Mobilization of heavy metals in highway runoff in Galicia (Spain)-Beijing 2013-v2.pdf

UNIVERSIDADE DA CORUÑA - ESPAÑA UNIVERSITY OF A CORUNA – SPAIN www.geama.org

Jiménez, V.; De la Vega, F.; Del Río, H.; Ures, P.; Anta, J.; Jácome, A.; Suárez, J.

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BACKGROUND

The overall aim of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) is the

protection and enhancement of all water resources in the European Union.

WFD requires that member states estimate and identify significant pollution sources

and take action to limit these emissions if they are considered to be harmful.

The "Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC)

- Guidance Document No.3 - Analysis of Pressures and Impacts" establishes the

highway runoff as significant pressure.

This guideline establishes the need to characterize runoff pollutants, especially

hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lead and herbicides.

INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND

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In Spain there are no regulations or rules for the management of highway runoff

pollution.

Efforts have focused on diffuse pollution from agricultural sources.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment of Spain is beginning to consider

URBAN DIFFUSE POLLUTION. The “River Basin Management Plans” requires knowing

all pressures.

The Ministry is promoting characterization studies of runoff pollution in urban

catchments, industrial areas and highways.

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The GEAMA-UdC is working in this direction with the Ministry, along with “Waters of

Galicia”, the regional authority.

This work present a pilot study developed to assess highway runoff pollution in the

northwest of Spain.

Other urban and highway catchments also have been studied.

SEPARATIVE SUB-CATCHMENT OF “LOS ROSALES” - A CORUÑA (SPAIN)

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Galicia (SPAIN)

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This region is characterized by a temperate climate, about 1300 mm of precipitation per

year and about 130 rainy days.

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ROAD DRAINAGE IN FENE- GALICIA (SPAIN)

The catchment runoff is directly spilled to the Ferrol 1

estuary, which is considered as a sensitive aquatic media 2

following the European urban wastewater treatment 3

Directive 91/271/EEC criteria. 4

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The coast has many settled population

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The pilot catchment characterized is part the road N-651 in Fene Municipality (Galicia).

The road is set to 4 lanes and it has an area of 4.46 ha with a runoff coefficient of 0.8

The ADT is 18,000 vehicles per day and it has pavement with asphalt aggregate.

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The drainage network is about 1.8 km length.

The network was built with concrete pipes with an average diameter of 400 mm.

The average catchment slope is 5.2% while network is slope is 3.5%.

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In the pilot catchment was installed a control section with an area-velocity flowmeter

(HACH SIGMA 950), and automatic sampler (HACH SIGMA SD900), a GPRS

communication system and a rain gauge.

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A total of 10 rain events were characterized, measuring hydrographs and pollutographs

(between 5 and 12 single samples per event).

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In each of the simple samples were measured conventional pollutants (BOD5, COD, TSS,

TDS, TS, nitrogen forms, phosphorus forms), heavy metals (particulate and dissolved

fractions), hydrocarbons (totals and HAPs) and bacteriological contamination (FC, TC, E

coli).

Heavy metals: Aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), boron (B), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt

(Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni),

lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn).

Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzers was used also to characterize the suspensions.

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EVENT 10: 21 previous days without rain

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Cmax, EMC (event mean concentration),

SMC (site mean concentration),

and other parameter had been calculated.

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Lows High Highway Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Mean

CONVENTIONAL PAR.

COD (mg/L) 10,0 390,0 117,9

TSS (mg/L) < 50 > 175 3,0 4.800,0 157,9

Total N (mg/L) < 1,25 > 5,0 4,8

Total P (mg/L) < 0,1 > 0,2 0,1 10,0 0,3

METALS (TOTAL)

Cd (µg/L) < 0,3 > 1,5 2,00 0,10 0,50 0,5 378,0 4,5

Cr (µg/L) < 15,0 > 75 1,00 170,00 1,0 100,0 10,9

Cu (µg/L) < 9,0 > 45,0 60,00 6,00 120,00 1,0 800,0 48,5

Fe (µg/L) 4.100,0 24.000,0 4.283,5

Hg (µg/L) < 0,04 > 0,20 0,20 1,20

Ni (µg/L) < 45,0 > 225 3,00 190,00 0,9 317,0 12,6

Pb (µg/L) < 3,0 > 15,0 100,00 1,00 33,00 1,0 2.300,0 113,6

Zn (µg/L) < 60,0 > 300 100,00 10,00 300,00 5,0 2.400,0 227,5

PAH and Oil and Grease

Oil and Grease (mg/L) < 0,5 > 1,0 1,0 226,0 10,9

PAH (µg/L) < 1,0 > 2,0 0,10 2,70

25 -60

Stockholm Vatten

(2001)Storhaug, R. (1996)

Harrison

(1991)

CALTRANS

(2003)

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Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Mean 1st Quartile 3rd Quartile

CONVENTIONAL PAR.

COD (mg/L) 4,00 177,00 18,00 464,00 41,00 291,00 136,50 89,10 209,20

TSS (mg/L) 32,00 771,00 33,00 914,00 9,00 406,00 191 (149) 101 (35) 361 (327)

Total N (mg/L) 2,37 1,52 3,71

Total P (mg/L) 0,00 1,50 0,10 1,10 - - 0,18 0,11 0,27

METALS (TOTAL)

Cd (µg/L) <LD <LD - - - - 2,40 1,30 4,20

Cr (µg/L) 5,00 20,00 - - - - 11,70 6,20 22,20

Cu (µg/L) 9,00 52,00 2,00 120,00 5,00 155,00 80,30 43,20 149,50

Fe (µg/L) - - 300,00 10.000,00 - - 3.160,00 1.370,00 7.280,00

Hg (µg/L) 0,20 0,10 0,50

Ni (µg/L) 9,00 17,00 - - - - 20,20 7,90 51,80

Pb (µg/L) 7,00 56,00 7,00 440,00 11,00 1.457,00 269,60 153,70 472,90

Zn (µg/L) - - 34,00 590,00 40,00 2.892,00 336,70 150,90 751,50

PAH and Oil and Grease

Oil and Grease (mg/L) 1,00 11,10 0,80 35,10 - - 3,09 0,80 11,88

PAH (µg/L)

Barrett et al.

(1996)

Driscoll et al.

(1990)

Mitchell, G.

(2001)

Wu et al.

(1998)

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𝑥 ̅ Cmax 𝑥 ̅ CMS EVALUATION

CONVENTIONAL PAR.

COD (mg/L) 299,26 176,45 HIGH

TSS (mg/L) 420,75 234,11 HIGH

Total N (mg/L) 6,08 3,87 MEDIUM

Total P (mg/L) 1,09 0,68 HIGH

METALS (TOTAL)

Cd (µg/L) 0,51 0,15 LOW

Cr (µg/L) 15,43 9,16 LOW

Cu (µg/L) 88,68 55,07 HIGH

Fe (µg/L) 10.320 5.651 HIGH

Hg (µg/L) 0,35 0,10 LOW

Ni (µg/L) 15,05 7,43 LOW

Pb (µg/L) 30,74 17,45 LOW

Zn (µg/L) 385,65 172,80 LOW

PAH and Oil and Grease

Oil and Grease (mg/L) 7,02 4,66 HIGH

PAH (µg/L) 7,23 2,42 HIGH

FENE – AVDA. AS PÍAS

Evaluation GEAMA-UdC

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Comparison between EMC values from

different European studies

“The Quality of Urban Stormwater in Britain

and Europe: Database and Recommended

Values for Strategic Planning Models”,

Mitchell, 2001 cited by Hvitved-Jacobsen,

2010) and the values obtained in the pilot

basin Fene (Spain).

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Comparison between EMC values from different European studies (“The Quality of

Urban Stormwater in Britain and Europe: Database and Recommended Values for

Strategic Planning Models”, Mitchell, 2001 cited by Hvitved-Jacobsen, 2010) and the

values obtained in the pilot basin Fene (Spain).

Percentage probability that concentration is less than the indicated value.

Log-normal distribution plot.

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It shows the results of 10 years of measures on motorways.

On each equipped location, the experimentations lasted about 1 year.

These measures aimed at evaluating CHRONIC POLLUTION due to roadways runoffs.

Present a method for calculating pollutant loads.

They give a simple and updated system of reference to road project managers.

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ANNUAL POLLUTING LOADS kg/year

TSS COD Zn Cu Cd THC HAP

FENE (SPAIN) 7271,9 5483,4 5,37 1,7 4,62 8992,5 75,14

SETRA 2339,9 2179,3 7,24 1,0 42,57 41789,6 6,52

UNITARIAN ANNUAL POLLUTING LOADS kg 1000 veh/day

TSS COD Zn Cu Cd THC HAP

FENE (SPAIN) 118,8 89,5 0,09 0,028 0,08 146,9 1,23

SETRA** 70 64,0 0,21 0,031 1,30 1300,0 0,20

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This paper shows that measured fluxes have very significant pollution loads and must

be controlled and treated to avoid its impact on the receiving waters.

The presentation showed that the concentrations values obtained are high in

conventional pollutants, and low values for heavy metals, except Cu.

Predictive models studied have not provided a good agreement with the measured

concentrations or the measured annual loads.

It is necessary to characterize more pilot catchments in similar conditions and rainfall.

It is necessary to continue working with others predictive models of European countries

with similar climatic conditions to the northwest of Spain.

The obtained results suggest the necessity of developing highway runoff regulations in

the Spanish context.

[email protected]

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STRATEGIES AND TOOLS FOR INTEGRATED URBAN WATER CYCLE

MANAGEMENT

STRATEGIES:

• “Water Sensitive Urban Desing”, WSUD

• “Low Impact Development”, LID

• “Planning for SuDS”

• “Hydrologic urban rehabilitation”

Tools:

• SUDS – “

• BMP – “

• TDUS – “TÉCNICAS DE DRENAJE URBANO SOSTENIBLE”

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