Road Handling Road Handling CharacteristicsCharacteristics
••PickPick--upup
••Motor HomeMotor Home
••MotorcycleMotorcycleyy
••Farm MachinesFarm Machines
••TractorTractor--TrailerTrailer
NonNon--MotorizedMotorized Users…Users…present special processing challengespresent special processing challenges
Bicycles
p ese t spec a p ocess g c a e gesp ese t spec a p ocess g c a e ges
Animals
• KIND AND SIZE
• NUMBERS
• AGE OF RIDER• AGE OF RIDER
• ACTIVITY
• RIDER ABILITY
In-Line Skates,Skateboards
PedestriansPedestrians
IntersectionsIntersections
Check left & right forCheck left & right for traffic & pedestrians.
Check ahead for oncoming traffic turning left.
Count to 3 to allow other vehicles to clear.
Crossing a two lane road takes about 6 sec.
Gaps in trafficGaps in traffic
If a vehicle is approaching at 30 MPH (45 FPS), you will need a gap of 270 FT to safely cross the intersection.
If a vehicle is approaching at 50 MPH (75 FPS), you a e c e s app oac g at 50 ( 5 S), youwill need a gap of 450 FT to safely cross the intersection
Understanding Lane MarkingsUnderstanding Lane MarkingsShared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn Lane
Shared Left Turn LaneShared Left Turn LaneDrivers traveling in either Drivers traveling in either direction may use this lane for direction may use this lane for making left turns.making left turns.making left turns.making left turns.
Drivers may not travel further Drivers may not travel further than 150 feet in this shared than 150 feet in this shared lane.lane.
Driver may use the shared left Driver may use the shared left turn lane to enter a street from turn lane to enter a street from a driveway.a driveway.
Always turn from the lane that you are in to the lane that corresponds to that lane.Inside to inside
Outside to outside
What’s wrong with this picture?
Line of Sight Over HillLine of Sight Over Hill
Line of Sight isLine of Sight is Line of Sight is Line of Sight is Restricted Up and Restricted Up and Down Down
Car drifting over Car drifting over the center line, the center line, lane blockedlane blocked
Lane position 3 Lane position 3 provides the best provides the best space cushion space cushion
No escape routesNo escape routes
Curves & HillsAlways slow down before the curve!
Begin accelerating at the APEX, which will
Apex
help bring car out of the curveApexMust know what is behind you in case you must brake unexpectedly
Identifying a Safe and Legal Passing ZoneIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing Zone
Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space NeedsIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing ZoneIdentifying a Safe and Legal Passing Zone
Before you pass, you must determine:Before you pass, you must determine:
11 if you are in a legal passing zoneif you are in a legal passing zone1.1. if you are in a legal passing zoneif you are in a legal passing zone
•• broken line = pass with cautionbroken line = pass with caution
•• solid line = no passingsolid line = no passingsolid line no passingsolid line no passing
•• list other areas where passing list other areas where passing is prohibitedis prohibited
2. the timetime you will need to pass safely3.3. thethe spacespace you will need to safely pass the other vehicle
TRAVEL TIME = SPACE
Formula – Speed + ½ speed = feet per second (fps) traveled
60 mph 60 + 30 90 fps60 mph -- 60 + 30 = 90 fps
Determining Passing Time/Space NeedsDetermining Passing Time/Space NeedsJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass SafelyJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass Safely
2 sec. following distance = 120 ft.1 car length = 15 ft.
Distance traveled = speed + ½ speed in feet per second
Time to pass = distance traveled to complete pass, divided by difference in distance traveled per second
Judging Time and Space Needed to Pass SafelyJudging Time and Space Needed to Pass Safely
1 sec. gap = 60 ftTotal additional distance traveled = 195 ft.Time needed to pass:195 ft. /15 ft. = 13 sec.
divided by difference in distance traveled per second by each vehicle
RED car traveling 40 mph = 60 fps (40 mph X 1.5 fps = 60 fps)
195 ft. /15 ft. 13 sec.Total distance traveled:13 sec. X 60 fps. = 780 ft.
BLUE car traveling 30 mph = 45 fps(30 mph X 1.5 fps = 45 fps)
60 ft - 45 ft = 15 ft.
Total distance traveled: 13 sec. X 60 fps. = 780 ft.
Red car is traveling 15 fps faster than Blue car
2 Second Space 60 f X 2 120 ft
1 car length = 15 feet
1 Second Space
60 fps 1 = 60 ftfps X 2 = 120 ft. = 15 feet 60 fps x 1 = 60 ft
Judging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming VehiclesJudging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming Vehicles
Passing Time/Space Needs Passing Time/Space Needs —— Oncoming VehiclesOncoming Vehicles
Judging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming VehiclesJudging the Relative Speed and Distance of Oncoming Vehicles
The example below is based on the approaching vehicle The example below is based on the approaching vehicle traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.traveling at 40 mph.
Red Red vehicle will need 780 feet to complete the passvehicle will need 780 feet to complete the pass
Brown Brown vehicle will travel 780 feetvehicle will travel 780 feet
To complete a pass safely you must take ALL factors into accountTo complete a pass safely you must take ALL factors into account
Allows a minimum 200 ft. space cushionAllows a minimum 200 ft. space cushion
SpaceCushion
p p y yp p y y
13 seconds / 780 ft. 13 seconds / 780 ft.200 ft
TOTAL distance required to pass safely is 1760 ft (30 seconds).
Passing Considerations Passing Considerations —— Larger VehiclesLarger VehiclesDaylight Daylight
Passing a 90Passing a 90--foot tractor trailerfoot tractor trailer
•• Would require an additional 5 seconds Would require an additional 5 seconds for thefor the RedRed vehiclevehicle
y gy gHeadlight UseHeadlight Use
Enhances SafetyEnhances Safety• an approaching vehicle without for the for the Red Red vehiclevehicle
9090--foot truck + 15foot truck + 15--foot car = 75 feet additional foot car = 75 feet additional distance traveled = 5 seconds distance traveled = 5 seconds
pp gheadlights becomes visible at about 2,200 to 2,500 feet
• an approaching vehicle with headlights becomes visible at
•• 18 seconds x 60 fps = 1080 feet needed 18 seconds x 60 fps = 1080 feet needed by by RedRed vehiclevehicle
headlights becomes visible at distances up to 4500 feet
Passing on Multi-lane R dRoadways
• safer than on two lane roadways • head-on crashes are rare • will not feel rushed into returning
If there is an If there is an oncomingoncoming vehiclevehicletraveling 40 mph, the total clear traveling 40 mph, the total clear distance needed to pass safeldistance needed to pass safel
• will not feel rushed into returning to the lane
• can safely pass larger vehicles that require more time and
tdistance needed to pass safely distance needed to pass safely becomes 1360 feet (23 seconds)becomes 1360 feet (23 seconds)
1080 + 1080 + 200 (space cushion)1080 + 1080 + 200 (space cushion)
space to pass
Passing ProceduresPassing Procedures
2 – 3 Seconds
Prepare to Pass:Prepare to Pass:
P iti hi l t
Overtake the Ongoing Overtake the Ongoing Vehicle:Vehicle:
Return to Lane:Return to Lane:
• Position vehicle two to three seconds behind the vehicle to be passed.
• Accelerate into passing lane.
A l i kl
• Check rear-view mirror for the front of the vehicle being passedp
• Check mirrors, blind spot and oncoming traffic.
• Accelerate quickly to a legal appropriate speed.
• Monitor the path ahead.
passed.
• Signal intention.
• Change lanes and
• Check ahead for safe passing distance.
• Check the mirror for following vehicles.
maintain speed.
• Cancel turn signal.
• Signal intention.
5 Places Passing is NOT Permitted
1.Hills
2.Curves
3.RR crossings
4.Intersections
5.Solid yellow lines
Daytime Running Lights
They increase the chance ofThey increase the chance of others seeing you—making your car more visiblecar more visible