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Internet & Mobile Communications
Master 1 - Spring 2011
MI 021
Ho Chi Minh Ville
Anne Fladenmuller
Assistant Professor UPMC (France)
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Overview of the lecture
Introduction
Use-cases, applications
Definition of terms
Challenges, history
Wireless Transmission
frequencies & regulations
signals, antennas, signalpropagation
Link budget
multiplexing, modulation, spreadspectrum, cellular system
Media Access
motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA(fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA,PRMA, MACA, collision avoidance,polling), CDMA
Wireless LANs Basic Technology
Wireless PANs IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15,
Bluetooth
Network Protocols
DHCP Mobile IP
Ad-hoc networking
Routing
Transport Protocols Reliable transmission
Flow control
Quality of Service
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Bibliography
Course mostly based on the book :
"Mobile Communications",Addison-Wesleyde Jochen Schiller
Other reference books : Data and computer communications , William Stallings
Rseaux de mobiles et rseaux sans fil Khaldoun Al Agha, GuyPujolle, Guillaume Vivier
Wi-fi par la pratique, Guy Pujolle, Davor Mals
Several Tutorials : Vadia Nitin
Gwendal Le Grand
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Computers for the next decades?
Computers are more and more integrated small, cheap, portable, replacable - no more separate devices
Technology is in the background computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location
awareness)
computers recognize the location of users and react appropriately(e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness))
Advances in technology more computing power in smaller devices
Heterogeneous devices and diverse capacities
flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces due to small dimensions
more bandwidth per cubic meter
multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless PANs, wirelessWANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlaynetworks)
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Number of wireless clients in the world
Market of mobile telephony between 1999
and 2003
0
50100
150
200
250
300
350
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Millionsofunits
North America
Europe
Asia - Pacific - Japan
South America
Middle East - Africa
total
Wireless telephony worldwide
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Increase of the number of smartphones
In 2010, 82 % of french, elder than 12, have amobile phone
16 % have a smartphone
25 % of french customers equipped with a professionalphone have a smartphone.
29 % access to the Internet or to their e-mails, (86 % forsmartphones owners ).
In one year the number of mobile internet users hasgone from 4,2 to 7 millions.
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Internet Market
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Internet Market
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Wifi chips
The number of Wifi chips sold in 2008 reached 387 millionsof unit for all market areas.+ 52% for the Wi-Fi telephony market.
+ 51 % for the printing market.
+ 23% for the notebook, laptops (144 millions unit).
+ 33% for the mobile devices market (MID, camera, audio players ,video players ) (71 millions unit)
Stable for the game market, set-top-boxes,
According to the Wi-Fi Alliance and In-Stat, the increase should reach12% for laptop market.
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Commercial market of WLANs (ABI Research).! Increasing number of Wi-Fi hotspots in 2006"
Up to 143 700 access points in the world, growth of 47 % comparedto 2005."
74 % of Wi-Fi Access Points are in North America and Europe" Forecast : In 2011, the Asia Pacific area should overtake Europe and
North America in terms of number of Access Points." In Europe: "
First market for Wi-Fi, with 57 000 Access points. " Growth mostly in commercial areas which set up free Wi-Fi access.
Typical example : McDonald's, which has equipped 17 % of its 4000
fastfoods."
Hotel sector : currently the biggest market in the world" nearly 40 000 Access Points worldwide. " future : Voice over IP through wireless connections" In 2010, ABI foresees more than 109 000 Wi-Fi AP for this particular
market."
Promissing commercial benefits before the effective use of Wimaxtechnologies."
Vietnamese Market
German market research group, GFK predicted in 2008 that around 320,000 laptopsought to be sold in Vietnam for that year, doubling that of 2007
In 2010eEight licensed mobile service providers operate their GSM and/or 3G CDMAmobile networks in Vietnam.
The introduction of 3G mobile broadband and new IP-based services to theVietnamese market during the 2008 and 2009 has given alternative providers newscope and opportunities.
Vietnamese fixed-line market has been expanding continuously - from 11.2 million inQ4 2007 to 14.8 million in Q4 2008 followed by 17.4 million by Q4 2009
VinaPhone, MobiFone, Viettel and S-Fone - SPTs joint venture EVN Telecomlaunched their CDMA mobile phone networks in late 2006. S-Fone launched its 3GCDMA2000 1X network in July 2003.
In 2008, Russian operator Vimpelcom formed a joint venture with the Vietnamesegovernment to acquire a 40 per cent stake in a seventh mobile GSM operatornamed Gtel. The new network operator is allowed to go to market with a wholerange of communication services including mobile, fixed-line, broadband, VoIP andWiMax services.
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Vietnamese market
VTC will provide 3G services over the infrastructure ofEVN Telecom, which commercially launched its 3Gnetwork earlier in June 2010.
The mobile service market in Vietnam is boomingand competition is intensifying. Mobilesubscriptions increased by 31 per cent from 74.87million at end-2008 to 98.2 million by end-2009.
Viettel ranks first with a 33.8 per cent market share,followed by Vinaphone with 27.19 per cent andMobiFone with 27.15 per cent.
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Vietnamese Market
Operators view No standard wireless model though Wifi is praised for its business
potentials, telecom firms are hesitating to develop Wifi. Most of themare just testing services
After an experimental period, we see space barriers and we are
seeking better solutions for these, said Viettels Deputy Director incharge of technology, Hoang Son.
S-Fones wireless Internet service for mobile phone is praised for itsgood quality but the charges are still high.
For EVN Telecom, though the service is wireless, users have to usea slow dial-up connection.
Security is a problem for wireless Internet services as it is said thathackers can attack computers through Wifi system. Some service providers have warned that as wireless services in Vietnam are in
a trial period and there is no standard security model users must protectthemselves. Internet & Mobile Communications
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Wireless in the world
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Growth of the 3G+
In Europe, forecast for of the growth of 3G+telephony (CCS Insight).
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2009 Estimation
for2011
subscribers 22 millions 43 millions
incom 6 billions of 11 milliards of
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Long Term Evolution
Average annual growth rate (conseil Pyramid Research)
Motorola : + 404 % between 2010 and 2014,
Estimation of 136 millions of subscribers by the end of 2014. (growth ofUMTS/HSPA subscribers was of 100 millions in 6 years)
Goal: transfert of high speed data with a longer transmission range,higher number of user per cell and lower latency.
USA/ Sweeden/ :An offer is set up for 2010 (Ericsson : HSPA (3G) networkwith very high speed (84 Mbits/s) over Danemark other major cities inSweeden before the end of 2010)
France :Arcep (Autority dof regulation of communications) : Licencesallocated in 2010 and sold in 2011.
- Sprectrum of 2,6 GHz Band (military) should be freed by 2010 and 2012
- Spectrum of 800 MHz Band (television and army) freed by december 2011
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Internet Market
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Commercial Wifi market (ABI Research).! Increase of the number of WiFi hotspots"
2008 : Paris noticed an increase of 534%of its public and professionnal Wi-Fi connexion. " 400free hotspots in Paris" London remain the most connected city with12.276 connexion
area in the city In Europe : important increase in commercial centers with setting up of free Wi-Fi.
Example : McDonalds (1 sur 2 Paris)"
In2006 :" 143 700 access points in the world, +47 % compared to 2005." 74 % of this wifi points are in North America and Europe"
Forecast: " In 2011, South Pacific should overtake Europe and America in terms of number
of access points. " Hotels: First user ofe WiFi in the world. Promissing market since VoIP is
progresing. "
In 2010, ABI foresee more than 109 000 WiFi AP for this area."
2013 : forecast of wifi market x4 (ABI)" Promissing market, until LTE/WiMAX is being deployed ?"
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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
WiMAX available in 2 solutions: fixed WiMAX (within a building)
mobile WiMAX (connection of nomad clients).
Device maker
10 000 Wimax base station delivered by Motorola Annual growth rate of 40 % since the delivery of the first
WiMAX access points in 2007
802.16m (WiMAX Release 2) is the next generation for this
high speed mobile technology.
In the USA Consortium : Sprint and Clearwire planed an investment of 10 billions
of $
In Europe WiMAX and similar services are restricted to areas with no or very little
high-speed wired connectivity. LTE (long term evolution) seems to bethe natural evolution of HSPA
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Introduction
The development of wireless interfaces generates a need forintegration : standardisation of W -LAN/MAN/PAN technologies IEEE 802.11,.15, .
16,
Internet: extensions of Mobile IP to the IP protocol
Wide area networks
Fixed telephony :stable market
Cellular :growing market
Internet :Growing market
GSM GPRS/EDGEUMTS/IMT2000
4 G
Wireless ATM IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth Wimax
Evolution ofwired telephony :More services
IP/IPv6WDM
IP with/without QoS
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Different aspects of mobility
Mobile computing refers to different aspects : Terminals mobility
Wireless connection between a mobile terminal and an accesspoint or between several mobile terminals
Maintain the connection when users are on the move
Allow handover and paging
Users mobility Identify a user whichever terminal or network he uses.
User profiles should always be recognised
Service mobilityAllow adaptation of the service to the operating environment
Session mobilityAllow to pause and restart a session on different environments
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Mobile Communications
Two aspects of mobility: user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere,
with anyone
device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere tothe network
Wireless vs. mobile Examples stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
The demand for mobile communication creates the need forintegration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks: local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,
ETSI (HIPERLAN)
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN
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Applications
Vehicles transmission of news, road conditions, weather, music via DAB
personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can betransmitted in advance for maintenance
Emergencies early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
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Typical application: road traffic
UMTS, WLAN,GSM, Wimax ...
Personal Travel Assistant,DAB, PDA, laptop,GSM, UMTS, WLAN,Bluetooth, ...
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Applications
Traveling salesmen direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ... outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-datelocation dependent information
ad-hoc networks formulti user games
Built
150BC B
uilt
150BC
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Applications
Location aware services what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Follow-on services automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to
the current location
Information services push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake? Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow themobile device through the fixed network
Privacy who should gain knowledge about the location
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Applications
The ultimate goal : overlay networks
area
city
campus
home
Vertical handover
Horizontalhandovers
integration of heterogeneous networksFixed and mobile with different caracteristics
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Mobile devices
Pager receive only tiny displays simple textmessages
Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays
PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW
Palmtop tiny keyboard simple versionsof standard applications
Laptop fully functional standard applications
Sensors,embeddedcontrollers Smartphone
keyboard simple versionsof standard applications
connectivity
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Effects of device portability
Power consumption limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
Loss of data higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g.,
defects, theft)
Limited user interfaces compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory limited value of mass memories with moving parts (flash-memory or ?)
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Wireless in comparison to fixed networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost
all occupied
Low transmission rates local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM
Higher delays, higher jitter
connection setup time with GSM in the second range, severalhundred milliseconds for other wireless systems
Lower security, simpler active attacking radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be
simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones
Always shared medium secure access mechanisms important
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Early history of wireless communication
Many people in history used light for communication flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;(Polybius, Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Here electromagnetic waves areof special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, waveequations (1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrateswith an experiment the wave characterof electrical transmission through space(1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at thelocation of todays University of Karlsruhe)
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History of wireless communication I
1895 Guglielmo Marconi first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
long wave transmission, hightransmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of thevacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin wires parallel to the railroad track
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History of wireless communication II
1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV,TV news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1958 Analog telephony in Germany analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no
handover, 80% coverage, in 1971: 11000 customers 1972: evolution : analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed
network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known)
1982 Start of GSM-specification goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile PhoneSystem, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
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History of wireless communication III
1991 Specification of DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/sdata transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries
1992 Start of GSM Fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
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History of wireless communication IV
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local AreaNetwork) ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) aswireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11 IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998 Specification of GSM successors for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as
European proposals for IMT-2000
Iridium 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
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History of wireless communication V
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz,
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cellular phones satellites wireless LANcordlessphones
1992:GSM
1994:DCS 1800
2001:UMTS/IMT-2000
1987:CT1+
1982:Inmarsat-A
1992:Inmarsat-BInmarsat-M
1998:Iridium
1989:CT 2
1991:
DECT
199x:proprietary
1995/96/97:IEEE 802.11,HIPERLAN
2005?:MBS, WATM
1988:Inmarsat-C
analog
digital
1991:D-AMPS
1991:CDMA
1981:NMT 450
1986:NMT 900
1980:CT0
1984:CT11983:
AMPS
1993:PDC
4G fourth generation?
Wireless systems
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Areas of research in mobile communication
Wireless Communication transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility location dependent services location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...
Portability power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...
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Simple reference model used here
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Medium
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Network Network
Radio
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Influence of mobile communication to the layer model
service location
new applications, multimedia
adaptive applications
congestion and flow control
quality of service
addressing, routing,device location
hand-over authentication
media access
multiplexing
media access control
encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
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Systmes sans fil
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Wireless & mobile Internet
Ongoing research Wireless communications
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
Modulation, coding, interferences
Access support, regulation,
Mobility Services dependant on the localisation QoS support (delay, jitter, security),
Portability Energy consumption
Limited processing power,
Usages
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Reference model for the course
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Medium
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Network Network
Radio
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Reference Model for this course
Influence of mobile communications on thehierarchical OSI model Application Layer: localisation services, adaptive
applications
Transport Layer: Flow control and congestion control. Network Layer: addressing, locating, routing, handover,
Quality of Service
Data Link Layer: authenthication, medium access,multiplexaging
Physical Layer: encryption, modulation, interference,loss, frequencies
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Course outline
Transmissions sans fil
Medium Access Control
WirelessLAN and PANs
Network Layer
transport layer
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Overview of the lecture
Introduction Use-cases, applications
Definition of terms
Challenges, history
Wireless Transmission
frequencies & regulations
signals, antennas, signalpropagation
multiplexing, modulation,spread spectrum, cellularsystem
Media Access motivation, SDMA, FDMA,
TDMA (fixed, Aloha, CSMA,DAMA, PRMA, MACA, collisionavoidance, polling), CDMA
Wireless LANs
Basic Technology
IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15,Bluetooth
Network Protocols
DHCP
Mobile IP
Ad-hoc networking
Routing
Transport Protocols
Reliable transmission
Flow control
Quality of Service
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Wireless Transmissions
frequencies & regulations
signals, antennas, signalpropagation
multiplexing, modulation, spreadspectrum, cellular system
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Electromagnic spectrum and its usage
Twisted pair
100 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
radio microwaves
infrared
UV X Rays Gamma rays
lumirevisible
f (Hz)
104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015
coaxial
navyradioAM
radioFM
TV
satellite
-wavesterrestrial
fibre
f (Hz)
bande LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF
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Frequencies and regulations
ITU-R manages auctions of new frequencies and frequencybands in the world (f in MHz)
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Frequencies and regulations
Lots of frequency bands have beenallocated fot : Satellite links
Communications with planes
Radio Frequencies
Paging services
Military, police,
Higher frequencies are less used because moresubject to losses.
Non regulated Band under study.
How about UWB (ultra Wide Band)?
Spectrum allocation in the US
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Frequencies allocation
For a dedicated usage The larger the spectrum is, the higher the throughput
At the International level
l'ITU proposes some Recommendations, which are onlyrecommendations
At a national level
le government allocates frequency bands : AM or FM radio, TV, cellularphones, police, military, navy,
For operators algorithms
Selection based on proposals
auctions
lottery
ISM band
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The ISM Band
Industrial, Scientific, Medical Microwave ovens, opening systems for garage doors, computer mice,
phone, toys with remote control,
Main Idea Anyone can transmit at wish but the transmission power is limited Varying bands in the spectrum depending on the country, with varying
maximum permissiable power depending on both the band and the country
ex : US, limited power to 1 Watt in 5.7GHz band, but only 200mW in the 5.1 to5.3GHz band
ex : In France, the ANFR (Agence Nationale des Frquences) publishes theTNRBF (Tableau National de Rpartition des Bandes de Frquences)
f
BP
902MhZ
928MHz
2,4GHz
2,4835GHz
5,735GHz
5,860GHz
26MHz
83,5MHz
125MHz