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HISTORICSTRUCTURES

PRESERVATIONMANUAL

NAVFAC MO-913SEPTEMBER 1991

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FOREWORD

The Navy has a responsibility to develop appropriate plans for maintenance ofhistoric resources and provide documentation for alteration or disposal of these resour-ces. Each shore activity must ensure that the legal requirements of historic resourcepreservation programs and the spirit of those requirements are met for all existing andpotential historic resources.

This manual is provided to help all shore activities protect the historic propertiesthey own or control. Activities are required to establish and implement a program toidentify, inventory, and nominate to the Secretary of the Interior every resource that ap-pears to meet the eligibility criteria for listing on the National Register of HistoricPlaces. Activities are required to see that their historic resources are not inadvertentlysold, demolished, moved, substantially altered, or allowed to deteriorate significantly.

Additional information or suggestions that will improve this manual are invitedand should be submitted through appropriate charnels to the Naval Facilities Engineer-ing Command, (Attention: Code 20Y), 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria, VA 22332-2300.

This publication has been reviewed in accordance with the Secretary of the NavyInstruction 5600.16A and is certified as an official publication of the Naval Facilities En-gineering Command.

E. R. HAMMCAPTAIN, CEC, U.S. NavyAssistant Commander forPublic Works Centers and Departments

ABSTRACT

This publication provides a working awareness of historic preservation policies andprocedures to be followed by Navy activities. The primary focus is to provide NavyPublic Works personnel with the necessary information for properly identifying, preserv-ing, and maintaining historic resources.

i i i

CHANGE CONTROL SHEET

Document all changes page replacements, and pen and ink alterations posted in this manual.

AMENDMENT AMENDMENTNUMBER DATE

POST DATE POSTED BY(LAST NAME)

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHANGE CONTROL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 PURPOSE AND RESPONSIBILITY . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 RESPONSIBLE PARTICIPANTS (NAVY) . . . . . . .1.2.1 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) . . . .1.2.2 Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering

Command (NAVFACENGCOM) . . . . . . . . .1.2.3 Engineering Field Division (EFD) . . . .1.2.4 Public Works Centers (PWC)/Public Works

Departments (PWD) . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.5 Shore Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 RESPONSIBLE PARTICIPANTS (NON-NAVY)1.3.1 Department of the Interior (DOI) . . . .1.3.2 Advisory Council on Historic

Preservation (ACHP) . . . . . . . . . .1.3.3 State Historic Preservation Officer . .1.3.4 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) .1.3.5 Native Americans and Other Interested

Publics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.6 Local and Regional Preservation

Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 PROCESS AND ACTIVITY RESPONSIBILITIES . . . .

CHAPTER 2. HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

2.1 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORICPLACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1.1 Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1.2 Nomination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 IDENTIFICATION/ INVENTORYCLASSIFICATION/DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . .2.2.1 Historic Property Inventory . . . . .2.2.2 Inventory Evaluation . . . . . . . . .2.2.3 National Register Resource Treatment

Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.4 Sources of Information . . . . . . . .

2.3 ADAPTIVE USE PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

i

iii

v

1-1

1-1

1-11-1

1-11-1

1-11-2

1-21-2

1-21-21-2

1-3

1-3

1-3

2-1

2-12-12-3

2-32-42-4

2-42-7

2-8

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

2.4

2.5

2.6

CHAPTER 3.

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

CHAPTER 4.

4.1

4.2

2.3.1

2.3.22.3.32.3.4

Alterations, Additions, Demolition,Partial Demolition, and Disposition . .Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appropriateness/Design Issues . . . . .Sites, Outbuildings, Grounds . . . . .

ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE PROTECTION WORKPROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

ACTIVITY MASTER PLAN AND BASE EXTERIORARCHITECTURE PLAN (BEAP) . . . . . . . . .

NAVAL FACILITIES ASSETS DATA BASE (NFADB;NAVFAC P-78) AND DETAILED INVENTORY OF SHOREFACILITIES (NAVFAC P-164) .

MAINTENANCE PLANNING . . .

LONG-RANGE HISTORIC RESOURCEPLANNING . . . . . . . . .

CONTROL INSPECTIONS . . . .

LIFE-CYCLE COSTING . . . .

BUILDING REGULATIONS . . .3.4.1 Fire and Life Safety3.4.2 Health Hazards . . .

. .. . . .

. . . . .

MAINTENANCE. .. . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . .3.4.3 Architectural Barriers . . . . .

EMERGENCY PRESERVATION AND MOTHBALLING3.5.1 Mothballing Maintenance

Considerations . . . . . . . . .3.5.2 Emergency Preservation . . . . .

USE OF MAINTENANCE MANUALS, GUIDE

..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

. .

. .

. .

SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS FORHISTORIC FACILITY MAINTENANCE PLANNING . .

HISTORIC BUILDING MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . .

POLICY AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.1 Integrity of the Building: Original,

Old, and Modern Aspects . . . . . . . .

DETERIORATION4.2.1 Masonry4.2.2 Metal .4.2.3 Wood .

OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-82-92-92-9

2-10

2-10

2-11

3-1

3-1

3-3

3-6

3-63-73-8

3-11

3-13

3-133-14

3-15

4-1

4-1

4-1

4-24-2

4-134-14

viii


4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

4.17

MOISTURE PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CLEANING AND COATINGS . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .4.4.1 Cleaning of Masonry . . . . . . . . .4.4.2 Masonry Coatings and Paint . . . . . .

STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS/HVAC . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND WIRING . . . . . . .

ROOFS AND COVERINGS, WATER DRAINAGE . . . . . . . .4.8.1 Roofing Materials . . . . . . . . . .4.8.2 Water Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . .

EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .4.9.l Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.9.2 Wood Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WINDOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10.1 Window Surveys . . . . . . . . . . .4.10.2 Maintenance and Repair of Wood

Window Sash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10.3 Metal Windows . . . . . . . . . .4.10.4 Weatherizing Windows . . . . . . . .4.10.5 Double Glazing . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..4.10.6 Glass Block Windows . . . . . . . .

FLOOR SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .4.11.1 Wood Floors . . . . . . . . . . . .4.11.2 Masonry Flooring . . . . . . . . . .

DOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HARDWARE AND METALWORK . . . . . . . . . .

INTERIOR PARTITIONS

STAIRS . . . . . . .

INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

. . . . . ... . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

FINISHES . . . . . . .

NEW AND SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS . . . . . . . .4.17.1 Cast Aluminum Attributes . . . . . .4.17.2 Cast Stone (Dry-Tamped) Attributes .4.17.3 Precast Concrete Attributes . . . .4.17.4 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

( (GFRC) Attributes . .4.17.5 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-16

4-184-184-25

4-26

4-27

4-29

4-294-314-35

4-354-354-35

4-374-38

4-394-404-434-444-44

4-454-454-45

4-45

4-47

4-53

4-53

4-53

4-554-574-594-60

4-61

4-62

ix


CHAPTER 5.

5.1

5.2

CHAPTER 6.

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

APPENDIX A.

APPENDIX B.

APPENDIX C.

APPENDIX D.

APPENDIX E.

4. 17.6 Epoxies (Epoxy Concretes, PolymerConcretes) Attributes . . . . . .

OTHER STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . .

ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL, AND SHIPYARDSTRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ARCHEOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

POLICY, REGULATION AND OBJECTIVES . . . .

EVALUATION, SURVEY AND IDENTIFICATION . .

EXCAVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UNDERWATER ARCHEOLOGY . . . . . . . . . .

BURIAL SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

STATUTES, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS, AND DODDIRECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HISTORIC PRESERVATION RESPONSIBILITIES .

POINTS OF CONTACT . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

..

. .

..

4-64

5-1

5-1

5-1

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-2

6-2

6-3

6-3

A-1

B-1

C-1

D-1

E-1

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX-1

x


LIST OF FIGURES

FigureFigure

3-1.3-2.

The Maintenance Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . .Typical Work Involved in Rehabilitatinga Historic Structure. . . . . . . . . . . .The Planning Process for HandicappedAccess to Historic Buildings. . . . . . . .

3-4

3-5Figure 3-3.

3-12

FigureFigureFigure

Brick Bonds in Historic Buildings. . .Stone Bedding Planes. . . . . . . . .Patching Brownstone with PowderedBrownstone and Cement Mix. . . . . . .Blind Reattachment of Broken Stone . .Guide to Mortar Mixes (Relative MortarStrength). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brick Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . .Repainting. . . . . . . . . . . . . .How to Repoint. . . . . . . . . . . .Northern Geographical Limits forTermite Damage. . . . . . . . . . . .Potential Areas of Decay. . . . . .Sources of Water Damage AroundChimneys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Common Problems in the Basement . . .How to Apply a Poultice. . . . . . . .The Collapse of Masonry LintelsIndicates a Structural Fault. . . . .Historic Window Inappropriately ClosedIn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Available Wooden Shingles and Shakesfor Reproofing. . . . . . . . . . . .Wooden Shingles -- Historic Details andInstallation Patterns. . . . . . . . .Historic Windows InappropriatelyReplaced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Filled-in Arch, An InappropriateRepair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Double-Hung Window: Dos and Do nets.Types of Historic Metal Windows. . . .Remedies for Loose Floorboards. . . .Typical Problems on Interior Doors. .Architectural Woodwork: To Strip orNot To Strip? . . . . . . . . . . . .The Various Ways To Remove Paint FromWood-Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .The Various Ways To Remove Paint FromWood-Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .The Various Ways To Remove Paint FromWood-Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . .Ceiling: Dos and Don’ts. . . . . . .

. . .

. . .4-34-5

4-1.4-2.4-3.

4-54-6

. . .

. . .FigureFigure

4-4.4-5.

4-74-9

4-1o4-11

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

FigureFigureFigureFigure

4-6.4-7.4-8.4-9.

4-154-17

. . .

. . .FigureFigure

4-1o.4-11.

4-194-204-22

. . .

. . .

. . .FigureFigureFigure

4-12.4-13.4-14.

4-27. . .Figure 4-15.

4-30. . .Figure 4-16.

4-33. . .Figure 4-17.

4-34. . .Figure 4-18.

4-39. . .Figure 4-19.

4-404-414-424-464-48

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

FigureFigureFigureFigureFigure

4-20.4-21.4-22.4-23.4-24.

4-49. . .Figure 4-25.

4-50. . .Figure 4-26.

4-51. . .Figure 4-27.

4-524-54

. . .

. . .Figure 4-28.

xi


Figure 4-29. Repair of Old Plaster. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-55

Figure 5-1. Hammerhead Crane at Philadelphia NavyYard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Figure C-1. The Basic Steps of the Section 106Review Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c-4

xii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND RESPONSIBILITY. The purpose of this manual is toprovide a working awareness of historic preservation policies andprocedures to be followed by U.S. Navy activities. The primaryfocus is to provide Navy Public Works personnel with thenecessary information for properly identifying, preserving, andmaintaining historic resources. This manual will provideguidance on statutes, laws, and regulations from federal andstate offices, attempting to coordinate the sometimes confusinginterrelationships among federal, state, and local requirements.This information should be used as a guide for appropriatecultural resources management.

1.2 RESPONSIBLE PARTICIPANTS (NAVY).

1.2.1 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) . CNO, through OP-44E,is responsible for providing policy and procedural guidance forthe Navy-wide Historic and Archeological Resources Protection(HARP) Program.

1.2.2 Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command(NAVFACENGCOM) . NAVFACENGCOM is the technical advisor to CNO forhistoric resource issues. Additionally, NAVFACENGCOM isresponsible for coordinating with local commands to ensurecompliance with historic resource preservation programs. Thisincludes validating Military Construction, Navy (MILCON) ,documentation that affects current or potential historic orarcheological sites and coordinating with federal and/or stateagencies, as appropriate.

1.2.3 Engineering Field Division (EFD). The NAVFAC EFDs areresponsible for working with field activities to ensure legalcompliance with historic resource preservation programs. Indoing so, they are often the liaison between activities andfederal and state agencies. EFDs are also the custodians of theNaval Facilities Assets Data Base (NFADB), which is the Navy-widelisting of resources of (or potentially of) historic or culturalvalue.

1.2.4 Public Works Centers (PWC)/Public Works Departments(PWD) As technical representatives to activity CommandingOfficers, PWCs and PWDs develop appropriate plans for maintenanceof historic resources and provide documentation for alteration ordisposal of these resources. PWCs and PWDs must be knowledgeableof historic preservation policies and requirements so thatadequate information can be passed to EFDs or NAVFACENGCOM forthe management of historic resources and preparation of projectdocumentation. The activity, through familiarity with the local

1-1

historical resources, is the prime advocate for front linehistoric and archeological resource management.

1.2.5 Shore Activity. The activity is the first line ofresponsibility in the identification and preservation of historicresources. The activity Commanding Officer is personallyresponsible for ensuring that the legal requirements of historicresource preservation programs and the spirit of thoserequirements are met for all existing and potential historicresources under his jurisdiction.

1.3 RESPONSIBLE PARTICIPANTS (NON-NAVY).

1.3.1 Department of the Interior (DOI). Within DOI, theNational Park Service (NPS) is responsible for administeringhistoric and cultural resource programs, such as the NationalRegister of Historic Places. An activity should use publishedNPS standards for maintenance and repair (or “rehabilitation” inpreservationist’s terms) of historic resources. The Navy is notin the business of “restoring” historic facilities. NPS alsoprovides interagency archeological services that can be calledupon by NAVFAC and its EFDs in providing assistance to shoreactivities.

1.3.2 Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) . TheACHP advises the President and Congress on historic preservationissues. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, amendedin 1980, created this independent agency, which reviews Navyprojects that may affect resources currently listed or eligiblefor listing on the National Register of Historic Places. TheACHP’S review normally follows coordination with the StateHistoric Preservation Officer (SHPO).

1.3.3 State Historic Preservation Officer. The SHPO isappointed by the governor of each state or U.S. territory to bethe technical and administrative point of contact for historicpreservation issues within the state. This applies to federalproperties as well as state or territory properties. The SHPO isalso available for advice and consultation on historicpreservation issues. Coordination with the SHPO early in theplanning process will mitigate delays in review. The Navy mayinvolve the SHPO in the technical process of selecting expertsand preparing scopes of work. The SHPO should be involved in anyproject that may affect a current or potential National Registerproperty.

1.3.4 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . The NationalEnvironmental Policy Act of 1969 was established to ensure theprotection and enhancement of the environment. Through the act,EPA recognizes its part in ensuring preservation of the historic,cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage.

1-2

1.3.5 Native Americans and Other Interested Publics. Section106 of the National Historic Preservation Act requires the Navyto take into account the interests of certain other organizationsand persons when planning activities that may affect historicproperties. It is necessary to notify and seek information fromsuch groups or persons and to allow them the opportunity toparticipate in the Section 106 review process. In particular,Indian tribes and other Native Americans often have concerns inhistoric preservation issues that extend beyond the lands theycurrently own (for instance, the interest of a relocated tribe inits ancestral homeland or the interest of a tribe in lands nearits reservation that are no longer in Indian ownership) . TheSHPO should be asked-for help in identifying such issues andgroups. In addition, the Native American Grave Protection andRepatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) establishes that Indian andNative Hawaiian artifacts and human remains that are discoveredin the course of Navy activities are the property of the culturalgroup concerned. They must be properly inventoried and cared forby the Navy and returned to the cultural group concerned, iftheir return is requested. Advanced planning and coordinationwith Native American groups is essential to avoid or minimizework stoppages in such situations. Unless a Prior agreement hasbeen made with the cultural group with which the remains orartifacts are associated, NAGPRA requires an immediate workstoppaqe of thirty days duration.

1.3.6 Local and Regional Preservation Associations. Localand regional associations can have a great deal of influence onhistoric preservation activities in their area. While they arenot regulating bodies, they can direct public sentiment relativeto any preservation projects within their jurisdiction.Therefore, it is beneficial to the Navy to work with localassociations, as well as federal and state agencies, whenplanning projects that may affect historic resources.

1.4 PROCESS AND ACTIVITY RESPONSIBILITIES. All federal agenciesare required by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of1966, as amended in 1980, to protect the historic properties theyown or control. Agencies are required to have and follow aprogram to identify, inventory, and nominate to the Secretary ofthe Interior every resource that appears to meet the eligibilitycriteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.Agencies are required to see that their historic resources arenot inadvertently sold, demolished, moved, substantially altered,or allowed to deteriorate significantly.

At the earliest stages of planning, the Navy is expected to “takeinto account” any potential effects on its historic properties.The Navy provides to the ACHP for comment all plans, projects, orprograms that are likely to affect resources listed or eligiblefor listing on the National Register.

1-3

In order to meet these requirements, the Navy:

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Performs overview surveys to determine where and whatsort of cultural and historic resources it has;

Follows up, if necessary, with detailed surveys to gatherbasic data on the cultural resources it has located;

Organizes the data into inventories in order to evaluate,in consultation with the SHPO, the significance of thecultural resources;

Seeks a determination of eligibility for listing on theNational Register;

Nominates properties to the National Register;

Studies the potential effect of any proposed undertakingson National Register properties;

Submits its findings to the SHPO and the ACHP, asappropriate; and

Carries out, modifies, or abandons the proposedundertaking and executes any required mitigationprocedures.

1-4

CHAPTER 2. HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

2.1 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES. The NationalRegister of Historic Places is the official list of the nation’scultural resources that are considered worthy of preservation.This list is constantly growing as more properties are identifiedthat have the kinds of historical, architectural, cultural, orengineering significance in American history that makes themeligible for listing. The Navy’s preservation activities arebased on identifying and protecting the cultural resources underits control that are either listed on the National Register oreligible for listing.

2.1.1 Eligibility. When does “old” become “historic”? TheNational Park Service has developed a strict set of criteria thatdefine the buildings, districts, structures, objects, and sitesthat can be considered for National Register listing. First,they must be significant in American history, architecture,engineering, archeology, or culture. Furthermore, they mustpossess integrity of location, design, setting, materials,workmanship, feeling, and association; that is, they must nothave been altered, moved, damaged, or deteriorated to such anextent that they no longer display the qualities that made themsignificant in the first place. They also must:

o

o

o

o

Be associated with events that have made a significantcontribution to the broad patterns of our history;

Be associated with the lives of persons significant in ourpast;

Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period,method of construction, represent the work of a master,possess high artistic values, or represent a significantand distinguishable entity whose components may lackindividual distinction; or

Have yielded, or be likely to yield, information onprehistory or history.

Exceptions to Criteria. There are properties that meet allthese criteria but still do not qualify for Register listing.Ordinarily, cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historicfigures, properties owned by religious institutions or used forreligious purposes, structures that have been moved from theiroriginal locations, reconstructed historic buildings, propertiesprimarily commemorative in nature (like monuments), andproperties that have achieved significance within the last 50years are not considered eligible. However, these properties maybe listed as integral parts of historic districts that meet thecriteria. Although historic properties are most often designated

2-1

as historic districts (areas that usually contain a number ofbuildings, structures, sites, and objects), each component of thedistrict must be studied individually and evaluated as beingeither a contributing or a non-contributing factor in thedistrict.

There are also exceptions to the exceptions:

o A religious property that derives its primary significancefrom architectural or artistic distinction or historicimportance;

o A building or structure that has been removed from itsoriginal location but is significant for architecturalvalue or is the surviving structure associated with ahistoric person or event;

o A birthplace or grave of a historic figure if there is noother appropriate site or building directly associatedwith his or her productive life;

o A cemetery that derives its primary significance fromgraves of persons of transcendent importance, fromdistinctive design features, or from association withhistoric events;

o A reconstructed building, when accurately executed as partof a restoration master plan, and when no other buildingor structure with the same association has survived;

o A property, primarily commemorative, if design, age,tradition, or symbolic value has given it its own historicsignificance; and

o A property that has achieved significance within the past50 years if it is of exceptional importance. An exampleof an exception to the 50-year rule is the DunesInternational Airport terminal, near Washington, D.C.,constructed in 1962. Designed by the architectural firmof Eero Saarinen and Associates, the terminal wasconsidered to be of such outstanding architecturalinterest that it was declared eligible for listing on theRegister in February 1978, only 16 years after it wasbuilt.

Other, possibly less glamorous, exceptions that may be ofspecial concern are the World War II “temporary” buildingsconstructed on military bases between 1939 and 1946. A blanketdemolition order was issued for these buildings by DOD in theearly 1980s, but they are now protected by a special programmaticagreement (PA) . By definition in the PA, World War II temporarybuildings are those built between 1939 and 1946 and currentlyclassified in the NAVFAC P-164 (see Section 2.6) as “T”. WorldWar II buildings originally built as temporary, but no longerclassified as such, are not covered by the PA. The PA will

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allow time to prepare a study of the history of militaryconstruction and to document selected examples. Once thedocumentation is completed, the Navy will have completed its ACHPSection 106 obligations, and no further preservation measureswill be required for those World War II temporary buildings.

2.1.2 Nomination. The Secretary of the Navy is responsiblefor nominating historic properties that are located on Navy basesto the Secretary of the Interior for listing on the NationalRegister. Each activity Commanding Officer is responsible forsurveying the property under his\her control or jurisdiction,inventorying those properties which appear to qualify for theNational Register, and initiating action to nominate suchproperties to the National Register. NAVFAC EFDs providetechnical guidance in applying National Register criteria: incontracting out to qualified cultural resources professionals(archeologists or architectural historians, depending on thenature of the resource) , in consulting with the SHPO, inpreparing documentation, and in reviewing nominations, andrequests for determination of eligibility. COMNAVFACENGCOMreviews completed nominations and COMNAVFACENGCOM forwards thenominations to appropriate Navy signatories for transmittal tothe Keeper of the National Register.

The nomination process begins with the survey and inventorymentioned above and requires consultation and cooperation withthe SHPO. The nomination is prepared on NPS Form 10-900 inaccordance with 36 CFR 60 guidelines and the NPS publication,National Register Bulletin 16: Guidelines for Completing NationalRegister of Historic Places Forms. Since interpreting andapplying the criteria for nomination to the National Registerrequires specialized expertise, the nominations are usuallyprepared by contract personnel as part of the survey andinventory contract.

When the Navy disagrees with the SHPO as to whether aproperty meets National Register criteria for listing, or whentime is of the essence, a determination of eligibility may besought from the Keeper of the National Register. This shortensthe review time and does not require Navy chain-of-commandreview. The state and local review period remains the same (45days ) . Determination of eligibility does not automaticallyresult in listing on the National Register and does not satisfythe Navy's responsibility to nominate significant properties tothe National Register. However, properties determined eligibleare afforded the same protection as listed properties, and theymust be treated as though listed.

2.2 IDENTIFICATION\INVENTORY CLASSIFICATION\DOCUMENTATION. EachNavy activity is required to have a Historic and ArcheologicalResources Protection (HARP) Plan, to make it as easy andcost-efficient as possible to comply with the federal laws andregulations. The plan identifies potentially significantresources, evaluates eligibility for the National Register, and

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suggests ways to mitigate adverse effects of undertakingsimpacting eligible resources. See the publication, Guidance forPreparing Historic and Archeological Resources Protection Plansat United states Navy Facilities, for general information onpreparing and using the HARP Plan.

Overview Survey. A HARP Plan begins with an overview survey,carried out by a team of qualified professionals (at least onearcheologist and one architectural historian), to identify aninstallation's National Register resources and/or areas ofarcheological potential. The team reviews the NAVFAC P-164inventory for the base in addition to written histories and maps,visits local or regional libraries, and reviews state and federallists of known archeological sites and historic buildings,structures, and objects. Based on field visits, they note alldistricts, buildings, structures, and objects that appear to beeligible for the National Register. They examine areas wheredevelopment may have destroyed archeological remains and identifyareas that seem likely to contain undisturbed remains. Just asimportant in a practical sense, they identify those areas andresources that are probably not of historic, architectural, orarcheological significance.

2.2.1 Historic Property Inventory. An inventory is preparedlisting all the resources (historic properties and archeologicalsites) on the installation that are currently on the NationalRegister. The inventory also lists those that appear to beeligible for the Register.

2.2.2 Inventory Evaluation. Each item in the HistoricProperty Inventory is then reviewed and evaluated. Some of theconsiderations in this evaluation process are the importance, orsignificance, of the property to the history of the installation,locality, region or nation; the property's place in thepreservation plan for the base; and the priority associated withthe maintenance goals for the property.

2.2.3 National Resister Resource Treatment Categories. TheNavy divides all of its cultural resources (that means everyproperty listed in NAVFAC P-164 and every archeological site thatis or may be eligible for the National Register) into threegeneral categories that recognize varying levels of historical orarchitectural importance based on evaluation by qualifiedprofessionals. The HARP Plan for each facility spells outwhich buildings, structures, sites, districts, and objects havebeen placed in each category. Preservation actions, or"treatments”, required may vary with the category. It isimportant to remember that resources can be assigned to thesecategories only by qualified professionals in consultation withthe Navy. The purpose of the categorization system is to helplocal activity personnel achieve the goals in the HARP Plan andcomply with Sections 106 and 110 of the National HistoricPreservation Act in a cost-effective way.

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CATEGORY I.

a. Basis for inclusion. Category I resources meet theNational Register criteria and are classified by qualifiedprofessionals as being of outstanding historical, architectural,archeological, engineering, or cultural significance. Further,these resources have been evaluated as retaining their“integrity,” i.e. , original and\or authentic period materials,design, and context.

b. Treatment. The most painstaking preservation treatmentis applicable. Care must be taken to preserve significantexterior elements, as well as character-defining interior spacesand architectural elements that contribute to the historic orarchitectural significance. Window and door openings, rooflines, trim materials, and historic landscape features are oftenof special interest to preservationists. If the resource is asite, district, or object, take care to identify and preserve allsignificant features. Do not introduce incompatible newfeatures.

Concentrate on repair rather than replacement of originalmaterials when maintenance is performed. Repair of old buildingmaterials and architectural features is labor intensive, butlife-cycle dollar cost is reasonable and it is a majorcontributor to preservation.

If repair is not possible and replacement becomes necessary,the new material should match the material being replaced incomposition, design, color, texture, and other visual qualities.Modern substitute products and materials are not ordinarilycompatible and in some cases they hasten deterioration of theoriginal fabric.

Repair and replacement of architectural features should bebased on detailed and accurate duplication of original features,substantiated by historical, physical, pictorial, orarcheological evidence.

Maintenance and rehabilitation of Category I resources mustbe planned in accordance with The Secretary of the Interior’sStandards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitation ofHistoric Buildings (1983), The Secretary of the Interior’sStandards for Historic Preservation Projects with Guidelines forApplying the Standards (1985), and the Navy PreservationMaintenance Manual.

Preserve all significant features of Category I sites,structures, districts, and objects, and take care not tointroduce incompatible new features. Monitor regularly for anyeffects of natural deterioration, neglect, wear and tear, orabuse. Follow the procedures for Section 106 consultationavoid adverse effects and develop appropriate correctivemeasures.

to

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Preserve Category I archeological resources by leaving themuntouched, in the ground. Disturbance of such resources shouldnot be allowed except in two situations: (1) as part ofarcheological research conducted under an ARPA or Antiquities Actpermit, or (2) as mitigation measures under an MOA, e.g., datarecovery, when unavoidable adverse effects arise from a Navyundertaking.

CATEGORY II.

a. Basis for Inclusion: Category II resources meet theNational Register criteria but are classified by qualifiedprofessionals as being of lesser historical, architectural,archeological, engineering, or cultural significance thanresources included in Category I. They may not be able to matchCategory I properties in terms of integrity.

b. Treatment: The same preservation guidance applies, butthere is somewhat more flexibility in application. Care must betaken to preserve those elements of historic buildings andstructures which professional evaluation has designated assignificant. Less stringent fidelity to detail may be toleratedthan for Category I resources. Any changes introduced should bedesigned so that they can be reversed in the future, withoutpermanent damage to the integrity of the resource.

A similarly serious, but flexible, approach applies topreservation of significant features of Category II sites,structures, districts, and objects. Monitor regularly foreffects of natural deterioration, neglect, wear and tear, orabuse. Follow the procedures for Section 106 consultation toavoid adverse effects and develop appropriate mitigationmeasures.

Repair is preferable to replacement of original materialswhen maintenance is needed. If repair is not possible or cost-effective, however, selected modern replacement products andmaterials are available. Maintenance and rehabilitation ofCategory II resources must be planned in accordance with TheSecretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation andGuidelines for Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings (1983), TheSecretary of the Interior’s Standards for Historic PreservationProjects with Guidelines for Applying the Standards (1985), andthe Navy Preservation Maintenance Manual.

Category II archeological resources are treated the same asthose in Category I. They are best protected by leaving themuntouched in the ground. Disturbance of such resources shouldnot be allowed except in two situations: (1) as part ofarcheological research conducted under an ARPA or Antiquities Actpermit, or,(2)recovery, whenundertaking.

as mitigation measures under an MOA, e.g., dataunavoidable adverse effects arise from a Navy

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CATEGORY III.

a. Basis for Inclusion. Category III includes resourcesthat qualified professionals have concluded do not meet NationalRegister eligibility criteria, as well as all World War IItemporary buildings, and buildings in historic districts thathave been professionally evaluated as non-contributing elementsof the district. The first allocation of properties to thiscategory occurs on the basis of professional judgments madeduring the Overview. Later allocations are made as potentiallyeligible resources are evaluated in intensive surveys and foundnot eligible for the National Register.

b. Treatment. Federal stewardship dictates propermaintenance of all Navy properties, but no special preservationmeasures are required, and no Section 106 compliance is necessarywhen dealing with Category III resources. Category III resourcesthat are in close proximity to Category I and Category IIresources should be treated sensitively, so that they do notproduce any effect that triggers Section 106 obligations.Category III resources must be reevaluated periodically forNational Register eligibility, in light of increasing age andchanging cultural values and eligibility criteria. For example,as resources pass 50 years of age, they may be consideredsignificant. It is recommended that professional reevaluation bescheduled to coincide with HARP Plan updates.

2.2.4 Sources of Information. The files of the SHPO maycontain a great deal of information about specific historicproperties on Navy bases, or they may provide few or no clues tosignificance. They should always be checked. Books on local orspecialized history topics (such as those dealing with thedevelopment of industrial or military equipment and processes)often help to place the properties in context and to suggestother sources of information. Some rich sources of "primary"materials (the raw materials that historians use to writehistory) are base maps and old base repair records. The NationalArchives and Records Service in Washington, D. C., may havedrawings, maps, or other useful records. In the Library ofCongress, the Cartographic Division and the Prints andPhotographs Division may be of help.

Specifically, the Prints and Photographs Division containscopies of measured drawings, photographs, and written dataprepared by the Historic American Buildings Survey and HistoricAmerican Engineering Record (HABS\HAER) for selected Navybuildings.

Old photographs, which sometimes accompany constructioncompletion reports, are invaluable records. Many Navyinstallations have one office that gathers, officially orunofficially, historic materials about the base.

Potential sources within the Navy for historic photographsare the local Public Works. Office, the local Public Affairs

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Office, the NAVFAC Historical Archives at Port Hueneme, CA, andthe Naval History Division at the Washington Navy Yard.

If the property has ever been in private ownership, it isimportant to look at insurance or real estate tax maps, deeds andwills recorded in local courthouses, building and repair permits,and newspaper records. Most community libraries have localhistory departments, with knowledgeable and helpful staffs, whoought to be consulted.

2.3 ADAPTIVE USE PLAN. It is Navy policy to preserve itscultural resources (that is, to maintain them in their originalor existing condition), rather than to restore them (that is, toreturn them to their appearance during some earlier historicalperiod). Good, routine maintenance is the essence ofpreservation. However, it also often happens that structureswith important historic or architectural aspects must be modifiedin order to meet new space or use requirements. With carefulplanning, this can almost always be done without sacrificinghistoric aspects of the facility. And, since the life cycle of ahistoric facility is so long, it is usually economicallyworthwhile to use methods and materials that are approved for useon historic buildings when repair or replacement is needed.

2.3.1 Alterations, Additions, Demolition. Partial Demolition,and Disposition. The following list is condensed from DOIinformation to serve as a guide to planning work on a historicfacility:

o Reasonable effort should be made to identify compatibleuses within a facility.

o Distinguishing characteristics should not be destroyed.

o Historic material or features should be left alone.

o Recognize buildings as being of their own time.Alterations that attempt to recreate a previousappearance, without the alteration being of itselfhistoric, should be avoided.

o Previous alterations to building’s may have their ownsignificance and should be recognized and respected.

o Distinctive style or craftsmanship should be treated withsensitivity.

o Repair features first, then replace with a suitablematerial that matches visual qualities. Architecturalfeatures should be duplicated as nearly as possible fromphotos, drawings, or other verifiable means rather thanguessing or using nearby buildings as a go-by.

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o

o

o

o

o

o

Cleaning should use the gentlest means possible to get thejob done.

Every reasonable effort should be made to preservearcheological resources at or near any project.

Additions of an appropriate contemporary design areacceptable if they do not destroy the essence of thehistoric resource.

Alterations should be designed to allow their removal atthe end of the life cycle. This removal should not damagethe essence of the historic resource.

Demolition of historic resources, or moving ofarcheological resources, should be coordinated with theSHPO and the ACHP. The minimum action will be formaldocumentation of the significant asset as it sits inplace.

In some instances, partial demolition is appropriate whenan alteration of no historic significance is hiding a moresignificant feature. Again, coordination with the SHPOwill generate good feedback on properly executing thework.

2.3.2 Mitigating. The basic legal requirement of Section 106of the NHPA is for the Navy to “take into account” in the earlystages of planning, prior to approval for expenditure of projectfunds, what effect its actions might have on National Registerresources (listed or eligible for listing) and to afford the ACHPa reasonable opportunity for review. When it is determined thatan undertaking will have adverse effects on a historic resource,mitigation measures should be developed to lessen the impact ofthe undertaking to the point where it is an acceptable price topay for the benefits of the undertaking.

2.3.3 Appropriateness/Design Issues. The design solutionschosen for additions, modifications, and demolitions to (andnear) a historic or archeological resource, should exhibit thesame enduring style as the significant resource. Sensitivity andconsideration are of key importance.

2.3.4 Sites, Outbuildings, Grounds. These historicproperties typically require little or no maintenance as they arelesser developed resources than the primary historic property.These types of properties may be an undeveloped site within ahistoric district, a shack or building on or adjacent to ahistoric property, or the grounds surrounding a historicbuilding. The objective in maintaining these properties is toprotect and preserve the distinctive features and materials ofgrounds, sites, outbuildings, and other elements that might be animportant part of the property’s history and development.

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2.4 ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE PROTECTION WORK PROCEDURES. Unless thereis an archeologist assigned to the staff, most activities willneed help with developing plans and procedures involvingarcheological resources. These experts, meeting the minimumqualifications for supervisors of federal agency-related fieldwork as published at 36 CFR 61, can be enlisted through the EFDand the SHPO. The main point of these procedures is to give alldue consideration to the methods that will preserve properties inplace. Relocation of artifacts and human remains should be doneonly under the supervision of qualified professionals. Rememberto handle archeological materials with care and human remainswith the respect befitting any deceased person.

In planning archeological site protection, plan flexiblysince unexpected data or materials may be encountered; forexample, layering of artifacts, cemeteries, or architecturalremains.

Ensure that inadvertently discovered archeological resourcesare protected at the site of discovery until the DOI ConsultingArcheologist and the SHPO have been notified and culturalresource professionals have evaluated their significance andadvised regarding necessary protection or recovery.

Activities will need to provide for proper storage andprofessional curation of salvaged archeological resources.Storage of records will be necessary in carrying out legalcompliance actions.

Where the property cannot practically be preserved in place,and the Navy must destroy or damage the resource without datarecovery, the ACHP Executive Director can be expected to notsupport or sanction recovery of the material simply because itexists. Nor can the Director support arbitrary destruction ofdata. Get approvals, following Section 106 procedures, prior tostarting to work.

2.5 ACTIVITY MASTER PLAN AND BASE EXTERIOR ARCHITECTURE PLAN(BEAP). The activity Master Plan should positively identify allhistoric and archeological resources and incorporate, byreference, the activity HARP Plan. It will also provideadditional archival material for future reference relevant topast and potential undertakings involving historic resources.The issues to include are:

o Location of resources, except in the case of archeologicalsites in danger of vandalism or looting;

o Description;

o Current condition;

o Preservation plans;

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o Encroachment, demolition, or enhancement plans to theresources by project or administrative programs;

o A synopsis of the significance of the resource;

o Memoranda of Agreement (MOA); and

o Programmatic Agreements.

The BEAP is a more specific type of plan (often referencedthrough the Master Plan) that includes strategies for theexterior qualities of architecture on a base. Flagged in thisdocument, should be plans that address actual or potentialNational Register resources and explain how the significance willbe preserved. Statements and maps showing sites or districtswithin a base are typically considered; however, a base shouldalso consider its relation to any nearby non-Navy sites ordistricts that may be affected. This is of particular importancefor areas around airfields, where the noise may be detrimental toolder structures or fixtures.

2.6 NAVAL FACILITIES ASSETS DATA BASE (NFADB; NAVFAC P-78) ANDDETAILED INVENTORY OF SHORE FACILITIES (NAVFAC P-164). The NFADBis a management tool created by the Department of the Navy tomeet DOD facilities inventory, planning, and managementinformation requirements. Operated under the procedures of theNFADB Management System (MS), as detailed in NAVFAC P-78, thisautomated data base contains a file on each existing facility(building, structure, utility, and land) owned or leased by theDepartment of the Navy. Data is provided on each facility’slocation, acquisition, and condition. The data element, HISTORICINDICATOR, for each entry in the NFADB can be used to identifywhether an asset is historically significant (either by its ownmerit or because it is in the vicinity of a historic property) aswell as the relative degree of historic significance of theproperty.

NAVFAC P-164, Detailed Inventory of Naval Shore Facilities,generated from the NFADB, is a single listing of all Navy-ownedand leased Class 1 (land) and Class 2 (buildings, structure, andutilities) properties. When initiating a project, planners andestimators can use NAVFAC P-164 to determine the potential foraffecting a historic property or resource.

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CHAPTER 3. MAINTENANCE PLANNING

3.1 LONG-RANGE HISTORIC RESOURCE MAINTENANCE PLANNING. The keyto good maintenance of historic buildings is a long-rangemaintenance plan. Long-range planning recognizes aresponsibility to the future to prolong the useful life of abuilding by preserving it in its present condition and preventingor slowing deterioration and damage from natural or other causes.

Designing a good maintenance plan for a historic building isnot hard, but it does require some thought. For instance, itrequires being aware of the specific architectural character ofthe building. Every historic building has certain“character-defining " architectural features and buildingelements --its doors, windows, roofs, and ornamental detailing areobvious ones. These elements tell us much about when it wasbuilt and why, and sometimes even who designed it and for whom itwas built. When such features are lost or changed, the buildingis said to have lost its architectural or historic integrity.Its essential character is gone. It may still be a good, useful,and even beautiful building, but it is no longer the samebuilding.

Standard modern repair and maintenance techniques andmaterials are often acceptable for use on historic buildings, butthey sometimes do more harm than good. Using the wrong materialsor methods to maintain or repair (or, when necessary, replace)important features can destroy the integrity of the building andmay even shorten its useful life. Each case must be carefullythought through. The earlier the planning takes place, the morelikely it is to have a good effect.

An experienced preservation architect may usefully be broughtin from outside the government to assist with scoping, planreview, specification writing and construction supervision. Thismay be accomplished by means of an Indefinite Quantity Contract,or in some instances through the good offices of the AmericanInstitute of Architects, which can sometimes arrange forprofessional volunteers or at least minimum cost assistance.

Historic Structure Report. A historic structure report isthe best place to begin in setting up a long-range maintenanceplan. The report is a thorough analysis of the existingstructure by a specialist in the field of historic preservation.It should:

o Record the existing condition of the structure;

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o

o

o

o

Point out which materialsbuilding are original and

and which features of thewhich ones date from later

repairs; alterations, or additions (building materials andfeatures are often referred to as the "fabric" of thebuilding);

Identify both original and early (over 50 years old)building elements, in order to avoid unintentional futurechanges to historic fabric;

Identify structural or environmental conditions that maycontribute to deterioration; and

Provide information from which to develop a schedule ofregular maintenance procedures.

Buildings deteriorate because of physical, chemical, orbiological factors, or a combination of all three. Some of thesefactors were built into the structure itself, as a natural resultof design or building materials chosen. Others come fromenvironmental factors such as temperature, sunlight, humidity, ormechanical equipment vibrations. Chemical pollutants in the airor solvents used in normal cleaning processes can graduallydissolve or break down building materials. Vegetation, insects,or vermin may take advantage of these conditions and do furtherdamage. A well-planned maintenance program makes it possible tomonitor and control conditions in the building in order to slowdown deterioration and delay the need for replacement or repair,as well as to predict future problems.

A good maintenance program identifies all the present causesof deterioration, predicts problems that are likely to come up inthe future, and sets up an effective treatment program for theentire structure.

Other Sources of Help in Maintenance Planning. In additionto the historic structure report, accurately measuredarchitectural drawings and photographs are helpful to record theoriginal fabric of the building, later alterations, and thepresent physical conditions. These records are sometimesavailable from other federal agencies, such as the NationalArchives and Records Service, the National Park Service (theHistoric American Buildings Survey), or the Library of Congress;from the SHPO; or from local or regional archives in librariesand historic or preservation societies. Current drawings andphotographs may be needed to supplement historic data.

Building Use and Maintenance Priorities. Maintenancepriorities must take into consideration the buildings use. Abuilding used by the public will face higher levels of stress anddifferent threats to its historic integrity than one used as aprivate residence.

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Special Considerations. Even on military facilities,maintenance planning may need to include protection fromvandalism and control of tourist traffic, which can speed Upnormal deterioration. Exposed surfaces in high-traffic areassuch as stairs and hallways may need extra protection from wearand tear, as well as from fire and vandalism. It may benecessary to establish visitor traffic patterns to reducestructural strains.

Maintenance Scheduling. Maintaining an older building is notnecessarily complicated or expensive. (In fact, it is usuallymuch cheaper than rehabilitating or demolishing it.) However,some maintenance and repair procedures require prolonged testingbefore they are implemented, and they should not be done hastily.Delivery schedules for special supplies or replacement materialsneed advance planning. A realistic maintenance schedule willallow for all these factors.

Inspections. Careful, systematic inspection of existingconditions at regular intervals can be used to predict the rateof deterioration and the timing of necessary repairs. Control ofexisting problems can delay the need for repair and replacement.Continuous monitoring can verify the initial analysis and providefurther information on rates of decay.

How often inspections and maintenance procedures need to bedone will vary, depending on the materials and methods ofconstruction, the age of specific building components, and thestresses placed on the building by its use and environment.

Training and Supervision. It is vital for maintenanceworkers to understand and appreciate the importance of historicstructures and any original materials that still remain. Theirenthusiasm can spell the difference between long life and earlydecay for these important resources. But workers also need to betrained in the care of old buildings, to ensure that repairs andmaintenance will be done by qualified persons using the bestmethods possible. An alert supervisor will find many trainingopportunities for interested staff members; for example,specialized publications and workshops in specific maintenancetechniques for historic buildings organized by historicpreservation agencies and organizations. Encouraging andtraining even one preservation maintenance "specialist" can paybig dividends. A maintenance manual that details materials andmethods to be used, an outline schedule of regular routineprocedures, and time and budget allotments is essential tokeeping maintenance on track. (See Figure 3-l.)

3.2 CONTROL INSPECTIONS. Inspection is the first step inidentifying deficiencies; it provides the benchmark for startingmaintenance work. Of the four types of inspections (operator,preventive maintenance, control, and specialized) the controlinspection is performed by skilled planners who can recognizepotential deficiencies and have the abilities to address problems

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before they happen. The objective of the control inspection isto provide a baseline for a successful maintenance plan. Thecontrol inspection should describe the items of work in detailand assign them priorities. (See Figure 3-2.) Historicfacilities, if they are properly maintained, should cyclicallycost no more per year of life than non-historic facilities.

Figure 3-1. The Maintenance Cycle.

(Source: National Park Service, Technologies for HistoricPreservation.)

While using the steps to doing control inspections presentedin NAVFAC MO-321 and MO-322, it may be desirable to increase thelength of time for inspection of older mechanical systems becauseof the potential for worn parts or material. The additional timegained by early detection will allow for replacement of equipmentrather than crash repair. Advance planning for maintenance alsomay allow for consideration of more replacement alternatives thanwould be possible when performing emergency\breakdownmaintenance.

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Figure 3-2. Typical Work Involved in Rehabilitatinga Historic Structure.

(Source: Douglas Bucher, Preservation League of New York State)

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3.3 LIFE-CYCLE COSTING. Life-cycle cost is the total cost ofacquiring and owning an asset over its full life time. For afacility or property, it includes the costs of acquisition,development, maintenance, operation, support and, whereapplicable, disposal. The process is no different for a historicfacility than a new facility, except that the life of a historicfacility typically is "forever." Therefore, the purpose of aneconomic analysis for a historic resource is to decide whichmaterial or method will provide the best service “forever."Details on conducting life-cycle cost analyses can be found inNAVFAC P-442, Economic Analysis Handbook.

In a typical economic analysis, the three factors that limitthe economic life of the resource are:

o Mission life, or the period over which a need for theresource is anticipated;

o Physical life, or the period over which the resource canbe expected to last physically;

o Technological life, or the period before obsolescencewould dictate replacement of the existing asset.

Under the preservation guidelines established for historicfacilities, the mission life of the resource is "forever." Thetechnological life of the resource is also a part of the historicfabric which will be preserved "forever." Therefore, thelimiting economic factor for evaluating life cycle costs is thephysical life of the resource. Many traditional, but expensive,building materials, such as copper, slate, or granite haveunusually long lifetimes that may make them economically feasiblefor use in historic buildings which also have indefinite lifeexpectancies.

One key to successful funding of historic facilities is toprioritize maintenance areas in terms of their maximum lifebenefit to an asset. Here is a guide:

o Roof,o Exterior skin,o Exterior finish coatings,o High use spaces and surface (especially floors), ando High use/high exposure wall areas.

3.4 BUILDING REGULATIONS. Building codes are intended to protectlife and property by regulating the design and construction ofbuildings. They are written specifically for new buildingprojects and modern construction practices. While local codes donot apply to military projects, it is Navy policy to provide atleast equivalent protection for occupants of their buildings.

Since most historic buildings were constructed before theintroduction of building codes, they often do not comply with

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modern standards of safety and security, energy conservation,fire protection, or handicapped access. If strictly applied,standard codes may call for alterations that damage the historicor architectural character of a historic building.

Basically, building codes provide for two types of standards:

o Prescriptive standards spell out precisely what materialsand methods of construction must be used to reach aparticular safety goal. They concentrate on the means ofmaking the building safe for people to live or work in.

o Performance standards specify the result to be achieved(i.e., the level of safety or protection) without givingrigid instructions about how to get there. They focus onthe desired ends of safety planning. Generally, it isbetter to use performance standards for historicbuildings, since they will allow greater flexibility infinding ways to protect both the historic structure andlife and property. Life safety is always the mostimportant consideration. However, considering the intentof building regulations may suggest ways to make thebuilding safe for human occupancy without destroying itscharacter.

For further information:

o Preservation and Building Codes. The Preservation Press,National Trust for Historic Preservation. Washington, DC,1980.

o Rehabilitation Guidelines 1980, # 1. Guideline forSetting and Adopting Standards for BuildingRehabilitation. National Institute of Building Sciences,U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,Washington, DC, 1980.

3.4.1 Fire and Life Safety. Complying with modern standardsfor fire and life safety may present the greatest challenge tosuccessful preservation and continued use of historic buildings.To some degree most historic buildings fail to meet modern coderequirements for materials, methods of construction, and exitsystems.

The Life Safety Code determines the required number of exitsbased on the building’s use and the number of occupants.Normally, there must be two widely separated, enclosed, andfire-protected means of exiting from any point in a building.Safe access must be provided to fire-protected vertical andhorizontal circulation routes leading to the outside of thebuilding. Following prescriptive standards might requireenclosing existing open stairways, widening corridors ordoorways, or reversing door swings. But these actions wouldchange the historic appearance and architectural character of thebuilding. Rethinking the problem in terms of performance

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standards could lead to safe, workable alternatives that preservethe building. For instance, one or more new fireproof stairtowers might be added in less visible locations.

Automatic fire detection and suppression systems can lowerthe risk caused by inadequate exit provisions or obsoleteconstruction materials. However, the system should be carefullyselected and installed in a way that will have as little impactas possible on the historic fabric of the structure.

“Archaic” building materials are those which are consideredto have been out of general use for at least 30 years. They arenot necessarily unsafe. Usually they have gone out of use foreconomic or technical reasons. Consulting older city or stateconstruction codes or Rehabilitation Guidelines 1980: 8.Guidelines on Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies(U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office ofPolicy Development and Research; prepared by the NationalInstitute of Building Sciences) can be helpful in assessing thesafety performance of archaic materials and assemblies.

3.4.2 Health Hazards. Old buildings that appear to be ingood condition may actually be hiding a variety of threats to thehealth of occupants and maintenance personnel. Becoming aware ofthese potential hazards is an important part of any safe andeffective historic preservation maintenance program. The use ofsome building materials commonly found in older buildings, suchas asbestos, is no longer allowed because the materials have beenfound to be dangerous to humans. Some restoration techniques usechemical or abrasive cleaners that have to be handled carefullyin order not to create hazardous conditions. Old chimneys andflues that are blocked or left uncleaned may prevent ventilationfrom the heating system. Some old buildings are sealed sotightly with heavy insulation, weatherstripping, and vaporbarriers that the indoor air quality is harmed by inadequateventilation.

With sensible precautions, renovation and preservationmaintenance procedures can be performed safely. Be alert topossible hazards; provide adequate ventilation, either natural ormechanical; and wear protective masks or clothing, as needed.

Before beginning any maintenance project, identify andanalyze the potential level of risk from hazardous conditionswithin the structure. Samples of any doubtful materials foundshould be taken to a qualified laboratory for analysis.

Some of the more typical hazardous materials and theirhandling are discussed below:

o Asbestos. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral thatonce was considered almost the ideal building material,but is now known to be dangerous to human health. Between1890 and the early 1970s, it was commonly used asinsulation in houses and in as many as 3,000 other

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products, from spray-on fireproofing, sound proofing,piping and vessel insulation, vinyl asbestos floor tiles,ceiling tiles, and some types of shingles, to ironingboard covers. When asbestos-containing materials becomefriable (that is, powdery or easily crumbled), dangerousasbestos fibers may be released into the air. The fiberscan then be carried through the entire building by way ofthe ventilating system. Whenever the presence of asbestosis suspected, it should be reported and testedimmediately. Coordinate with the base asbestos controlprogram to determine treatment.

Asbestos can only be positively identified by laboratorytests of samples. There are some clues to watch for,however:

- Insulating coatings on old boilers: Off-white,smooth-surfaced, usually cracked.

- Cloth-wrapped steam and hot water pipe lagging,especially if the edges look like light-graycorrugated cardboard.

- Asbestos paper on heating pipes, forced-air ducting,beneath asphalt and linoleum flooring, behindkitchen wallpaper: off-white, usually textured,chalky-feeling.

- Asbestos-cement shingles used to re-side olderframed houses from the 1930s through the 1970s: anycolor, cracked and chipped along the edges inhigh-traffic areas. Asbestos-cement roof shinglesused from the 1940s through the 1960s: usually gray,often with brownish-white streaks in areas wherewater stands, very hard (pebbles tossed against themmake a pinging sound).

- Asbestos-cement board: usually gray, 1/4-3/4" thick,brittle, easily broken, often found on joists abovea furnace or boiler, around and beneath wood stoves,behind ceramic tile in a bathroom.

o Radon. Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gasthat occurs when uranium, a natural element, breaks down.Public Health Service studies have shown a link betweensome types of cancer and long-term exposure to radon gas.Buildings in areas where the earth contains large uraniumdeposits are more likely to have radon contamination.Since radon rises through the soil, it is most often foundin basements, but it can be distributed throughout abuilding by the ventilation system. Old houses actuallyare somewhat less likely than newer ones to have radoncontamination above the basement level because they havemore cracks and better natural ventilation. Detectionkits containing charcoal filters can be used to test for

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the presence of radon, but they must be analyzed by aqualified laboratory. Corrective measures for radoninclude sealing cracks in foundation walls and insulatingbasement areas to keep the gas from rising to the upperfloors.

o Lead Paint and Chemical Paint Removers. Almost allstructures built before 1940 contain lead paint, whoseremoval may create health hazards. If the paint is notpeeling and remains tight to the surface, it is not athreat. However, paint particles loosened by scraping orsanding can be inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through theskin to cause lead poisoning and permanent damage to thecentral nervous system. Chemical removers are consideredthe safest way to remove lead paint. However, thechemicals themselves release toxic fumes that can causepermanent lung damage with long-term exposure. Mostpaint-removing solvents contain hazardous chemicals suchas benzene, acetone, and methylene chloride. Manysolvents are flammable, and their vapor may cause firehazards in poorly ventilated spaces.

.o Blowtorches. There may be a temptation to try to hurry

the process of paint removal by using blowtorches.Blowtorches should never be used on historic structures.The high heat produced by an open flame releases vaporsthat may contain lead. Blowtorches also pose a seriousthreat of fire, even when they do not cause visiblesurface scorching. They can superheat the air insidecolumns , siding, cornices, and other hollow buildingelements, igniting debris, such as leaves, birds’ nests,and even dust, causing fires to break out long afterworkmen have left the scene. Electric hot-air blowers andheat plates are considered safer for paint removal becausethey operate at a temperature that is lower than thatrequired to vaporize lead or cause fires. After removal.lead paint residue is hazardous waste that must bedisposed of under the hazardous waste disposal program.Treated surfaces should be damp mopped after cleaning toreduce dust that might contain lead. Most vacuum cleanerfilters are too coarse to trap the tiny particles that area hazard.

o Bird and Bat Deposits (Guano). Many old buildings containlarge amounts of bird or bat droppings in attic or roofareas. These deposits can cause a number of infectiousand potentially fatal diseases of the lungs and centralnervous system. Removing the deposits requires specialprocedures in order to decontaminate the area withoutrisking infection. When entering such areas, wearbreathing masks and protective clothing. A sample of thematerial should be tested before work begins in order todetermine what level of risk exists and decide whatprecautions should be taken.

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o Other Hazards.

Carbon monoxide gas producedsystems.

Indoor air quality adversely

by inefficient heating

affected by the presenceof various pollutants released from building -

materials, pesticides, or other chemicals used in andaround the facility. Some foam insulations andparticle boards contain formaldehyde, a chemicalpreservative that slowly evaporates out of thematerial and enters the building air supply.Likewise, some fertilizers and pesticides used aroundthe exterior of the building foundation may infiltratethe building and enter the air supply. There aredetection kits that can be used to test indoor air forthe presence of various pollutants. However, mostindoor air pollution problems can be remedied by anefficient mechanical ventilation system that hasexterior air intake vents located away from pollutantsources.

Structural hazards, such as joists and beams damagedby termites or by careless plumbers and electricians.

Outdated wiring and electrical systems (e.g.,knob-and-tube) , or plumbing systems with lead orlead-soldered pipes.

For Further Information:

Robert H. Sawyer, M.D., and Roger G. Morse, AIA, "AnInventory Process for Determining Asbestos Control Needs andcosts,” Architecture, December 1986, pp. 116-119. (Publishedby The American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C.)

“Danger: Restoration may be Hazardous to your Health," TheOld-House Journal, May 1976, pp. 9-11.

Jack Reilly, “Living With(out) Asbestos," The Old-HouseJournal, March/April 1987.

3.4.3 Architectural Barriers. About 10 percent of thepopulation of the United States suffer from temporary orpermanent physical handicaps. Yet, until recently, few buildingswere designed for people in wheelchairs or on crutches or for thevisually impaired. However, the Americans with Disabilities Act,PL 101-336 (effective July 26, 1992) will require employers tomake "reasonable accommodations” to facilitate people withdisabilities, including employees, visitors, and others. The lawstates that architectural barriers should be removed when theremoval is “readily achievable." See alsoAccessibility Standards (FED STD 795).

Uniform Federal

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To some extent, the significance and use of a historicstructure or site determines the kinds of access that can beprovided. The objective is to provide independent access for allvisitors and users of the historic ’resource, while interfering aslittle as possible with its historic and architectural character.If the physical changes needed to create that kind of access aredestructive to the resource, alternatives may be considered, suchas providing special aids or staff assistance or, in the case ofmuseums, special interpretive or informational programs.Figure 3-3.) (See

Figure 3-3. The Planning Process for HandicappedAccess to Historic Buildings.

(Source: Robert P. Beden in Access to Historic Buildings for theDisabled, U.S. Department of the Interior)

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Wheelchair Access. Wheelchairs for the physicallyhandicapped usually create the greatest accessibility problemsfor historic structures. Large buildings often have mainentrances with elegant doorways that are approached by monumentalstairways. Even modest houses are usually reached by severalsteps. Often, these stairs are steep, and doorways are narrowand cannot be adapted for wheelchair traffic without harming thearchitectural character of the building. Inside the building,hallways and interior doors may be too narrow. There may be noelevators, and floor surfaces may be too rough to allowwheelchairs to move easily. Portable, temporary ramps mightsolve the problem, or other, more accessible entrances to thebuilding might be used instead.

Toilet Facilities. Modern, fully usable and accessibletoilet facilities, drinking fountains, and telephones should beprovided for every person using the building. Sometimes theserequirements can be met with just one private, fully equippedlavatory for use by both women and men.

Other Impairments. Other categories of disability includepartial mobility impairment, such as the use of braces orcrutches; inability to climb stairs or steep paths; and partialor total blindness or deafness.

For Further Information:

U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.Accommodation of Disabled Visitors at Historic Sites in theNational Park System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1983.

Stephen A. Kliment. Into the Mainstream, A Syllabus for aBarrier-Free Environment. Washington, D.C.: The RehabilitationServices Administration, HEW, and the American Institute ofArchitects, 1975.

3.5 EMERGENCY PRESERVATION AND MOTHBALLING. Like ships,buildings sometimes have to be mothballed; that is placed inreserve for future use. Or they may suffer damage or potentialdamage that cannot be fully handled immediately, perhaps as aresult of a hurricane, a fire, or an unexpected structuralfailure. These situations call for temporary measures to securethe building until permanent arrangements for repair orrehabilitation can be made. Since these “temporary" measures mayhave to last for years but may have to be done very quickly, theymust be carefully planned in advance so that they can be carriedout efficiently without causing further harm to the building.

3.5.1 Mothballing Maintenance Considerations. Check NAVFACMO-300, Inactivation. Caretaker Maintenance, Closure andReactivation of Shore Facilities, for mothballing steps. A fewcritical items are:

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o Stabilize the structure. First, deal with any damage thatcannot wait. Shore up walls, stairways, and roofs thatmight collapse.

o Waterproof the structure. Water is a buildings mortalenemy. An empty building is especially at risk. Put thebuilding under a secure roof. Make sure gutters anddownspouts are sound and clear. Check flashing andinstall chimney caps if needed. Check basement drainsoften. Turn off the utilities (water, electricity, gas).Drain toilets and water pipes.

o Close windows, doors, and other openings to keep out rainand snow. If necessary, sheets of plywood may becarefully inserted into openings. (Use screws, not nails,to minimize damage to original building materials.)

o Keep vermin out. Birds, bats, rats, mice, groundhogs,squirrels, and skunks are destructive.

o Provide thorough ventilation of attic and basement spaces.Louvered vents can be installed in existing windowopenings to keep air flowing through the building.

o Keep an eye on the building. Regular inspection can spottrouble before it gets out of hand. Install fire or smokedetectors connected at least to an outside howler alarmor, preferably, to the base fire station. An intrusionalarm system is also desirable, even if it only catches atrespassing groundhog.

3.5.2 Emergency Preservation. The requirements for emergencypreservation (the roof blows off, a wall collapses, a fire startsin the attic, or the first floor floods , etc.) are similar tothose for mothballing. The main difference is that they have tobe done fast to avoid further damage.

o Waterproof. If necessary, add a temporary coveringimmediately to protect the interior until the roof isrebuilt, even if it must be a temporary covering ofplastic. Follow the other waterproofing steps under theMothballing section of NAVFAC MO-300, such as closing doorand window openings. If there is water damage, beespecially careful to allow for good air circulation.

o Turn off the utilities. A gas leak, an electrical short,or a broken water pipe will make a bad situation worse!

o Stabilize. Do whatever needs to be done to protect humanlife and to keep the damage from escalating. Shore updamaged walls, floors, stairs, and chimneys as needed.Look for evidence of structural damage still waiting tohappen.

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o Secure any significant decorative features. If feasible,cover them in place, perhaps by boxing them in withplywood ., Otherwise, carefully remove and store them in asafe place. Photograph the features before removing orcovering them, to aid in rehabilitation planning.Features to be protected include staircases, mantelpieces,ceiling cornices, door and window trim, and baseboards.

3.6 USE OF MAINTENANCE MANUALS, GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHERPUBLICATIONS FOR HISTORIC FACILITY MAINTENANCE PLANNING. Thereare many books, magazines, guide specifications, brochures, andvideotapes on methods and materials for treating historicfacilities. However, the diversity of old materials and oldtechniques that can be encountered makes it likely that just theright guide specification does not exist. Maintenance manualsand Engineered Performance Standards (EPS) will provide basicguidance; however, the entire project should be evaluated withthe sensitivity talked about throughout this manual. PublicWorks Departments are encouraged to compile specific data thatdirectly addresses the local historic resources. The greater thelibrary of alternatives, the higher the chance that the workperformed will be sensitive to the historic values beingpreserved.

Planning for historic work should include those materials andmethods that will, within the realm of economics, last thelongest. This may include using new materials or technologies asthey become available as long as they maintain the desired, orrequired, appearance of the building. Plan enough time so thatproper attention can be given to those older materials,remembering that older materials do not always need to bereplaced. Painting or providing simple weather protection can goa long way towards being most of the required preservationundertaking.

Again, remember to include enough time for the formal reviewsrequired for projects that affect National Register listed andeligible properties. Be sure to contact the EFD, NAVFAC, andSHPO before work begins. They will have helpful planningtechniques or resources to ensure the proper preservation actionsare accomplished in accordance with the mandated policies. Earlyinvolvement by these organizations can help to prevent laterdelays in completing the project.

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CHAPTER 4. HISTORIC BUILDING MAINTENANCE

4.1 POLICY AND OBJECTIVES. The National Historic PreservationAct of 1966 established a federal policy of stewardship forAmerica’s cultural resources, including its historic buildings.The act requires Federal agencies to identify the historicbuildings they own, to use them wisely, and to maintain them forthe benefit of future generations. The Navy is committed topreserving and maintaining its historic buildings, but not torestoring the buildings to an original or historic appearance.The National Park Service, as the lead preservation agency of thefederal government, has developed guidelines for thepreservation, stabilization and rehabilitation of historicbuildings, based on standards established by the Secretary of theInterior.

4.1.1 Integrity of the Building: Original, Old, and ModernAspects. Not every old building is historic, and not everyhistoric building is very old. Some important historicstructures are neither beautiful nor especially interesting tolook at. Others have been altered or allowed to deteriorate sothat they no longer qualify as historic. Certain parts of anyhistoric structure are more important than other parts.

Even experts may have trouble sorting it all out, so it isnot safe to rely on your own eye or personal taste. Check theconstruction date listed on the facility inventory. Aconstruction date before 1946 should alert you that the buildingmay require special historic treatment. Remember that, inhistoric buildings, protecting the building materials is a vitalpart of protecting the building. For this reason, even routinemaintenance tasks need to be done with care.

Historic buildings lose their historic or architecturalqualities if too much of what makes them significant is changed,lost, or removed. Additions that are more than fifty years oldmay also be historically significant.

Few historic buildings can or should remain completelyunaltered indefinitely. For many good reasons, it may bedesirable to add modern aspects to an old building: new rooms orentire building wings, interior partitions, handicapped-accessaids, emergency exits, or modern amenities such as more efficientheating and air-conditioning systems, updated lighting andelectrical service, even elevators. Such changes can help to ,keep a building young if they are made in ways that respect thecharacter of the building and its materials. If they arecarelessly done, they can destroy its historic meaning and eventhe structure itself. Alterations and additions should beinstalled in a way that does not harm the historic fabric and can

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be removed at a later date without leaving an impaired historicstructure.

4.2 DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS. Even well-maintained buildingsare constantly in the process of changing as the materials theyare made of deteriorate. To understand why building materialsfail and how they can be made to last longer, it is necessary toknow something about their makeup. The following is a briefsummary of the major building materials and some of their mostfrequent problems.

4.2.1 Masonry. Masonry is a term that applies to stone,brick, terra cotta, adobe, concrete, stucco, and mortar. It isone of the most durable of all building materials. A well-builtand well-cared for masonry building can last for centuries, butit can be quickly ruined by the wrong maintenance or repairtechniques or harsh cleaning methods, such as sandblasting.

o Brick. Brick is a mixture of clay and sand that has beenshaped in molds, partially dried, and then baked at hightemperatures to produce a hard surface. Generally, theolder the brick, the softer and less dense it is and themore irregular the color and surface texture are.Hand-molded brick, used in buildings constructed beforeabout 1830, is very soft. Pressed brick, used later inthe 19th century, was mechanically formed under highpressure to make a hard, dense product with a smooth,uniform surface. Around the turn of the 20th century,pattern bricks in a variety of surface textures and incolors other than red or brown (usually yellow and cream)came into use. Especially in the earliest periods, brickswere often rubbed or shaped to achieve a decorativeeffect. Variations in color and texture produced bydifferent natural materials in the clay and varied firingtemperatures also produced decorative effects. Very soft,low-grade brick (salmon brick) may be found as fillerbehind face brick in buildings of all periods. Thisfiller brick is especially subject to crumbling whenexposed to water. The quality of brick, its size, color,and texture, and the various brick bonding patterns foundin historic buildings often suggest when they were builtand how they were used. (See Figure 4-l.) Brick surfacesmay span or crumble, or the brick may crack. Harshcleaning may remove the "crust" that is essential to theweathering ability of the brick. Repairing damaged brickis almost never feasible. A major advantage of masonryconstruction in general, and of brick buildings inparticular, is that when building units decay or aredamaged, they can be easily cut out and replaced.Sometimes bricks from a less visible part of the buildingcan be swapped for damaged ones, or matching salvagedbricks can be found. Since bricks of almost every typeare still being made, there is no reason to settle forless than an exact replica when replacements are needed.

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Figure 4-1. Brick Bonds in Historic Buildings.

(Illustration: Robert C. Mack, A.I.A. Preservation Briefs 2:Repointing Mortar Joints in Historic Brick Buildings, Technical

Preservation Services Division, National Park Service)

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o Stone. Although we think of stone as a hard material,many building stones are quite soft. For instance,limestone, sandstone (especially the type known asbrownstone), and marble can be dissolved by plain water.They are all subject to pitting, staining, and erosion.The sulfuric acid in acid rain can dissolve the surface oflimestone buildings. Structural stress can causecracking, or moisture from the freeze-thaw cycle may causespalling. The hard, protective crust on stone formed whenit was new can be destroyed by harsh cleaning methods.

Stone has a natural bedding plane, or direction inwhich its layers were formed in the earth, somewhat likethe grain in wood. Often its structural strength as wellas its beauty depends partly on its being laid with thisplane perpendicular, rather than parallel, to the face ofthe building. Otherwise, it can delaminate, or separatealong the bedding planes, and exfoliate (the face of thestone peels off). (See Figure 4-2.) Deicing chemicalscan destroy masonry steps and walks and can leach intonearby masonry walls, causing chemical damage. Unlikebrick, damaged stone often can be repaired using modernepoxies and consolidants. However, any repair moreextensive than reattaching a small section must be done bymasonry experts. (See Figures 4-3 and 4-4.)

o Mortar. Mortar is the bedding material that separates thebuilding units in a masonry structure. The mortar used inmost 18th and 19th century buildings was made of lime andsand, or of lime, sand, and a little cement, mixed withwater. (See Figure 4-5.) Because it is elastic and softin comparison with the masonry, mortar allows thestructure to shift and “give” slightly under stress; italso cushions the individual masonry units from too muchpressure. Early mortar, made mostly of lime, is very weakand porous compared to modern cement. However, itsweakness is an advantage from the standpoint of oldmasonry, which would be overstressed if a hard mortar likeportland cement was used. The absorbent quality of limemortar can also be helpful, because it allows excessmoisture to transpire, or "breathe" out of the building.On the other hand, its absorbency becomes troublesome whenground water is pulled up into the walls through capillaryaction, creating a condition known as "rising damp."

Mortar mixes containing a high ratio of portlandcement, an extremely hard mortar developed in the late19th century, should be used only with compatible hardmodern masonry. Do not use mortars high in portlandcement on historic buildings. When soft brick isrepointed with a hard cement, building stresses aretransferred to the brick rather than to the mortar.Furthermore, excess moisture attempting to leave thebuilding gets trapped within the brick rather thanescaping through the mortar joints. Eventually, pressure

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Figure 4-2.

(Illustration:

Stone Bedding Planes.

The Old-House Journal)

Figure 4-3. Patching Brownstone with Powdered Brownstone andCement Mix.

(Illustration: The Old-House Journal)

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Figure 4-4. Blind Reattachment of Broken Stone.

(Source:

from theface offMany old

Dinu Bumbaru, Heritage Montreal Foundation)

captured water and crystallized salts pops thethe brick, creating an effect known as spalling.repainting jobs used portland cement, which may

now be impossible to remove without causing further damageto the bricks around it.

In general, repainting should be avoided unless it isclearly needed. Even when carefully done, it can damageold masonry. When repainting is necessary, the damagedmortar should be carefully raked out to a depth of about 1inch, using only hand-held tools, such as chisels that arefitted to the joint. If the mortar is very powdery, anair jet or a gentle stream of water may be used to cleanit out. Power tools such as cutting wheels or pneumaticchisels, should not be used on historic masonry, as it isimpossible to avoid damage to the historic fabric.

Replacement mortar should match the old as closely aspossible in composition and color. (Be sure to match theoriginal mortar, not a later repainting job.) Usehydrated lime and clean sand that matches the original asclosely as possible in color, type, and coarseness. Tosee what kind of sand is needed, crush a sample of theoriginal mortar in water and let the sand settle out

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Figure 4-5. Guide to Mortar Mixes (Relative Mortar Strength) .

(Source: Dinu Bumbaru, Heritage Montreal Foundation)

It may be hard to get a perfect color match. Althoughmortar color is determined mostly by the color of the sandit contains, it is also affected by other factors, such ascolored additives and weathering. To determine theoriginal mortar color, carefully clean (by washing orgentle scraping) and examine joints in several differentlocations on the building. Unless you are matching agray-to-black mortar, always use white cement, not gray.Color additives or manufactured tinted cements may beused, but it is sometimes better to give time andweathering a chance to soften the contrast between old andnewly pointed areas than to add color. You may find thatthe historic mortar containssugar, but these are harmfulreplacement mortar.

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additives such as salt orand should never be added to

New mortar joints should be of the same size and shape(profile) as the original. Since historic methods ofpointing were quite different from modern ones,duplicating them requires special skills and tools. Forlarge jobs, a skilled mason will be needed, and even anexperienced worker may need practice to match a particulartooling effect. Be certain not to smear the new mortarover the brick edges. Mortar should never be smearedacross the face of the stone except in rare cases whenrepainting an original rubble finish. (See Figures 4-6,4-7, and 4-8.)

o Terra Cotta. Modern terra cotta is a hard, ceramicproduct that was developed in the late 19th century. Itwas often used as wall cladding or as a substitute forcarved stone exterior decoration through the 1930s. Itmay be found also as tile decorations on buildingsconstructed in the 1920s and 1930s. Terra cotta comes ina wide range of finishes, from matte to gloss; the colorsrange from earth or stone hues to brilliant tones. Mostdamage to terra cotta is caused by using the wrongcleaning methods. Do not attempt to clean terra cottawith hydrofluoric acid or any other strong acid. Crackingor chipping of pieces is often caused by deterioratinganchoring systems. New terra cotta is available made toorder to replace failed historic units.

o stucco . stucco , a waterproof type of exterior plaster, ismade of lime, cement, and aggregate. It was originallyintended to protect soft brick or wood construction and toprovide a decorative surface. In historic buildings ofthe 18th and 19th centuries, it was often scored toresemble stone. Like interior plaster, it is usually laidon in three coats, the first a rough "brown" coat, thelast a relatively smooth finish. In 20th centurybuildings, it frequently has a rough, aggregate finish,used both functionally and decoratively. Stucco made witha high portland cement content should not be used torepair most historic buildings.

o Concrete. A mixture of cement and aggregate, concretecame into general use in the late 19th century. It is adense, very strong, relatively impermeable material thatdoes not absorb water readily. Early concrete buildingblocks (similar to today’s CMUs, or cement masonry units)were often molded to resemble stone. Poured concrete hasbeen around since the 19th century, and became widely usedwhen steel reinforcement became possible. Althoughconcrete does not absorb moisture easily, the metalanchors or pins that hold it can get wet, rust, and expandenough to damage the concrete, causing it to span,exposing the reinforcing. Imitation stone made of cementand crushed stone aggregate has been frequently used inthe 20th century.

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Figure 4-6. Brick Joints.

(Source: Harley J. McKee, Introduction to Early AmericanMasonrv, Copyright 1973, National Trust for Historic

Preservation)

1. Flush. Surplus mortar scraped off with a trowel.

2. Struck, with drip. Done with the point of a trowel.

3. Struck, without drip. Not for exterior exposure.

4. Raised.

5. Tooled. Done with a jointer.

6. Tooled and scribed (or ruled).

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Figure 4-7. Repainting.

(Source: Harley J. McKee, Introduction to Early AmericanMasonry, Copyright 1973, National Trust for Historic

Preservation)

1. Old weathered brick or stone often has worn, rounded edges.Feather edges of mortar break off, taking with them particlesof brick.

2. Recessed joints look better and are less susceptible todamage.

3. When soft bricks are pointed with hard cement mortar, thehard mortar remains but the bricks disintegrate.

CAUSES OF MASONRY DECAY

Major Causes of Masonry Decay. A certain amount of water isnatural and necessary in all bricks and stones. However,when the moisture content is too high, soluble salts withinthe masonry may crystallize and cause damage. Where do thesalts come from? Often they are brought up from the soil byrising damp, which is caused by water being wicked up intothe masonry from wet ground and foundations. The damagecaused by rising damp may reach one to two feet above theground. In much the same way, chemicals used to melt snowfrom walks and drives near a building can leach into thewalls and crystallize. In cold climates, excessive moisturewithin the masonry alternately freezes (expands) and thaws(contracts), with similar harmful results. Under flood

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HOW TO REPOINT

Figure 4-8. How to Repoint.

(Illustration: Blair Prentice, Rehab RiGht; How to Realize theFull Value of Your Old House, Copyright 1978 & 1986, City of

Oakland, CA)

conditions, when water flows through masonry walls, differentparts of the building may settle at different rates, causinguneven stress on the building parts. Flooding can alsodamage other building materials, causing, for example, woodto rot or iron masonry anchors to rust. Inappropriaterehabilitation techniques such as sandblasting or repaintingwith hard mortar can also create severe problems. Anothercause of masonry deterioration is differential expansion,which takes place when one part of the building reacts tochanges in temperature more quickly than other parts do, orwhen a building shifts because of weaknesses in the soil,foundations, or structure. Damage from mechanical impact maybe caused by accidents (as when a truck backs into the cornerof a brick building), by wear or tear from normal use (likeheavy foot traffic on limestone steps), or by inappropriaterenovation techniques such as the use of power tools to cutout old mortar joints. Chemical disintegration may resultfrom pollutants in the atmosphere (such as the sulfuric acidin acid rain, whichaway) or from acids

turns limestone into gypsum that washessecreted by moss or lichens.

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SUMMARY OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PROCEDURESFOR MASONRY

RECOMMENDED :

Retain original masonry andmortar whenever possiblewithout applying any surfacetreatment.

Repoint only those mortarjoints where there is evidenceof moisture problems or whensufficient mortar is missingto allow water to stand in themortar joint.

Duplicate old mortar incomposition, color, andtexture. Duplicate old mortarin joint size, method ofapplication, and jointprofile. Repair stucco with astucco mixture that duplicatesthe original as closely aspossible in appearance andtexture.

Clean masonry only whennecessary to stabilize thebrickwork by haltingdeterioration. Always use thegentlest method possible.

STRUCTURES

NOT RECOMMENDED:

Do not apply waterproof orwater repellent coatings orother treatments unlessrequired to solve a specificproblem that has been studiedand identified. Coatings arefrequently unnecessary andexpensive. Waterproofcoatings may prevent thenatural transfer of watervapor from the building,causing masonry todeteriorate.

Do not repoint mortar jointsthat do not need repainting.

Do not use electric saws orhammers to remove mortar.

Do not repoint with mortar ofhigh portland cement content,creating a bond that may bestronger than the buildingmaterial.

Do not repoint with mortarjoints of a differing size,profile, texture, or color.

Do not sandblast brick orstone surfaces.

Do not clean with high--pressure water.

Do not use chemical productsthat could have an adversechemical reaction with themasonry materials, e.g. acidcleaners on limestone ormarble.

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Retain the original or early Do not use electric saws orcolor and texture of masonry hammers to remove mortar.surfaces wherever possible.Brick or stone surfaces may Do not remove paint fromhave been painted or masonry surfaces unless it iswhitewashed for practical or necessary. This may subjectaesthetic reasons. the building to damage and may

change its historicalappearance.

Repair or replace wherenecessary, deterioratedmaterial with new materialthat duplicates the old asclosely as possible.

(Further discussion of masonry maintenance problems andrecommended solutions may be found in Sections 4.3, MoistureProblems; 4.4, Cleaning and Coatings; 4.5, StructuralMaintenance; 4.9, Exterior Wall Systems: and 4.17, New andSubstitute Materials.)

4.2.2 Metal. Metals found in historic structures includewrought and cast iron, tin, lead, zinc, copper, bronze, brass,lead, steel, terne, nickel and nickel alloys, stainless steel,and aluminum. These metals are found as nails, hardware, roofs,decorative crestings, balusters, domes, cupolas, railings,interior and exterior stairways, window tames, window frames,masonry anchors, girders, trusses, paint, and walls--almostanything and everything a building might contain, from structureto decoration. In order to stop metal deterioration and repairdamage, it is essential, but not always easy, to identify themetal. Most metal problems are caused by water, corrosion, orgalvanic reactions.

o Corrosion. Architectural metals most often deterioratethrough corrosion (also called oxidation), the chemicalreaction of a metal with oxygen or other substances. Thecorrosion attack may be uniform (the metal corrodes evenlywherever it is exposed to corrosive agents) or selective(certain parts are affected more than others because of adifference in composition of the parts). Corrosion cantake many forms:

-Pitting.

-Stress corrosion cracking (caused when wrought, orworked metal reacts to chemicals in the environment) .

-Erosion (caused by abrasion that exposes fresh metal tocorrosive agents) .

-Galvanic corrosion (an electrochemical reaction tocontact between two different metals, such as an ironnail in a copper roof).

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-Atmospheric corrosion (the most common form, caused bythe sulfur compounds found in industrial exhausts andthe salt air and seawater in coastal areas).

Not all corrosion is bad. Oxidation sometimes forms aprotective coating for the metal, limiting further damage.The greenish patina that forms on copper roofs is oneexample of this "healthy" corrosion.

o Mechanical breakdown. Metals may break down because ofabrasion from moving dirt, dust, sand, grit, sleet andhail, or rubbing. Abrasion is especially critical withmetal flashings and valleys used on slate roofs. Humanuse is another cause of abrasion. Roof areas that must bewalked on for maintenance should be protected with wooddecking. Metal fatigue is caused by repeated low-levelstress. Metal fatigue often causes the failure of copperroofs, which expand and contract in response totemperature changes. It also may lead to structuralfailures of metal railroad bridges. Creep, overloading,fire damage, weathering, and connection failure are othercommon metal problems. Cast iron may not only rust, butcan also be split by freeze-thaw cycles if water getsbehind the rust as in a column or baluster. When ironpieces are attached to masonry, such as stair railings setin stone or concrete, rusting iron may expand and splitthe masonry. Most architectural cast iron is made of manysmall pieces bolted together. Many problems, such aswobbly stair rails, can be solved by taking the elementapart, and cleaning and tightening all the bolts. You mayhave to use a larger bolt or screw to make up for metallost through rusting.

4.2.3 Wood. Fire may be the fastest way to destroy wood, butwater is by far the most common. Besides the damage it can dodirectly, it encourages fungus, mold, and insects; and it hastensstructural failure by weakening wood members. Dry rot, wet rot,brown rot, fungus, and mold are all signs of excessive moisture.Insect infestations require professional treatment. Be alert forevidence of bugs or damage. Powderpost beetles leave littlepiles of sawdust at their exit holes. Old-house borers makelarge oval holes in coniferous wood. Termite damage can be foundby sticking a pen knife into the wood. Professional inspectionand treatment for insect infestation is needed to prevent furtherdamage. (See Figure 4-9.)

Decayed wood should be replaced or repaired whenever it isfound. Epoxies can be used to stabilize damaged pieces. In-kindreplacement (i.e., with wood) is usually fairly simple. Moldedand decorative shapes are widely available from commercial shops.When necessary, large decorative features high on a building may

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Figure 4-9. Northern Geographical Limits for Termite Damage.The northern limit of damage in the United States bysubterranean termites (Line A) ; by dry-wood or non-subterranean termites (Line B).

(Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture)

be replaced with fiberglass or sheet metal fabrications made by aspecialist. They should be considered only when the replacementsare too high up on the building to be easily seen from the groundor when the original wooden pieces are too heavy to be safelysupported by the historic structure.

In choosing replacement wood, keep in mind the shape andcharacter of the original. Modern standard lumber sizes aresmaller than historic lumber sizes. Replacement pieces should becut to match the old pieces exactly, since even small differenceswill be very obvious on the finished job. If it is not to bepainted, the new wood should match the old wood in species,grain, and color. Do not repaint unless you have to. Cleanbefore repainting, but do not use water or chemicals on barewood .

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Keep the wood dry. Keep gutters, downspouts, and roofflashing in good repair. Do not let water stand on roofs, windowsills, door and window lintel tops, cornices, or decorativeelements. Allow ventilation. Keep weep holes open in hollowvertical elements such as columns. Provide them if needed.Weathering of bare wood may cause discoloration, erosion, anddisintegration. Generally, bare wood should be treated withpreservatives and\or primed and painted. Pentachlorophenolsolutions (5% pentachlorophenol solution in water) should beapplied to sanded wood before repainting. A 10% solution may beused for wood that is often wet. To waterproof butt joints, endjoints, and other vertical joints, use a 20% solution in waterwith oil or liquid paraffin additives.

4.3 MOISTURE PROBLEMS. Protecting the building from excessivemoisture is the most important goal of a historic buildingmaintenance program. Moisture should be the prime suspectwhenever almost anything goes wrong with an old building.

Water is the enemy of all building materials--wood, masonry,stone, or metal. It attacks from every direction--as snow orrain, as humidity, as free water in the soil or as rising dampwithin the walls. It collects on rooftops, in basements, and ininsulation. Nearly every cause of building decay, includingvegetation, fungus, insect infestation, chemical damage, andother ills, is made possible or made worse by the presence ofmoisture. (See Figure 4-10.)

Moisture meters can be used to detect and quantify excessmoisture, but many early symptoms are easy to spot withoutspecial equipment. It is useless and sometimes impossible torepair water-related damage unless the cause of excessivemoisture is eliminated. Simple, preventive maintenance isusually the best way to keep a building dry and sound.

IF YOU FIND THESE THINGS WHEN INSPECTING FOR MOISTURE:

Standing water

Peeling paint

Damp wallpaper and powdery plaster

Damaged floors

Rotting wood (dry rot)

Rusting metal

Deteriorated mortar

Molds and fungi

Efflorescence, spalling, or discolored masonry

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POTENTIAL AREAS OF DECAY

Figure 4-10. Potential Areas of Decay.

(Source: Douglas

IF YOU FIND THESE

Bucher, Preservation League of New York State)

THINGS WHEN INSPECTING FOR MOISTURE (Cont.):

Insect infestation

Damp, musty inside air...

THEN LOOK FOR:

Faulty mortar

Damaged parapets

Cracks in the masonry

Defective caulking, sealants, and expansion joints

Defective gutters, downspouts, and flashing

Leaky copings

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THEN LOOK FOR (Cont.):

Rising damp

Ivy or other vegetation

Damaged surfaces (e.g., sandblasted brick, faulty woodsiding) . . .

THEN DO THESE THINGS AS FIRST PRIORITY:

- Maintain, clean, or repair roofs, flashing, gutters,downspouts, windows, caulking, mortar joints, weepholes in columns, etc.

- Keep attic, basement, and foundations dry and wellventilated, with properly working floor and grounddrains as needed.

- Keep door and window frames tight-fitting and wellcaulked.

- Keep shrubbery and vines away from the walls andfoundations. Do not overwater plants near the buildingfoundation.

CONSIDER THESE STEPS AS LAST RESORTS:

- Damp-proof courses and French drains

- Below-grade waterproofing agents

- Above-grade water repellent coatings.

(See Figures 4-11 and 4-12.)

4.4 CLEANING AND COATINGS.

4.4.1 Cleaning of Masonry. The usual reason for wanting toclean masonry buildings is cosmetic. Clean buildings often looknicer than dirty ones. Cleaning can also reveal historicfeatures, colors, or textures that have been hidden under yearsof dirt. Cleaning masonry can make repairs easier and preventfurther damage.

However, improper cleaning can have exactly the oppositeeffect, causing irreversible damage. Before beginning a masonrycleaning project, get the advice of an experienced and unbiasedmasonry specialist (not a cleaning contractor) . This is no timefor home remedies and self-help because mistakes can be costlyand permanent. The SHPO can recommend appropriate methods andsources of expert advice.

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Figure 4-11. Sources of Water Damage Around Chimneys.Note entry points at chimney cap, parapet, flashing, anddefective mortar joints.

(Source: Respectful Rehabilitation: Masonry, The PreservationPress, National Trust for Historic Preservation)

Before attempting any type of cleaning, it is important tofind out what kinds of dirt are present, determine whether thedirt is actually damaging the building, and decide on thegentlest possible means of removing it. Dirty buildings usuallyhave a combination of dirt, soot, smoke, bird droppings, oilstains, metal stains such as rust and copper, graffiti, paint,tar, and\or organic stains left by moss, algae, lichen, fungi,and ivy tendrils. The masonry itself may have developed adirty-looking protective crust that cannot be removed withoutremoving part of the masonry. One type of dirt found in urbanand industrial areas is grime, a black or gray crust formed bythe interaction of airborne particles from natural and industrialsources with microorganisms like fungi, algae, or ivy secretions,as well as byproducts from the breakdown of the masonry surfaceitself.

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COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE BASEMENT

Figure 4-12. Common Problems in the Basement.

(Source: Douglas Bucher, Preservation League of New York State)

PRODUCTS FOR USE IN SPOT CLEANING STONEWORK

NOTE : Before undertaking cleaning, test in a small,inconspicuous area. Water must be clean and free of metallicelements.

Graffiti, spray paint On exterior stonework:acetone, varnish solvent,commercial paint stripper.

On interior stonework:solvents such as lacquerthinners or chlorinatedhydrocarbons (most effectivewith fresh stains)

Asphalt, bitumen, tar

Oil, grease

Kerosene, xylene, toluene,mineral spirits, chlorinatedsolvents, automobile asphaltcleaner.

Chlorinated solvents,petroleum solvents, ammoniumhydroxide.

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Rust

Copper and alloys

Lichen, moss, ivy, plants

Algae, mushrooms, mold

Tobacco smoke, old coatingresidues

Oxalic acid poultice (ongranite), sodium citrate orammonium citrate (on carbonatestones such as marble orlimestone), citric acid.

Ammonium carbonate, ammoniasolutions, sulfamic acid,ammonium chloride.

Commercial herbicides,detergents, household bleach.

Soap, commercial powderedcleanser with bleach (e.g.,Ajax, Comet), calciumhypochlorite (chlorinatedlime), leaching powders,peroxide.

Bleaching poultices made withhydrogen peroxide orhypochlorite bleach (e.g.,clorox).

On marble: paste of calciumhypochlorite mixed withhydrated lime.

(Based on material in Respectful Rehabilitation: Masonrv -How to Care for Old and Historic Brick and Stone, by Mark London.Washington: The Preservation Press, 1986.)

Take the time to get a clear idea of what the problem is andwhat can safely be done about it. Any cleaning methods beingconsidered should be tried first on a test patch (about twosquare feet on brick or one entire unit on a stone wall) on aninconspicuous part of the building. Allow plenty of time forresults to appear. Deterioration or discoloration may takemonths to show up.

Removing Graffiti. Historical graffiti (for instance, thenames of early residents written on an attic wall) should bepreserved. Modern graffiti (lipstick, spray paint, andmagic-marker messages) should usually be removed. Solvents mustbe chosen to fit the particular stain and applied as a poultice(a paste made of a chemical mixed with an inert substance such astalc, fullers earth, chalk powder, clay, sawdust, whiting, ordiatomaceous earth.) The poultice is spread 1/3 to 1/2 inchthick on the pre-wetted stained surface, covered with a plasticsheet, and allowed to dry slowly. When dry, it is carefullyremoved, then rinsed with water. (See Figure 4-13.) A poultice

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Figure 4-13. How to Apply a Poultice.

Absorbent material is applied to stain; the area is covered;poultice is scraped off with wooden spatula; the surface isrinsed with water.

(Source: Dinu Bumbaru, Heritage Montreal Foundation)

made of a paint remover containing methylene chloride-based paintremover mixed with talc, chalk, or clay as a thickening agent iseffective against felt tip marker ink. Anti-graffiti surfacecoatings (e.g. , urethanes, acrylics, silicones) should be avoidedbecause they frequently change the appearance of the coatedsurface and may even act as a primer for some markers.

Paint removal from masonry. Do not remove paintunnecessarily. Complete removal is usually a mistake, since thepaint was very likely put there for a good reason--perhaps toprotect soft or deteriorated brick or to hide sloppy originalmasonry work. It may have been part of the original decorativescheme for the building. Stripping it can damage the surfacebeneath or speed deterioration. As a general rule, paint shouldbe taken down only to the first, tight, undamaged layer. Inremoving paint, keep in mind that any building constructed before1950 may contain lead paint. Lead-based paint removed by anymethod is hazardous waste and must be disposed of accordingly.Use proper precautions.

Before starting a stripping job, carefully remove paint fromseveral test patches in an unobtrusive section of the building tosee what problems may arise. The sequence of paints and paintcolors on a building is a part of its history. If all of thepaint is to be removed, the research necessary to determine theoriginal colors should be done before stripping. Keep as-is atleast one small section that contains every paint color ashistoric evidence.

Badly peeling surfaces that will be repainted should beprepared by hand, using natural bristle or nylon brushes and handscrapers to remove only the deteriorated paint. Trisodiumphosphate (TSP) in water is a good cleaner if you are planning torepaint a basically sound surface, as it softens and removes theold top layer, leaving a deglossed surface.

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Always use the gentlest cleaning method possible. Avoidabrasive cleaning. Abrasive cleaning methods, such as wet or drysand or grit blasting, even at very low pressure, should never beused on historic masonry or wood buildings. These methodsdestroy the hard outer skin of bricks and terra cotta and evenstone. Once this protection is gone, the surfaces become muchmore likely to soak up water, leading to problems such asspalling, exfoliation, efflorescence, and decay. Abrasivecleaning can also damage nearby building surfaces, such as glass.It is a hazard to workers, bystanders, and automobiles, as wellas to shrubbery and other landscape features. If it is necessaryto remove all the paint, the following methods may be considered:

o Wet cleaning. It is usually safe to begin cleaningmasonry with a low-pressure spray of plain water from ahand-held garden hose and a gentle scrub using a soft,natural bristle brush. Do not use wire brushes-- they arehard on the masonry, and particles of the wire may be leftbehind to rust and stain. A tablespoon or 2 of liquidnonionic detergent, such as household dishwashing liquid,can be added to each gallon of water. If that fails,prolonged spraying or misting with plain water at lowpressure may soften surface dirt enough to allow it to berinsed off. The spraying should be done intermittentlyfor only 3 or 4 minutes at a time with a pause of severalseconds in between. This will keep the surface fromdrying and also avoid penetrating masonry joints ordamaging the surface. (Attach a timer to the hose.) Thesoftening process may take up to a week. High-pressurewashing (600 - 1800 psi) should not be used on any exceptthe hardest surfaces, since softer stone (like limestone,sandstone, and marble) can be eroded by high pressurewater. Steam cleaning is expensive, slow (average workingtime: 1 minute/square foot), and somewhat hazardous to theworker. It is useful for cleaning intricately carvedareas without heavy brushing, and it is less likely tocause staining than prolonged washing.

There are some problems associated with wet cleaning.Chemicals in the water may react adversely with those inthe masonry. For instance, water containing copper oriron can cause stains on the surface of building stone.(Adding chelating chemicals to trap the metal in the washwater can help to prevent this effect.) Water may bringmineral salts in brick or stone to the surface, causing ahazy, white film called efflorescence. This discolorationis harmless in itself and can usually be brushed awaywithout permanent damage to the masonry. Check the pHlevel of the water before starting. Prolonged washingwith even slightly acidic water, such as that from mostpublic water supplies, can dissolve limestone or marblesurfaces. Masonry can be structurally weakened bysaturation. Water that penetrates through mortar jointsto interior surfaces can saturate insulation and damage

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finishes and materials. Wet cleaning should not becarried out when there is any danger of frost within thenext several weeks. (The U.S. Weather Bureau can provideaverage freeze dates for autumn and spring for any part ofthe country.) Watch for ground saturation caused byspraying. It can cause rising

Before wet cleaning:

o Make sure that damagedbeen repaired and thatsound.

damp.

masonry and joints havecaulking and mortar are

o Use techniques requiring the least amount ofwater.

o Use only plastic or nonferrous tools.

o Seal door and window openings with 15-millimeterpolyethylene taped all around the opening.

o Heating Tools. Heat guns and heat plates that have aworking temperature of less than 750°F may be used withcaution. Propane torches and other types of open flameshould never be used on any historic building. Manyhistoric building fires have resulted from their use. Inaddition, they can damage old brick, wood, and otherbuilding materials, and break window glass. They alsocreate hazardous fumes, as they vaporize any lead that maybe present in the paint. Whenever heat is used to removepaint, a fire watch must be kept on the site for at least3 hours after discontinuing the heat use. Smolderingfires can take a long time to show up.

o Chemicals. Paint-stripping chemicals should be used onlywhen necessary and by professionals. Although chemicalsare the most effective way to completely strip paint, theypresent environmental and health hazards. Chemicalstripping is also slow and often messy. If several layersof different types of paint must be removed, it may benecessary to use a different chemical on each layer.

Alkaline strippers (sodium or potassiumhydroxide-based) work best on old linseed oil paints. Onedisadvantage of alkaline strippers is that they can causeefflorescence on masonry surfaces. A weak hydrofluoricacid cleanser is sometimes applied as a neutralizer beforerinsing thoroughly with water.

Organic chemicals such as methylene chloride are betterfor modern paints and finishes such as urethane varnishesor epoxy. Methylene chloride strippers must be applied aspoultices, or leaching packs, to avoid spreading stains.They require thorough rinsing. Methylene chloride is acarcinogen and it should be used only out doors or in

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well-ventilated areas. Safer strippers, made with dibasicacid esters and other chemicals, such as biodegradablecitrus derivatives, are now available.

Blanket or mat-type strippers are similar to leachpacks, but they have the advantage of containing the paintresidue after it is removed so that disposal is simplerand safer.

Lime washes, such as whitewash, can be dissolved inacids.

o Mechanical Means. Careful hand sanding and scraping areoften good ways of removing paint. Belt sanders, rotarywire brushes, and power-driven carbide cones and discsshould not be used on historic buildings. Sanding andscraping, even by hand, can create dust containing toxicmaterials such as lead. They require the use of masks andcareful cleanup.

4.4.2 Masonry Coatings and Paint. Waterproof or water-repellent coatings or other treatments should not be used unlessnecessary to solve a specific problem that has been studied andidentified. The coatings are often expensive and unnecessary,and they do not stabilize masonry by preventing furtherdeterioration.

Waterproof coatings seal the surface of masonry against bothwater and water vapor. They are intended for use below grade.Water-repellent coatings, which seal against water but notagainst water vapor, should be used above grade. Coatings cantrap moisture within the masonry, causing spalling and otherdamage. Silicone sealers (the most commonly used type) may add aslight sheen to the finish. They must be renewed after 5 to 7years. They may cause subflorescence (a build-up of mineralsalts beneath the surface of the masonry) , which can lead tospalling. Only-water soluble solutions (such as silicones andsiliconates) are acceptable for use on historic buildings. Donot use acrylic or polymeric solutions (acrilates) , polyvinylchloride (PVC), or polyvinylacetate.

Paint is a traditional protective coating for brick.Although it is considered reversible because it can be removed,its removal can damage the original surface. In general,historic buildings should not be painted for purely cosmeticreasons. Built-up paint can obscure important decorative detailsand interfere with the masonry’s ability to breathe. Often,cleaning is enough to renew the surface.

Paint can create many of the same problems as other coatings.Traditional whitewashes (lime washes) allow some vaportransmission, but there are modern latex paints made especiallyfor exterior masonry walls that are preferred. Paints such asepoxies and some alkyds may not allow masonry or wood to breathe

4-25

and should not be used. Even latex paints, if applied in toomany layers, can become impermeable.

4.5 STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE. The first problem in addressing astructural problem is recognizing there is a problem. After manyyears of painting, patching, additions, and alterations, thestructural problem often can go undetected.

Structural problems show up in the visual condition ofmaterials. Examples are cracks in foundations, warped or bowedtimber framing, and deteriorated materials. (See Figure 4-14.)Other indicators of structural damage can be sour odors or visualfungus, which may indicate dry or wet rot. Dust piles, metalshavings, or wood chip piles may indicate structural movement orinsect damage. In general, historic buildings do not need tomeet the same structural design requirements as contemporarybuildings. Accept moderate deflections; measure and monitorcrack dimensions and movement; and prudently assess the existingcondition.

The predominant damage to foundations is caused by movementof piles or pile caps, rotting of wood piles, settlement, or achange in ground water level. Therefore, there is an associatedchange in the bearing capacity of the structure. The engineeringprinciples needed to fix a problem are best left to structuralengineers. A rule of thumb in dealing with foundation problemsis not to reinforce isolated areas without considering theresultant forces on the rest of the structure.

For evaluating masonry damage, consider that mixtures ofmortar in historic structures were predominantly lime mixtures,which are softer and less durable than those used in modernconstruction. Portland cement mortar under movement conditionswill frequently split off brick and stone faces because it isstronger than the lime mortar. (As shown in Figure 4-14.)Consider using lime mortars for repainting masonry.

Timber construction by its nature will droop or sag overtime. This by itself does not mean that the structure is notsound. The problems with timber construction are found mostfrequently when the wood is cut away to accommodate analteration. A second area worth investigating is the possibilityof bug infestation. If bugs are present and the timbers arehollow or decayed, fumigation and application of bug-toxicpreservatives should be pursued. Fungus can deteriorate thestructure if the environment is not heated or cooled to prevent the growth.

Wrought iron was the grandfather of steel by 100 years. Theearly items used were fasteners, hardware, and variouscompression members. Wrought iron was not frequently used astension members because of its brittle nature. By the early1900s, steel became a material of choice because of its ability

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Figure 4-14. The Collapse of Masonry Lintels Indicates aStructural Fault.

(Source: Respectful Rehabilitation: Masonry, The PreservationPress, National Trust for Historic Preservation)

to be flexible yet durable. The conditions that should be abatedor prevented in these materials are corrosion, abrasion,movement, and impact.

4.6 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS/HVAC. Most historic buildings that areused as living or work places need modern heating, cooling, andventilating systems, as well as up-to-date kitchens andbathrooms. The most important consideration in installing thesesystems is not how to hide them, but how to protect the historicfabric of the building. You may find it surprisingly easy to doboth if you take time to examine the building closely beforebeginning a new installation. Closets, pantries, and serviceareas in basements and wings can often be used for modernbathrooms, kitchens, and utility rooms. Many 19th centurybuildings were built with central heating and ventilating systemsthat can be adapted for today's air conditioning or wiring needs.Ducting for central A/C can sometimes be installed using oldchases, or floor vents may be added for ducts rising from thebasement. Other locations to consider: between roof deck andceiling (but only if new roofing is being installed) ; within roof

4-27

or ceiling structure (but only within original suspended orfurred ceiling); between structural sub-floor and flooring(within non-structural fill or between sleepers); exposed incellar, bottom floor, and crawl space (in service areas only);trenching below building (if soil and groundwater conditionspermit); within walls (in existing furred spaces or new built outspaces) ; within furring over structural members; above beamflanges, on top of cornices or other concealed locations. Do notcut away portions of historic woodwork or cornices to install newwork.

When installing water pipes, electrical conduits, and ducts,be careful not to cut through beams and floor joists, especiallynear the bearing or in the upper and lower third of the member.While the floor or ceiling is open, inspect and repair bearingmembers that have been undermined by earlier plumbinginstallations. Reinforce weakened members with wood or steelscabs.

Security and fire detection and suppression systems can oftenbe installed using the same precautions.

The use of fan-coil air conditioning units to cool rooms maybe desirable. They require only piping installation in thehistoric fabric, and they can be located unobtrusively beneathwindows and painted to match wall finishes. Through-wall roomair conditioners should be avoided. If window units must beused, they should be mounted on side or rear walls, and wallsurfaces should be protected from dripping condensation. Forcentral heating and air conditioning, locate grilles and vents ininconspicuous places.

Vibrations from air-conditioning condensers and othermachinery may be harmful to old structures. Special care isrequired to dampen vibrations in attic and roof-mountedequipment. Do not suspend systems from attic roof rafters.Roof-mounted air-conditioning systems should be located so thatthey cannot be easily seen from the ground.

You may occasionally come across historically interestingmechanical equipment or decorative elements in unlikely places.These items could be marble counters and stalls in bathrooms,brass or bronze lavatory faucets, door handles, or stallconnectors. These should be preserved and used where they are,if feasible.

Be alert for corrosion and leaks in piping systems over 30years old. Maintain valves, such as radiator valves, and replaceseats and rings every few years. Install water hammer arrestorsas needed to prevent vibration. Maintain traps and air vents onsteam systems to keep condensate from fountaining from the ventswhen the system starts up. Maintain water treatment systems toprevent corrosion in piping.

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4.7 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND WIRING. New lighting and electricalsystems should not intrude visually or physically on oldmaterials and features. Wiring can often be fished throughexisting chases, or unobtrusively surface-mounted if necessary.Electrical outlets should be mounted in plaster walls rather thanin historic baseboards. If wiring cannot be concealed, usemetallic surface raceways, carefully attached to avoid damaginghistoric materials, and painted in the same finish colors as theadjacent surfaces. Run the wires in inconspicuous places--alongmolding edges, for instance, rather than across flat wallsurfaces. Remove inactive telephone wires. Run new wires atfloor level rather than on top of baseboards.

Do not surface-mount junction boxes on walls and exteriors.Keep wiring to a minimum on exposed surfaces, especially on theexterior of the building. (See Figure 4-15.) High-intensitymodern lighting systems are not appropriate for use on a historicbuilding.

Historic ornamental lighting fixtures, such as chandeliersand sconces, should be retained as part of the building fabric.Often, they can be rewired and used for general illumination orindirect lighting. If you find piping for old gas lightingfixtures (often left in place when electricity was added), try touse the piping as conduit for electrical wires for the newlighting system. This avoids having to cut and repair originalfinishes. Check the ceiling mounting system for chandeliers anytime the ceiling is open and accessible, and repair any weakenedconditions. Old knob-and-tube wiring (sometimes found in atticsor concealed areas) should be replaced. Inspect old wiring forfraying or rubbing against structural members.

4.8 ROOFS AND COVERINGS, WATER DRAINAGE. Besides being ahistoric buildings most important protection from the elements,the roof is one of the building’s most important historic designfeatures. Its shape, features (such as cresting, dormers,cupolas, and chimneys) , and the size, color, and patterning ofthe roofing material, are all “character-defining” elements thatmust be preserved.

o Do not change roof shapes or add features such asskylights, especially if they will be visible from thestreet.

o Preserve historic roofing materials and repair in-kindwhen possible. Copper, lead, lead-coated copper, tin,terne, stainless steel, galvanized iron roofing materials,as well as metal shingles, are readily available.

o Replace only the damaged sections.

o Use replacement materials that are identical to theoriginals in color, size, finish, and reflectivity.

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Figure 4-15. Historic Window Inappropriately Closed In.

Windowpanel.

inappropriately closed in with HVAC unit and fillerNote also the utilities fastened to exterior wall.

(Photo by James C. Massey)

o If the entire roof must be replaced, there may beacceptable modern substitutes that are cheaper, lighter inweight, or more durable than the originals.

o Do not remove original eaves, overhangs, andThey are usually important design features.possible, or replace with exact replicas.

cornices.Repair if

4-30

o Balustrades are prone to decay and need frequentinspection and painting.

o Replace all woodwork with the correct historic sizes. Oldlumber dimensions are often larger than modern dimensions.Small differences will be obvious when the new work is inplace. New millwork for cornices, balustrades, and othersuch features is available from millwork firms thatspecialize in historic work.

o Inspect lightning rods mounted on roofs. Installadditional rods on roofs if required by code.

4.8.1 Roofing Materials. A wide range of materials were usedon historic roofs. Repair or replace in-kind if the roof isvisible.

o Copper Roofs. These are among the best roofs but are veryexpensive. It is usually better to allow new copper roofsand flashings to weather naturally than to use chemicalwashes to age them.

o Slate Roofs. A good slate roof can last 50 to 100 years,but slate varies in quality. Historic building roofsconstructed of inferior slate will need earlierreplacement. Slate roofs are easily damaged by impact(such as from falling tree branches or workmen walking onthe roof) and fire.

Repair slate roofs by replacing only the damagedslates. If the deteriorated area is large, remove theslates and discard any broken ones. Reuse old slatesin the areas that show, and install new oneselsewhere.

Do not use iron or steel nails on slate roofs. Thenails will eventually rust, and the slates will falloff. Copper nails are best, but galvanized nails canbe used if copper won’t penetrate the slate.

Do not walk on slate roofs.

Do not “torch” (fill in between and beneath slateswith mortar) . This keeps moisture from evaporatingand can cause wooden battens and rafters to rot.

Remove organic growths such as moss, algae, andlichens.

o Tile Roofs. Barrel tile (Spanish tile) and flat tilesalso have a long ‘potential life.

Use galvanized nails to prevent corrosion damage totiles. Watch for acid and frost damage.

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o

o

o

o

o

- Match replacement tiles to the originals for color,size, thickness, and type of tile.

- Install new tiles with same weather exposure as theoriginals.

- Do not walk on tile roofs.

Wood Shingle Roofs. When repairing a wood shingle roof,use long life materials. Use modern fire-rated woodshingles when they are available. (See Figures 4-16 and4-17.)

- Replace damaged shingles with new wood shingles ofsame width, shape, and exposure to weather.

Sheet Metal Roofs. If kept painted, galvanized sheetmetal roofs last indefinitely. They may be standing-seam,flat-seam, or batten-seam.

- When replacing, keep the same shape and configurationas the original (i.e., standing-seam, flat-seam,batten-seam) .

- Do not walk on sheet-metal roofs.

Lead and Lead-Coated Copper Roofs.

- Do not repair by soldering or using bituminous (tar)patches.

- Consult an experienced roofer if anything more thanminor repair is needed.

Tin or Terne Roofs.

- Use lead-coated fasteners or copper nails.

- Keep painted. Prime the underside and exterior of themetal with linseed oil and iron oxide primer paint;the exterior with an oil-based coat.

- Fill cracks with a non-shrinking caulk as a temporarymeasure only; Plan to replace.

Galvanized Roofs.

- Repair sheet metal with similar material. Seal leakswith non-shrinking caulk, not with tar products.

- Paint metal roofs if they were historically painted orif base metal is showing through. Use historicallyappropriate colors.

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Figure 4-16. Available Wooden Shingles and Shakes for Re-Roofing.

(Source: Presentation Brief, National Park Service)

4 -33

WOODEN SHINGLES-HISTORIC DETAILS AND INSTALLATION PATTERNS

Figure 4-17. Wooden Shingles -- Historic Details andInstallation Patterns.

(Source: National Park Service. Chart: Sharon C. Park;Delineation: Kaye Ellen Simonson)

4-34

o Roll Roofinq.

Do not use asphalt or roll roofing on historicbuildings except on flat roofs that are not visiblefrom ground level. Membrane roofing is acceptable asa replacement on flat concealed roofs.

If roll roofing was added over the historic materialin an earlier rehabilitation, consider going back tothe historic material when reroofing.

4.8.2 Water Drainage. To keep excessive moisture out of thebuilding, maintain and repair flashing, gutters, and downspouts.

If the building does not have adequate flashing or guttersystems, add them. Install them in a way that will preserve theoriginal appearance of the building.

4.9 EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS.

4.9.1 Masonry. In historic construction, stucco was usuallyapplied directly on top of masonry walls without an interveninglayer of lath. This makes the masonry more vulnerable tomoisture infiltration through rising damp or water running downthe wall. When repairing, consider adding expanded metal lathbetween the masonry and stucco layer. Respect decorative aspectsof stone work. Do not remove or smooth over water tables, stringcourses, or other projecting elements. In repairing brick walls,be mindful of the original brick pattern and type of brick used.Match replacement bricks to the original in size, color, andtexture. Repointed mortar joints should match the size, color,and tooling of the original as closely as possible. In repairingstone walls, match replacement stones to the original in size,color, and type of stone. Be aware that stone that looksidentical to the original may have different weathering patterns.

4.9.2 Wood Frame. Most frame construction since the mid-19thcentury has been balloon framing, except for large woodenindustrial buildings. Earlier historic framing was widely spacedpost-and-beam construction. Post-and-beam construction continuedmuch later in industrial buildings.

There are special problems of frame walls in historicbuildings, including rot and deterioration, lack of insulation,structural failure, and deformation. Sills and other horizontalsurfaces where water can stand are a particular deteriorationproblem.

o Clapboards and Shingles. Repair board by board. Do notre-side the entire wall unless necessary.

o Stucco Over Wood or Metal Lath. Early 19th century stuccowas often placed directly over wood or solid brick wallsto improve waterproofing. 20th century stucco was

4-35

installed over wood boards and lath, and later over metallath. Old metal lath is subject to rust. In repairingstucco, it is best to use modern metal lath, installed ontop of the old wood lath if possible. Test-patch stuccoto recapture texture and degree of graininess of original,from sand to pebble finish. Stucco may crack or fall offif the keys fail because of rust, structural deformation,or vibration.

o Brick Veneer Over Wood Lath. Brick veneer is subject tobowing, cracking, and problems similar to those of stucco.Problems are less likely when the brick is backed by CMUsas in modern construction.

o Removing Permastone, Asphalt, or Asbestos Siding. Inorder to decide whether and when to remove asphalt siding,it is necessary to know how much damage is underneath thesiding. Permastone should be removed whenever theopportunity arises. Asbestos siding must be referred toasbestos control.

o Vinyl and Aluminum Siding. Vinyl or aluminum sidingshould not be used on historic buildings. From thestandpoint of historic preservation, there are threeimportant reasons to avoid such sidings:

1) It changes the historic appearance of the buildingbecause the texture and proportions of the new boards aredifferent from the original wood siding. Worse yet, itmay hide historic features such as cornices, windowmoldings, or carvings.

2) The siding conceals existing or ongoing damage tothe walls and original siding and makes repairs moredifficult.

3) The installation process itself may damage theoriginal siding or other historic features.

Studies have shown that, in the long term, it is notmore economical to install and maintain aluminum or vinylsiding than it is to keep wood siding in good repair.Artificial sidings are not maintenance-free. They peel,pit, split, bend, and fade. Consequently, they mayrequire repair or repainting in only a few years, andusually they must be replaced entirely within 20 years.Although they are sometimes advertised as being energy-efficient, aluminum and vinyl sidings have no significantinsulation value.

o Painting Exterior Wood Walls. Whenever possible, cleanwood walls; do not paint them. Paint when necessary; donot leave wood bare. Finish the walls with paint or stainas found in the original. When repainting, you may wantto use the historic colors. A specialist in paint color

4-36

analysis can determine the historically correct colorswith samples taken from an undisturbed (i.e., unstrappedand unweathered) wall section. When preparing to paint,clean the wall first, then scrape and sand the oldsurface; but do not strip it unless necessary. Do not usewater on bare wood. Prepare the surface carefully: putty,spackle, repair splits, replace bad sections, sand andfeather the edges of built-up paint. It is best to usethe same type of paint when repainting.

o Insulating Walls. Insulating an existing frame wall isoften difficult. The cost and destruction of historicfabric is not generally justified unless the building isbeing completely resided or replastered. The amount ofheat lost through walls is relatively small compared tothat lost through windows, doors, and roofs. Concentrateinsulation efforts in these more cost-effective areas. Doseal wall and foundation cracks. Do not use urethane foaminsulation since, besides posing a health hazard, itretains moisture in the walls and cannot be removedwithout damaging the original materials.

o Controlling Vapor Transmittal. When vapor barriers areused, they should be placed toward the heated side of thewall (toward the inside in cool climates, toward theoutside in hot humid climates). Wood walls need tobreathe. Do not over-insulate.

o Enclosing Porches. Porch enclosures should not detractfrom the historic design of a building. Maintain theoverall form of the porch, as well as cornices, columns,and trim. Exterior vestibules can be added to increaseenergy efficiency and convenience if they are carefullydesigned. The best place to put them is generally withinan open porch.

4.10 WINDOWS. Whenever feasible, historic windows should berepaired rather than replaced. If they must be replaced, the newwindows should be replicas of the old ones. Windows are animportant design feature of most buildings, including warehousesand factories. They reflect the historic period, architecturalstyle, regional characteristics, and technological development ofthe building. When they are changed, the historic appearance ofthe building is also changed.

In evaluating significance of windows, they should beconsidered historically or architecturally significant if they:

o Are original;

o Reflect the original design of the building:

o Reflect the historic period or regional styles andbuilding practices when the building was constructed;

4-37

o Reflect building changes from major historic periods orevents; or

o Are examples of exceptional craftsmanship or design.

4.10.1 Window Surveys. Maintenance decisions should startwith a window survey that records the condition of every windowin the building. A window schedule listing all the parts of eachunit, with space for notes on existing conditions and repairinstructions, is helpful here. Start at the top of thehistoric-building maintenance treatment sequence, and do not takethe next step unless it is necessary. Do simple maintenancefirst; repair as needed; replace damaged or missing parts in-kind; replace the entire unit in-kind only if it cannot berepaired. Do not give up too soon on the idea of repairingwooden or metal window sashes.

If a window must be replaced, make sure that the replacementmatches the original exactly. (See Figures 4-18 and 4-19.)Custom-built or stock replacement windows suitable for most 19thand 20th century buildings are readily available commerciallyfrom specialty window companies. Good millwork shops canduplicate parts, such as muntins or bottom rails, which can beplaced in the old sash. Consult the SHPO for help in findingreplacement sources in your area. When selecting replacements,pay special attention to:

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Pattern of openings and their sizes;

Proportions of the frame and sash;

Configuration of the window panes and muntin profiles;

Type of wood;

Paint color;

Characteristics of

Associated details

the glass; and

such as hardware, arched tops, hoods.or other decorative elements.

.

Although reproduction handmade glass is commerciallyavailable, existing old glass that shows manufacturingirregularities such as bull's eyes, bubbles, and glass "streaks,"or discoloration caused by age, should be protected during therepair process and reused if practicable. Decorative colored orstained glass and beveled glass is especially important forpreservation.

Replace only as much of the historic material as isnecessary. If the lower sashsound, replace only the lowerthe head and jambs are sound,

is decayed and the upper sash issash. If the sill is rotten, butreplace only the sill.

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Figure 4-18. Historic Windows Inappropriately Replaced.

Historic windows have been inappropriately replaced withmodern examples at the second floor, with an adverse effecton the historic character of the building.

(Photo by James C. Massey)

4.10.2 Maintenance and Repair of Wood Window Sash.

o

o

o

o

o

o

Check for wood decay. Dry the wood and treat withfungicide as needed.

Replace or repair decayed wood using epoxies or bysplicing with new wood.

Prime dried-out wood with linseed oil before repainting.

If windows will be repainted in the historic colors, docolor analysis to determine the original colors beforebeginning to remove paint.

Remove excessive or deteriorated paint as needed to makethe windows work easily and provide a sound surface forrepainting.

Strip the paint using any appropriate method.

4-39

Figure 4-19. Filled-in Arch, An Inappropriate Repair.

An original arched window and decorative stone lintel havebeen removed, the arch filled, and a modern window installed.Not just inappropriate, but boring!

(Source:

o Use carescraping

Dinu Bumbaru,

not to damagetools .

Heritage Montreal Foundation)

the profiles of the moldings with

o Sand carefully so as not to blunt the edges of themoldings.

o If a heat gun is used, either remove the glass from thesash or protect it from sudden temperature changes withgypsum board covered with aluminum foil.

o If the damaged areas are large, have replica frames orsashes custom made to match original the sashes and/orframes. (See Figure 4-20.)

4.10.3 Metal Windows. If steel windows are basically sound,it is often more economical to repair and retrofit them than toreplace them. Remove light rust, flaking, and excessive paint;then prime the exposed metal with a rust-inhibiting primer.Replace cracked or broken glass and glazing compound, replacemissing screws or fasteners, and clean and lubricate hinges.(See Figure 4-21.)

4-40

DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW: DOS AND DON’TS

Figure 4-20. Double-Hung Window: Dos and Do nets.

(Illustration: Blair Prentice, Rehab Right: How to Realize theFull Value of Your Old House, Copyright 1978 & 1986, City of

Oakland, CA)

Rust and Paint Removal. Rust can be removed by hand withwire brushes or aluminum oxide sandpaper, or with a power toolsuch as an electric drill with wire brush or rotary whipattachment. (Protect adjacent window sills and jambs. ) Chemicalrust removers also work well; but do not use hydrochloric acid,as it leaves deposits that can cause further corrosion. Protectmasonry and glass from chemicals with plastic sheets. Removechemical residues from metal with damp cloths (not running water)and dry thoroughly immediately. Do not use oxy-acetylene orpropane torches to burn off rust. Intense heat can distort themetal and break the window glass. It also vaporizes the lead inold paint. Low pressure sandblasting (80-100 pounds per squareinch) using #10-#45 grit or glass pellets can be used to removeheavier rust (after removing the window glass). Bare metalshould be wiped with denatured alcohol or other cleaningquickly wiped dry, and primed immediately with two coatsanti-corrosive, oil-alkyd-based paint containing zinc orchromate.

solvent,of anzinc

4-41

Repaint all steel sections with two coats of finish paintcompatible with the primer. Caulk masonry surrounds with highquality elastomeric caulk.

Heavy Repair of Steel Windows. Bent or bowed metal sectionscan sometimes be straightened in place by applying pressure.Straighten bowed muntins with a wire cable and winch, applyingprogressively greater pressure over several days. (First, removethe glass and protect the muntins with 2 x 4 bracing). Bowedsections caused by corrosion may have to be cut and welded. Weldloose joints or replace decayed pieces with new steel. Patchsmall holes and uneven areas with auto body compound or plumbersepoxy. Most hinges and hardware on steel windows are made ofbronze. Clean with mineral spirits, bronze wool, and cleancloths , and spray with a non-greasy lubricant.

o Replacement. If a sash must be replaced, somemanufacturers make rolled steel windows and can fabricatereplicas for large orders. Standard, pre-World War II,multi-light windows using traditional 12” x 18” or 14” x20” glass sizes are available in industrial, commercial,security, and residential configurations. Do not replacewith sash using other materials, such as extruded aluminumor wood and vinyl, because they cannot match the thinprofiles of rolled steel sections. If you need helpfinding product information, contact the Steel WindowInstitute, 1230 Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio 44115.

4.10.4 Weatherizing Windows. Although historic metal windowsare generally not energy efficient as built, they can beweatherized to a level that compares favorably with that of newwindows. Caulking and weatherstripping are cheap and easy (ifsomewhat time-consuming) and have a fast payback period.Consider installing interior storm windows and low-emissivity(low-E) glass in the steel sash. If muntins are deep enough, itmay be possible to use insulating glass. There are commerciallyavailable replacement windows that closely match the originals inappearance but have integral weatherstripping, thermal breakconstruction, and insulating glass.

Caulking and Weatherstrippinq. Caulk around masonry openingsto reduce air infiltration, then add weatherstripping.Spring-metal, vinyl strips, compressible foam tapes, and sealantbead types are all acceptable. Different circumstances call fordifferent types of weatherstripping, and any given building mayneed more than one type of weatherstripping. Always use thethinnest material that will fill the spaces, since thickweatherstripping can spring hinges, causing more gaps.

Spring-metal clips are recommended for steel windows ingood condition. Paint the window before installingweatherstripping to prevent galvanic corrosion of steelfrom contact with brass or bronze strip material. Do notapply stripping to the hinge side of casement windows.

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- Vinyl stripping may be too thick for use in somesituations.

- Compressible foam is best for large windows with onlyslight bending or distortion or with a gap of no more than1/4”. However, the foam must be replaced more frequentlythan spring-metal or vinyl.

- Sealant beads are good all-around weatherstripping for alltypes of metal windows and air infiltration problems.

4.10.5 Double Glazing. This process adds a second layer ofglazing to the window glass. This will approximately double theoriginal insulating value of the window. Options include:

o Glass or Acrylic Panels. Panels secured to the frame overthe entire window are not suitable for windows needed forventilation or fire exit since the panels make the sashinoperable. Magnetic interior panels can be attached tothe sash. With acrylic panels, provide l/8" vapor bleedsto control condensation and prevent moisture damage. (Thebleeds will increase energy loss slightly). Panels mustbe removable to allow excess moisture to be wiped away asneeded. Considerations: cost , ability of window tosupport additional weight, location and size of window,long-term maintenance.

o Interior or Exterior Storm Windows.. May have to bespecially fabricated to match original sash configuration(e.g., casement storms). Generally not suitable foroperating windows that project on either side of thewindow frame when open, such as pivot and austral windows.Considerations: visual impact on building. Exteriorstorms can protect against damage to ornamental windowsfrom air pollutants, vandalism, etc.

o Replacement Thermal Glass. The best but most expensiveway to upgrade thermal efficiency is to replace theoriginal glass with thermal or low-E glass. The new glasscan usually fit in the existing metal sash and does notaffect the appearance of the historic building.

4.10.6 Glass Block Windows. Glass block windows should bepreserved and repaired with new glass blocks. The blocks arecommercially available. For further Information:

Myers, John H., Preservation Briefs: #9, The Repair ofHistoric Wooden Windows; and Parks, Sharon C., AIA,Preservation Briefs: #13, The Repair and Thermal Upgrading ofHistoric Steel Windows.

Prepared by Technical Preservation Services, PreservationAssistance Division, National Park Service. Available fromSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402, or from your SHPO office.

4-44

4.11 FLOOR SYSTEMS. Avoid installing manmade sheet flooring overhistoric floors. The mastic damages the wood surface, andremoving it removes part of the wood beneath it. Wall-to-wallcarpet should not be used over fine hardwood or marble. Arearugs are a better way to handle the design finish or soundcontrol. Baseboards are part of the historic floor system. Theyshould be preserved and repaired as necessary. Do not cut intothem to install electrical boxes and outlets, heating or airconditioning vents, or telephone wires unless there is noalternative.

4.11.1 Wood Floors. Fine pine and hardwood floors may befound in buildings dating from the 18th to the 20th century.Floorboards range in width from more than 12" in the 18th centurydown to narrow oak or maple strips in the 20th century. Thepatina, or aged surface of the wood, is an important part of thefloor. Strip, sand, and refinish only if necessary. Do notrefinish with polyurethane. Remove any damaged sections and,whenever possible, reuse the original boards. Supplement oldboards with infill boards available from lumber specialists.(See Figure 4-22.) Be especially careful with decorative parquetfloors as the wood inlay is often loose. Reglue carefully with areversible wood glue. Restoring missing or damaged parquet mayrequire a specialist. Soft wood flooring is often found in 19thcentury buildings. It is easily gouged and scratched and mayneed protection in high traffic areas.

4.11.2 Masonry Flooring. Marble, stone, terrazzo, andceramic tile floors are usually very important design elements.They should be carefully maintained and repaired. Marble andother stone floors should be repaired or replaced piece by piece.Do not use abrasive or caustic cleaning methods for stone floors.Terrazzo and ceramic tile floors are often overlooked as part ofthe historic building design. They should not be covered orreplaced with manmade flooring. Historically, concrete floorswere often intended to have a polished finish. However, manyrough cement or concrete floors were covered with linoleum. Somelinoleum in historic patterns is still available, but modernvinyl flooring is almost always a better choice for all buthistoric-house museum use.

4.12 DOORS. Like windows, doors are vital character-definingdesign elements in a historic building. Whenever possible,original exterior or interior doors should be kept and repairedand/or refined as needed. If they are too badly damaged to keep,they should be replaced with exact replicas. If old or originaldoors must be removed, save them to be reused at a later time oranother place in the building, or to replace identical missinghistoric doors in another building. Unused sliding pocket doorsare sometimes found between parlors and other rooms in Victorianhouses. They should be returned to use if possible, or leftunused in their pockets. Other historic doors that are notcurrently in use should not be removed; lock them in place andtreat them as solid wall surfaces if necessary. New doors and

4-45

REMEDIES FOR LOOSE FLOORBOARDS

Figure 4-22. Remedies for Loose floorboards.

(Illustration: Blair Prentice, Rehab Riqht: How to Realize theFull Value of Your Old House, Copyright 1978 & 1986, City of

Oakland, CA)

4-46

frames that are inserted into an original opening should fit theopening exactly in size and shape without adding filler panels.(See Figure 4-23.)

When refinishing doors and doorframes, keep or recreate thehistoric finish. Be particularly alert for the presence of finewoods such a walnut, cherry, or mahogany. The doors and woodworkin most late 19th century houses were stained and varnished, notpainted. Sometimes only the door was varnished, while the restof the woodwork was painted a solid color. However, some doorswere painted to look like wood grain or marble. Often these oldfinishes can be restored by careful scraping. If the finish istoo far gone to save, it can be recreated by a skilled painter,using the original finish as a guide. Whatever the originalfinish may have been, do not dip strip historic doors. Chemicalbaths weaken glued joints and veneer, destroy earlier finishes,and may damage the wood itself. (See Figures 4-24, 4-25, 4-26,and 4-27.)

Some historic front exterior doors were secured with ironbars on the inside. If these bars are still there, keep them anduse them if possible, rather than installing intrusive modernlocks .

Doors in new partitions should not be replicas of originaldoors in the building and need not be reproductions of perioddoors. However, they should be in sympathy with the spirit ofthe building, using the same proportions and level of formality,as well as similar woods and finishes. Modern flush-panel doorsare not suitable for use in historic buildings.

Transoms, fanlights, and sidelights add to the historicalcharacter of the door or building. They should be kept andreglazed if necessary. Do not replace them with filler panels.Do not paint out glass on or around doors. Leaded, beveled, orstained glass in fanlights and sidelights may need specialconsideration. Check the condition of lead tames on ornamentalglass windows. If the tames are loose or glass is bowing,repairs should be made by a specialist.

4.13 HARDWARE AND METAL WORK. When old or original hardwareexists on either the interior or the exterior of the building, itshould be kept and refurbished or repaired as needed.Replacement hardware should reflect the period of the originaldecoration, not contemporary design. Do not add modern hardware,such as rim-mount deadbolts and other modern locks, to fineoriginal doors. Old hinges, locks, and door knobs often havedecorative finishes, such as carved surfaces. Some door hardwareis plated in silver, nickel, or a silvery alloy called Germansilver. Old brass and bronze locks, hinges, and push plates, boxlocks , and iron box locks with porcelain or glass knobs allcontribute to the character of historic buildings. Clean andlacquer the hardware if it will not get frequent use orpolishing. Brass and bronze pieces that are frequently handled,

4-47

TYPICAL PROBLEMS ON INTERIOR DOORS

Figure 4-23. Typical Problems on Interior Doors.

(Illustration: Blair Prentice, Rehab Riqht: How to Realize theFull Value of Your Old House, Copyright 1978 & 1986,

Oakland, CA)City of

4-48

Figure 4-24. Architectural Woodwork: To Strip or Not To Strip?

(Source: The Old-House Journal)

4-49

RECOMMENDED?SAFETY

METHOD GOOD FOR LIMITATIONS CONSIDERATIONS

A B R A S I V E M E T H O D S

BELT No Can be used to remove paint Heavy and awkward to use,SANDER

Dust mask is essential tofrom large flat surfaces, such needs electrical cord, hard to avoid inhaling or swallowingas clapboards. control; can’t reach into lead-containing dust.

corners; creates a lot of dust.

DISC No Can be used to remove paint Very light touch needed; otherwise you Dust mask is essential toSANDER from large flat surfaces, such get circular marks in wood. Hard to avoid inhaling or swallowing

as clapboards. control; can’t reach into corners; needs lead-containing dust.electrical cord; creates a lot of dust.

ORBITAL No Can be used for smoothing a Very slow; electrical cord needed; some Dust mask is required.SANDER surface after paint removal. dust created.

H A N D Yes Can be used for paint that is not Lots of elbow grease required. MustSCRAPERS

Dust mask is recommended.tightly bonded to wood; very keep scrapers sharp; careful workversatile; requires no electrical cord. essential to avoid gouging the wood.

WIRE WHEELS; No Never use on wood, Tends to gouge wood, especially where Eye protection required to guardROUND WIRES there are mouldings. against flying paint chips and broken

wires. Dust mask is required.

WIRE WHEELS; No Can be used for removing loose paint Electrical cord is needed; less control Eye protection required to guardFLAT WIRES from flat surfaces. than hand scrapers. Very slow if paint against flying paint chips and broken

isn’t loose already. wires. Dust mask is required.

SANDBLASTING No Never use on wood. Causes pitting and marring of wood. Requires appropriate respiratorHard to control; requires masking of and eye protection.adjacent surface-s. Creates a dustnuisance. Requires special equipment.

Figure 4-25. The Various Ways To Remove Paint From Wood - Part 1(Source: The Old House Journal)

RECOMMENDED? SAFETYMETHOD GOOD FOR LIMITATIONS CONSIDERATIONS

H E A T M E T H O D SHEAT PLATE Yes Can be used to remove paint Not effective on mouldings and carved Wear gloves to avoid burns. Eye

from clapboards and other flat work. Needs electrical cord; not effective protection and dust mask recommended.surfaces on varnish. Can scorch wood if left too

long in one place. Don’t use near glass.

HEAT Yes Can be used to remove paint from Too slow for stripping exterior Tool could ignite dust inside hollowGUN mouldings and solid decorative elements clapboards. Needs electrical cord; don’t partitions such as cornices. Dust mask

newels, bakers, capitals, doors, wain- use near glass can scorch wood if left for micro-particulate lead recommended.scotting, door and window frames, etc. too long in one spot.

HEAT No Can be used to strip some flat Difficult to control; needs electrical cord, Eye hazard - special dark glassesLAMP work. can scorch wood if left too long in one required. Can ignite paint. Dust mask

spot recommended

INFRARED No Stripping vertical surfaces. Bulky to handle.TORCH

Possible fire hazard when held innon-vertical position. Dust maskrecommended

PROPANE No Don’t use! Will scorch wood don’t use near glass.TORCH or

Great lead poisoning hazard from

BLOWTORCHmicro-particulate lead. Vapor-typemask essential. Highest risk offire.

GENERAL SAFETY NOTES:1. Assume that any house built before 1950 has one or more layers of lead-containing 2. When using any heat tool, such as an electric heat plate or electric heat

paint. The scrapings, dust and sludge from paint removal operations should be gun, be sure to keep fire extinguisher handy.heated as poisonous material. Local environmental regulations may dictate how tosafely dispose of lead-containing paint scrapings.


RECOMMENDED? SAFETYMETHOD GOOD FOR LIMITATIONS CONSIDERATIONS

CHEMICAL METHODS

ORGANIC Yes Stripping fine furniture; large-scale Expensive not good for start-and-stop Need plenty of ventilation. Eye andSOLVENTS(e.g. Methylene

production stripping; window projects. Very messy; difficult cleanup skin protection required.

chloride strippers) muntins; cleanup after heat tools. and disposal.

LYE No Removes large amount of paint Raises grain; may also change color of Eye and skin protection required.at low cost. the wood. Prolonged soaking may

damage wood.

CANNED OK Can be especially useful in Messy; may raise the grain. Eye and skin protection required.POWDER removing old casein and milkSTRIPPERS paints.

PEEL-AWAY No Can be used to strip paint from Messy; slow-acting raises the grain; Eye and skin protection required.BLANKET softwood woodwork. blanket must be washed to be re-used.

Wood must be neutralized with vinegar.

GENERAL SAFETY NOTES:1. Assume that any house built before 1950 has one or more layers of lead-containing 2 When using any heat tool, such as an electric heat plate or electric heat

paint. The scrapings, dust, and sludge from paint removal operations should be gun, be sure to keep fire extinguisher handy.treated as poisonous material. Local environmental regulations may dictate how tosafely dispose of lead-containing paint scrapings.


such as door knobs and push plates, should not be lacquered,since the lacquer will wear unevenly and make it more difficultto polish. Reproduction replacement hardware and parts arewidely available from commercial sources.

4.14 INTERIOR PARTITIONS. The floor plan and room arrangement ofa historic building are considered character-defining designelements. They should only be changed with great caution.Generally, new partitions can be installed in ways that will notpermanently change or harm the historic materials. Do not removeimportant existing partitions. Do not install partitions thatcannot later be removed without damaging the historic structure.Corridors are particularly important visual elements and shouldnot be altered. Cornices, decorative elements, and ceilings arealso important. Do not lower ceilings to install fluorescentlighting or to conceal wiring or HVAC requirements. Lowering theceiling does not conserve energy. Acoustic ceiling tile panelsshould be added only if essential, and never in residentialbuildings. (See Figure 4-28.) New openings in partitions shouldbe similar in scale and proportion to existing doors but need notbe reproductions.

4.15 STAIRS. Stairways are among the most important decorativeelements inside a historic building. In fact, in some simplebuildings, they may be the only decoration or design distinction.They should not be enclosed, removed, or turned in a differentdirection. If the fire safety code requires enclosing the stair,consider enclosing the entire hall, not just the stairway. Whencreating such a stair hall, consider partitions of fire-ratedglass rather than solid partitions. Do not replace wood, iron,or masonry railings and balusters with modern pieces. Wheneverpossible, install a new enclosed stair in another less importantarea, or install other safety features such as sprinklers.

4.16 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR FINISHES. Keep historic finish types,whether they be paint, stains and varnishes, wallpapers, woodpaneling on walls or wainscoting, ceramic tile walls or floors,or simulated graining and marbling. Do not use polyurethanefinishes on woodwork or floors. It cannot be removed withoutremoving the surface of the wood. Reproduction ceramic tiles areoften commercially available. Keep and repair “noble” materials,such as hardwood and marble and other fine stone. Do not paintover noble materials such as marble or limestone, etc. Removepaint if found. (Refer to Section 4.4.1.) Restoring finishesusually requires a specialist. If desired, reproductionwallpapers in historic patterns, including borders and ceilingpapers, are widely available and should be used instead ofmodern design. Fireplaces are often of marble or other stone,or they may have decorative tiles, cast or sheet-metalmantelpieces, or faux-painted mantels and overmantels. Repairand refurbish them if possible, but do not remove them.Closed-in fireplaces might be reopened for historic

4-53

CEILING: DOS AND DONT'S

Figure 4-28. Ceiling: Dos and Don'ts.

(Illustration: Blair Prentice, Rehab Riqht: How to Realize theFull Value of Your Old House, Copyright 1978 & 1986, City of

Oakland, CA)

4-54

decorative effect. Patch historic plaster walls or, ifnecessary, replace with new plaster over metal lath (but retainold wood lath). Do not replace with wallboard, except for smallrepairs. (See Figure 4-29;)

The patch is steppedso that each new coatof plaster laps overthe others

Figure 4-29. Repair of Old Plaster.

Patch and retain old plaster rather than replacing withmodern wallboard. Keep the old wood lath in place whenpossible and install metal lath between old lath and plaster.

(Source: Preservation Briefs 21, National Park Service)

4.17 NEW AND SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS. There are only two goodreasons to replace historic building elements or materials thathave been lost or damaged beyond repair: to match visually whatwas there before and to prevent further damage to the feature orthe building. The best (and often the cheapest) way to do thisis to replace or repair with materials that are exactly like theoriginals. Most of the time, closely matching materials areavailable, although it may require research to locate them.

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Sometimes, however, historic materials are not available, or theskilled craftsmen needed to fabricate or install them can not befound. Sometimes, the old materials do not work as well, do notlast as long, or cost more than modern substitutes. Undercertain circumstances the modern substitutes may be used insteadof the original materials to make repairs or replacements onhistoric buildings. In addition to such tried-and-true choicesas wood, stamped metal, or mineral fiber cement shingles, moderntechnology offers many less familiar materials that work well forcertain repair or replacement chores, especially if they are usedin places that are not seen up close. These substitutes look andbehave much like the originals and can be installed withoutdamaging historic features. They may or may not be competitivelypriced.

Caution: The use of vinyl or aluminum siding and moldedurethanes as cosmetic claddings or substitutes for woodenmillwork should be avoided. Millwork is still readily availableand should always be replaced in-kind in exterior projects.

Carefully chosen substitute materials may be acceptable when:

o

o

o

o

o

The historic material is no longer available, or when itcannot be delivered within a reasonable length of time.

There are no skilled craftsmen available to repair theoriginal feature in place or to install matching material.

The historic materials are of poor quality or are notsuitable for the use they were put to. Example: Earlysheet metal roofs were made of tinplate, which corrodedeasily. The closest modern equivalent of tinplate isterne-coated steel, but the steel may corrode if the ternecoating is scratched. A more durable (though moreexpensive) choice for a replacement roof on a historicbuilding might be terne-coated stainless steel orlead-coated copper because these materials wear muchbetter and look very much like the original tinplate.

Building or life-safety codes require the use of specificmodern materials or prohibit using the historic ones.

The cost of the original material is prohibitive.Example: High-quality slate roofs can last sixty years ormore with minimal maintenance. They may actually be moreeconomical in the long run than other materials that costless initially but need more frequent maintenance andreplacement. However, if short-term cost has to be thedeciding factor in choosing a replacement roofingmaterial, a badly damaged or deteriorated slate roof mightbe replaced with mineral fiber cement shingles, which lookvery much like slate, cost considerably less, and can lasttwenty to twenty-five years if properly installed and wellmaintained.

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o Substitute materials should be used only on a limitedscale and after careful research. Learn as much aspossible about the proposed materials, the fabricator, theinstaller, the specifications for use, and any previousexperience with the material in a similar situation andsimilar environment. Some materials are too new to have areal track record. Although they may look promising, theyshould not be used unless the manufacturers, fabricators,and/or installers can supply satisfactory information on:

Appearance. Does the substitute material match theoriginal in color, texture, shape, etc.? Will its usechange the appearance of the building in any importantway?

Physical Properties. Is the chemical composition ofthe new material similar to that of the original?Will it react in the same way to exposure to sunlight,moisture, pollution, and temperature changes? Will itexpand and contract at the same rate? Will it absorbmoisture in the same way? Does it have similartensile and compressive strengths (i.e., does it reactto weight and movement stresses in the same way as theoriginal)? If the answer to any of these questions isno, can the new material be installed in a way thatwill compensate for the differences? Will differencesbetween old and new materials cause damage to thehistoric fabric of the building? In old buildings,the historic material is almost always weaker than newmaterial and needs to be protected from stressescaused by trapped moisture and uneven expansion andcontraction rates.

Performance. Will the substitute material hold upover time? Will it need special care or frequentmaintenance once it has been installed?

4.17.1 Cast Aluminum Attributes.

o

o

Material. Cast aluminum is a molten aluminum alloy castin permanent metal molds or in one-time sand molds. Coloris from paint applied to primed aluminum or from afactory-finished coating. Small sections can be boltedtogether to achieve intricate or sculptural details. Unitcastings are also available for items such as columnplinth blocks.

Uses. Cast aluminum can be used as a substitute forcast-iron or other decorative elements, grillwork, roofcrestings, cornices, ornamental spandrels, storefrontelements, column capitals, column bases and plinth blocks.

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o Installation. If not self supporting, it is screwed orbolted to structural frame. Joint details are importantbecause of galvanic corrosion problems when the castaluminum comes in contact with dissimilar metals.

o Advantages.

Lightweight (1/2 that of cast iron);

Corrosion resistant;

Non-combustible;

Intricate castings possible;

Easy assembly;

Good delivery time;

Can be prepared for painting in variety of colors;

Long life;

Durable;

Less brittle than cast iron.

o Disadvantages.

Lower structural strength than cast iron;

Difficult to prevent galvanic corrosion with othermetals;

Greater expansion and contraction than cast iron;

Needs gaskets or caulked joints;

Hard to keep painted.

o Checklist.

Can existing materials be repaired or replaced in-kind?

How is cast aluminum to be attached?

Have full-size details been developed for each pieceto be cast?

How are expansion joints detailed?

Will there be a galvanic corrosion problem?

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Have factory finishes been protected duringinstallation?

Are fabricators/installers experienced?

4.17.2 Cast Stone (Dry-Tamped) Attributes.

o

o

o

o

o

Material. Cast or dry-tamped stone is an almost drycement, lime, and aggregate mixture that is dry tampedinto a mold to produce a dense, stone-like unit.(Sometimes, cast stone is used as a generic term forprecast concrete, but there are differences.) The outersurface of dry-tamped cast stone looks very much likestone. The inner core can be either dry-tamped or pouredfull of concrete, and reinforcing bars and anchoringdevices can be added during fabrication.

Uses. Cast Stone can be used as a replacement forunveined, deteriorated stone (e.g., sandstone, brownstone)or terra cotta that imitates stone. It can also be usedfor surface wall stones or for ornamental features such aswindow and door surrounds, voussoirs, brackets, and hoods.

Advantages.

Closely resembles stone texture when made with goodmolds and fabrication;

Expansion/contraction similar to stone;

Minimal shrinkage of material;

Anchors and reinforcing bars can be built in;

Material is fire-rated;

Range of color available;

Vapor-permeable.

Disadvantages.

Heavy units may require additional anchorage;

Color can fade in sunlight;

May be more absorbent than natural stone;

Replacement stones are obvious if too few models andmolds are made.

Checklist.

Are the original or similar materials available?

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How are units to be installed and anchored?

Have performance standards been developed to ensurecolor stability?

Have large samples been delivered to the site forcolor, finish, and absorption testing? Has mortarbeen matched to adjacent historic mortar to achieve agood color/tooling match?


4.17.3 Precast Concrete Attributes.

o Material. Precast concrete is a wet mix of cement andaggregate poured into molds to create masonry units.Molds can be made from existing good surfaces on thebuilding. Color is generally integral to the mix as anatural coloration of the sand or aggregate, or as apigment. To avoid unsightly air bubbles that result fromthe natural curing process, great care must be taken inthe initial and long-term vibration of the mix. Becauseof its weight, it is generally used to produce individualunits of masonry, not thin shell panels.

o Uses. Precast concrete is ‘generally used in place ofmasonry materials (e.g., stone or terra cotta) . It isused both for flat wall surfaces or for textured orornamental elements (e.g., wall stones, window and doorsurrounds, stair treads, paving pieces, parapets, urns,balusters, and other decorative elements) . Unlikedry-tamped cast stone, surface texture is created by moldrather than hand tamping.

o Advantages.

Easily fabricated, takes shape well;

Rubber molds can be made from building stones;

Minimal shrinkage;

Can be load bearing, or anchorage system can be castin;

Expansion/contraction rate similar to stone:

Material is fire-rated;

Range of color and aggregate available;

Vapor permeable.

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o Disadvantages.

May be more moisture absorbent than stone, althoughcoatings may be applied;

Color fades in sunlight;

Heavy units may require additional anchorage;

Small air bubbles may disfigure units;

Replacement stones are obvious if too few models andmolds are made.

o Checklist.

Is the historic material still available?

What are the structural/anchorage requirements?

Have shop drawings been made for each shape?

Are there performance standards?

Has mortar been matched to adjacent historic mortar toachieve a good color/tooling match?


4.17.4 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Attributes.

o Material. GFRCs are lightweight concrete compoundsmodified with additives and reinforced with glass fibers.Generally, they are fabricated as thin shelled panels andapplied to a separate structural frame or anchoragesystem. The GFRC is usually sprayed into forms, althoughit can be poured. The glass must be alkaline resistant inorder to avoid deteriorating effects caused by the cementmix. Natural aggregates provide most of the color, with asmall percentage of added pigments if necessary.

o Uses. GFRC is used in place of features originally madeof stone, terra cotta, metal, or wood (e.g. , cornices,projecting window and door trims, brackets, finials, orwall murals). It can be produced in long sections ofrepetitive designs or as sculptural elements. It can alsobe made from molds taken directly from the building. GFRCis installed with a separate non-corrosive anchoragesystem. As a predominantly cementitious material, it isvapor permeable.

o Advantages.

Lightweight, easily installed;

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Good molding ability, crisp detail possible;

Weather resistant;

Can be painted or left uncoated;

Little shrinkage during fabrication;

Molds made directly from historic features;

Cements generally breathable;

Material is fire-rated.

o Disadvantages.

Non-loadbearing use only:

Generally requires separate anchorage system;

Large panels must be reinforced:

Color additives may fade with sunlight;

Joints must be properly detailed;

May have different absorption rate than adjacenthistoric material.

o Checklist.

Are the original materials and craftsmanship stillavailable?

Have samples been inspected on the site to ensuredetail/texture match?

Has anchorage system been properly designed?

Have performance standards been developed?


4.17.5 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Attributes.

o

o

Material. Fiberglass is the best known of FRP products.It is usually produced as a thin rigid laminate shellformed by pouring a polyester or epoxy resin gel coat intoa mold. When tack-free, layers of chopped glass or glassfabric are added with additional resins. Reinforcing rodsand struts can be added if necessary. Gel coat can bepigmented or painted.

Uses. FRP is used where a lightweight replacement elementis needed or where an inaccessible location makes frequent

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maintenance of historic materials difficult. It is madeto represent stone, wood, metal, and terra cotta in ornateor carved building elements (column capitals, bases,spandrel panels, beltcourses, balustrades, window hoods,or parapets) .

o Advantages.

Lightweight

Long spans available with separate structural frame;

High ratio of strength to weight;

Good molding ability;

Integral color with exposed high quality pigmentedgel-coat, or takes paint well;

Easily installed;

Can be cut, patched, sanded; Non-corrosive and rotresistant.

o Disadvantages.

Requires separate anchorage system;

Combustible;

Fragile to impact;

High coefficient of expansion and contraction requiresfrequently placed expansion joints:

Ultra-violet sensitive unless surface is coated orpigments are in gel-coat;

Vapor impermeability may require ventilation detail.

o Checklist.

Can original materials be saved/used?

Have expansion joints been designed toappearance?

Are there standards for

Have shop drawings been

avoid unsightly

color stability/durability?

made for each piece?

Have samples been matched for color and texture?


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Do codes restrict use of FRP?

4.17.6 Epoxies (Epoxy Concretes. Polymer Concretes)Attributes.

o Material. A resinous, two-part, thermosetting materialused as a consolidant, an adhesive, a patching compound,and a molding resin. Can repair damaged material orrecreate lost features. Resins, which are poured intomolds, usually contain fillers such as sand or glassspheres, to lighten the mix and modify theirexpansion/contraction properties. When mixed withaggregates, such as sand or stone chips, they may bemistakenly called epoxy concrete or polymer concrete, butthey contain no cementitious materials. Epoxies are vaporimpermeable, which makes detailing of the new elementsextremely important so as to avoid trapping moisturebehind the replacement material. They can be used withwood , stone, terra cotta, and various metals.

o Uses. Epoxies are some of the most versatile of the newmaterials. They can be used to bind together brokenfragments of terra cotta to build up or fill in missingsections of ornamental metal or to cast elements of woodenornaments. Small cast elements can be attached toexisting materials, or entire new features can be cast.The resins are poured into molds. Due to the rapidsetting of the material and the need to avoid cracking,the molded units are generally small or hollow inside.Multiple molds can be combined for larger elements. Withspecial rods, the epoxies can be structurally reinforced.Examples of epoxy replacement pieces include finials,sculptural details, small column capitals, and medallions.

o Advantages.

Can be used for repair/replacement;

Lightweight;

Easily installed;

Good casting ability;

Molds made directly from building features;

Material can be sanded and carved;

Color and ultra-violet screening can be added;

Takes paint well;

Durable;

Rot and fungus resistant.

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o Disadvantages.

Materials are flammable and generate heat as theycure;

May be toxic when burned;

Toxic materials require special protection foroperator and adequate ventilation while curing;

Material may be subject to ultra-violet deteriorationunless coated or filters added;

Rigidity of material often must be modified withfillers to match expansion coefficients;

Vapor impermeable.

o Checklist.

Are historic materials available for molds or forsplicing-in as repair option?

Has the epoxy resin been formulated within theexpansion/contraction coefficients of adjacentmaterials?

Have samples been matched for color/finish?


Is there a sound substrate of material to avoiddeterioration behind new material?

Are there performance standards?

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CHAPTER 5. OTHER STRUCTURES

5.1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL, AND SHIPYARD STRUCTURES. Inpreservation terms, “buildings" are constructions created toshelter any form of human activity. They range from officers'quarters and barracks to hangars, warehouses, and maintenanceshops . Traditional houses and similar structures are not theonly type of construction that should be preserved. A wide rangeof facilities, including engineering, industrial, and shipyardstructures, ships, and equipment, may have equal importancehistorically and so are protected under federal regulations.Historic structures and objects may range in age from thepre-Civil War era through World War II.

For example, Drydock Number 1, constructed 1827-34, is stillin daily use at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia,the nation's oldest shipyard. Except for the replacement of itscaisson, it remains as built. In addition to being listed on theNational Register of Historic Places, the drydock has beendesignated a National Historic Landmark, the highest level ofrecognition for cultural resources. The great hammerhead craneat the Philadelphia Navy Yard is another outstanding engineeringlandmark that ranks among the most significant in the country(See Figure 5-l.). Among other significant structures are WorldWar I-era seaplane hangars and ramps, which are especiallysignificant in relation to the Navy's role in the earlydevelopment of aviation. Other important historic structuresinclude dirigible hangars, radio towers, gun factories and theircannons and guns, and quonset huts (WWII era) .

5.2 SHIPS. The preservation of historic ships is beyond thescope of this manual, but it is important to remember that shipsmay require preservation treatment. U.S.S. CONSTITUTION, one ofthe first three naval vessels of the United States (1797) and theoldest commissioned naval ship in the world, is a NationalHistoric Landmark. The battleship U.S.S. MISSOURI, scene of theformal surrender of the Japanese at the close of World War II, isone of several Navy ships that have been listed on the NationalRegister. Decommissioned in 1955, the ship was retrofitted andreactivated in 1986. The World War II submarine U.S.S.SILVERSIDES (now in Chicago) is also listed. Other ships havebeen decommissioned and passed on to outside organizations andagencies for preservation and management (e.g., Commodore GeorgeDewey's ship, U.S.S. OLYMPIA, used at Manila Bay in theSpanish-American War). During the past twenty years, there hasbeen increasing interest in maritime preservation generally, witha number of new public and private programs. There are federalstandards for the documentation and presentation of historicships, and the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) has

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Figure 5-1. Hammerhead Crane at Philadelphia Navy Yard.

(Source: U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph)

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published detailed procedures for recording ships by means ofmeasured drawings and photographs. All pre-1946 ships should beevaluated according to the National Register’s criteria ofsignificance.

Historic structures and objects such as these arepreservation puzzles. While many continue in use (and undergorepair and updating) , their historic integrity needs to berecognized and protected. When a historic facility or object istaken out of service, the best method of preservation may bemothballing to protect it from decay or collapse. Finding newuses for historic structures and equipment is not as simple as itis for historic buildings. Hangars, for instance, may be madeinto offices or workshops without destroying the historic fabricof the building; but cranes, drydocks, and ramps may not be easyto adapt to other purposes. Functional additions may be made ifcare is taken not to harm the historical integrity of thestructure. Handling nontraditional historic structures needsassistance from a specialist in industrial and engineeringhistory or industrial archeology. In some instances, thesestructures are best left in place if they cannot be preserved andused.

It is important to survey and evaluate non-traditionalfacilities in order to separate those that are of distinctcultural importance, such as the ones noted above, from thosethat are merely old or that are less important because there areother, better examples elsewhere. Since it is especially hard topreserve working industrial facilities without change, thisdetermination becomes critical. Historic preservation treatmentmay not be appropriate for some significant structures because oftheir continually evolving use. Formal documentation may satisfythe regulations in such cases. In other cases, historicalintegrity has been long lost, so they do not meet the NationalRegister’s criteria of significance and therefore need not beconsidered for preservation.

In cases of national emergency, such as war or a naturaldisaster, federal regulations may suspend the effects of theNational Historic Preservation Act for varying periods of time(See 36 CFR 800.12).

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CHAPTER 6. ARCHEOLOGY

6.1 INTRODUCTION. Of all the different kinds of culturalresources, the hardest ones to recognize and deal with arearcheological sites. One reason is that there are so many ofthem. After all, people have been living in North America for atleast 12,000 years. The traces they have left behind are whatarcheology is all about.

Then too, archeological sites can be almost anywhere and looklike almost anything. They may be underground or under water,tucked away in caves or shell middens, lying in farmers’ fieldsor backyard gardens, as well as in cemeteries, sewers, orhazardous waste sites. They may contain artifacts such asarrowheads or Civil War bullets strewn about at ground level orburied deep inside old privies or wells. On the surface, theymay seem to be nothing more than a few random stones or a coupleof old postholes filled with dark soil. Occasionally, as withsome sites that are important in American Indian religiousbeliefs or tribal customs, they may contain nothing that can beseen or touched at all. They are frequently located in isolatedplaces. Often, however, they are in places that somebody wantsto use for a very good modern purpose that has nothing to do withthe archeology or history of the site, such as a sewer line, aroad, a hangar, or a gunnery range.

An archeological site is any area that contains informationabout our history (the period for which written records have beenkept) or prehistory (the time before written records exist in aparticular culture, such as early Native American settlements).Since there are so many of them, not all archeological sites canbe considered important enough to list in the National Registerof Historic Places or to require special treatment. Thearcheological significance of the site depends on how muchinformation it is likely to yield and how important theinformation is likely to be. Although the information is aboutthe past, it may be used to benefit the present or even thefuture, as with the study of various human diseases or theevolution of plants or animals.

6.2 POLICY, REGULATION AND OBJECTIVES. Like historic buildingsand other cultural properties, archeological sites are protectedunder Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. TheArcheological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA), Public Law96-95, made it a federal crime to remove archeological artifactsfrom sites on public lands without a permit. It is also illegalto buy, sell, or receive such artifacts.

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6.3 EVALUATION, SURVEY AND IDENTIFICATION. The Navy is requiredby Section 110(a) (2) of NHPA to survey and evaluate allarcheological sites that are potentially eligible for theNational Register of Historic Places. The surveys andevaluations are carried out by professional archeologists and aredone in consultation with the SHPO. The survey results areincluded in the historic preservation plans to be included in thebase master plan. When projects are planned for areas containingarcheological sites included in or eligible for the NationalRegister, it will first be necessary to consult the SHPO andobtain the comments of the Advisory Council, pursuant to Section106 of NHPA and 36 CFR 800.

From a maintenance standpoint, the most important thing to doabout archeological sites is, before digging, filling, orbuilding on a site, to be alert to the fact that they may bepresent and to take steps to protect them when you come acrossthem. Base archeological surveys should be consulted beforeplanning any new construction or demolition. They should give agood idea of whether a particular area is likely to containimportant archeological data. However, not every potential sitecan be surveyed. If you find something in the course of yourwork that looks “archeological, “ stop digging and check it out.Do not remove any object from its location on the site; protectit in place if possible. Even objects that look sound may beincredibly fragile because of age and weathering. Note thelocation of the site and report your discovery immediately to theEFD (who will consult with the Secretary of the Interior, asrequired by the Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of1974, for advice on how to deal with the site) so thatarrangements can be made to evaluate and, if necessary, providepermanent protection for the archeological resource. The SHPOshould be kept informed of such discoveries.

6.4 EXCAVATION. Ordinarily, "protection" means leaving the sitealone and leaving artifacts, if there are any, where they werefound (in situ). Small sample excavations may be done to decidehow large the site is, how much and what kind of information itis likely to contain, and exactly where the information is mostlikely to be found. Full-scale archeological excavation, wherelarge portions of a site are dug up and as many artifacts, orobjects, as possible are taken out, is generally not done unlessthere is good reason to believe that there may be usefulinformation that can best be gathered in this way.

Salvage archeology, i.e., when artifacts are removed forstorage and study before a site has to be destroyed, must be leftto experts. Usually the experts will choose not to disturb asite, since even the most careful digging causes a certain amountof destruction. Most sites that have been occupied once byhumans have been occupied again and again, perhaps for differentpurposes or over a period of many years. The evidence of theiroccupation is found in layers, with the oldest evidence generallyat the bottom level. Digging, sometimes even careful excavation,

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rearranges the layers and can destroy the meaning of theevidence. It is somewhat like a murder mystery: in order tosolve the crime you have to know exactly when and where it wascommitted, and you only want to find one set of fingerprints onthe gun! Every time a site is disturbed, some evidence is lost.So the most useful site, the one that can answer the mostquestions about the past, is the one that has been leastdisturbed. Fortunately, technology is constantly being improvedto allow archeologists to gather information by non-intrusivemeans, without digging into the site. For instance, remotesensing techniques such as ultra-sound and x-ray can often createa picture of what is inside the ground much as they help to seeinside the human body.

Artifacts, as well as field notes and other items obtainedfrom salvage of an archeological site on Navy land, are Federalproperty. The Navy is responsible for their preservation.Standards and procedures for the curation of these materials havebeen developed by the Secretary of the Interior and are found in36 CFR 79.

6.5 UNDERWATER ARCHEOLOGY. Not all archeological sites are inthe ground. Some, like shipwrecks or old coastal town sites orindustrial sites that have slid into the water, are under water.These sites also are protected.

6.6 BURIAL SITES. Archeological sites that contain human remainsmust be treated with special care and respect. Any humanremains, along with any objects found with them, that arediscovered on Navy land are legally the property of the Indiantribe or other Native American group with which they wereassociated. They must be properly cared for by the Navy and, ifrequested, returned to their cultural group. Navy policy is tofollow the guidance of the Secretary of the Interior in dealingwith Native American human remains and associated funeraryobjects. In November 1990, Congress passed the Native AmericanGrave Protection and Repatriation Act (PL 101-601) specificallyto address the issue of ownership and control of such objects.The SHPO can usually be of assistance in identifying appropriateNative American contacts in these situations.

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APPENDIX ABIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: National Register of Historic Places bulletins detail theguidelines for evaluating and nominating various types ofpotential National Register properties. You can get thebulletins from your State Historic Preservation Office. OtherNPS publications can be obtained from the U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office in Washington.

A Primer: Preservation for the Pr perty Ownero , The PreservationLeague of New York State, Inc., Albany, N.Y., 35 pp.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Fact Sheet, Section 106Participation by Indian Tribes and Other Native Americans,Washington, D.C., ACHP, 1990.

Aldrich, Jr., Dr. Harl P., “Preserving the Foundations of OlderBuildings, “ Technology & Conservation, Summer 1979.

Amburgey, Terry L., Annotated Bibliography on Prevention andControl of Decay in Wooden Structures, Gulfport: USDASouthern Forest Experiment Station, 1971.

American Association for State and Local History, Nashville,Tennessee:

Technical Leaflet No. 15, Paint Color Research andRestoration, 23 No. 10, 1968.Technical Leaflet No. 77, Wood Deterioration: Causes.Detection , and Prevention, 29 No. 8, 1974.

- Technical Leaflet No. 81, Restoring Brick and Stone, 30No. 1, 1975.

- Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings,Technical Leaflet Series, No. 48, 1968.

Anderson, Richard K., Jr., “Guidelines for Recording HistoricShips'" Historic American Buildings Survey/ Historic AmericanEngineering Record, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.,1988.

APT Bulletin, Association for Preservation Technology, Box 8178,Fredericksburg, Virginia, 22404. Quarterly.

Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board.Minimum Guidelines and Requirements for Accessible Design;final rule. Federal Register. 46 no. 11 (Friday, January 16,1981): pp. 4270-4304.

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Baer, N.S., cd., Conservation of Historic Stone Buildigus andMonuments, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982.365 pp.

Bailey, James S. and Edmund W. Allen. “Seismic IsolationRetrofitting: Salt Lake City & County Building,” APTBulletin,. XX No. 2 (1988): pp. 32-45.

Baker, David J. Respectful Rehabilitation, The PreservationPress, Washington, D.C., 1982.

Ballantine, Duncan S., with Harold Russell Associates, Inc.Accommodation of Disabled Visitors at Historic Sites in theNational Park System, National Park Service, Washington,D.C., 1983.

Bell, Charlotte R., Federal Historic Preservation Case Law,Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C.,1985, 88 pp.

Blades, Keith, Gail Sussman, and Martin Weaver, eds., MasonryConservation and Cleaning Handbook, Toronto: APT Bulletin,1984.

Blumenthal, Sara K., compiler, Federal Historic PreservationLaws . Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1989-90, 61pp.

Bock, Gordon, "Clapboards, " The Old House Journal, May/June1989, p. 32.

Boland, Beth Grosvenor, “Guidelines for Evaluating andDocumenting Properties Associated with Significant Persons,"National Register Bulletin #32. Washington, D.C.: NationalPark Service.

Bonneville, David R. “Seismic Retrofit of Campton Place Hotel,”APT Bulletin, XX No. 2, 1988, pp. 28-32.

Borchers, Perry E., Photogrammetric Recording of CulturalResources, Washington, D.C.: Technical Preservation ServicesDivision, National Park Service, 1977.

Boyer, David W. "Field and Laboratory Testing Program” APTBulletin, XIX No. 4, 1987, pp. 45-53.

Brolin, Brent C., Architecture in Context: Fitting New Buildingswith Old, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1980.

Brunskill, Ronald and Alec Clifton-Taylor, Brickwork, New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982, 160 pp.

Buerling, S., “Substitute MaterialsHistorical Society Building,"1982, pp. 7-13.

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on the Western ReserveAPT Bulletin, XIV No. 3,

Bullock, Jr., Orin M., The Restoration Manual: An IllustratedGuide to the Preservation and Restoration of Old Buildings,Norwalk, Connecticut: Silvermine Publishers, 1966, 181 pp.

- "Brick, Adobe, Stone and Architectural Ceramics: Problemsand Techniques of Preservation,” Proceedings of the NorthAmerican International Regional Conference, Washington,D.C. : The Preservation Press, 1972, pp. 138-143.

Burns, John A., editor, “Recording Historic Structures/HistoricAmerican Buildings Survey/Historic American EngineeringRecord,” Washington, D.C.: American Institute of ArchitectsPress, 1989.

Butowsky, Harry, “Making Technological Facilities NHLs,” CRM

36

36

36

36

36

43

Bulletin, 12, 6, 1989.

CFR Part 60: National Register of Historic Places.

CFR Part 63: Determination of Eligibility for Inclusion inthe National Register of Historic Places.

CFR Part 68: The Secretary of the Interior's Standards forHistoric Preservation Projects.

CFR Part 78: Waiver of Federal Agency Responsibilities underSection 110 of the NHPA.

CFR Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties; Regulationsof the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Governingthe Section 106 Review Process. [Washington, D.C.]:Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, October 1986.

CFR Part 7: Protection of Archeological Resources.

Cawley, Frederick D., “Property Owner’s Guide to PaintRestoration and Preservation,” Technical Series/No.1,Preservation League of New York State, 1978, 8 p.

Chambers, J. Henry, AIA, “Cyclical Maintenance for HistoricBuildings,tS [Washington, D.C.]: National Park Service, 1976.

Chambers, J. Henry, AIA, Rectified Photography and Phot Drawingsfor Historic Preservation. Unpublished paper. Washington,D.C.: National Park Service, 1971.

Climatic Atlas of the United States, Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept.of Commerce.

Condit, Carl W., American Buildings: Materials and Techniquesfrom the First Colonial Settlements to the Present, 2nd cd.,Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1982, 329 pp.

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Conway, Brian D., “Stucco,” Illinois Preservation Series, No. 2.Springfield, Ill.: Division of Historic Sites, IllinoisDept. of Conservation, 1980.

“The Hazards of Synthetic Siding.” Illinois PreservationSeries, no. 1.

“Cultural Resources Management Planning.” CRM Bulletin 11, 2(April 1988). Special issue. [Washington, D.C.]: NationalPark Service, Cultural Resources Management.

Curtis, John Obed. Moving Historic Buildings. National ParkService, Technical Preservation Services. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1979. 56 pp., illus.

Davis, Helen W., Edward M. Hatch, and David G. Wright. "AlexanderParris: Innovator in Naval Facility Architecture." IA, TheJournal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 2, 1(1976): 3-23.

Dean, William and David S. Evans, Eds. Terms of the Trade: AHandbook for the Forest Products Industry. Eugene, Oregon:Random Lengths Publications, 1978.

DeKorne, Clayton. "Lead Paint: A Renovator's Hazard." The Journalof Light Construction. 7 No. 12 (September 1989): pp. 48-50.

Delgado, James P., et al. Nominating Historic Vessels andShipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places.National Register Bulletin #20. [Washington, D.C.]:National Park Service.

Derry, Anne, H. Ward Jandl, Carol D. Shun, and Jan Thorman.Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for PreservationPlanning. 1977; rev. 1985 by Patricia Parker. NationalRegister Bulletin #24. Washington, D.C.: National ParkService.

"Difficult Choices and Hard-Won Successes in MaritimePreservation ." CRM Bulletin 12, 4 (1989).

Doermann, Elisabeth W. "Restoration of Electrical Systems in theJames J. Hill House.” APT Bulletin. XVIII no. 3 (1986): pp.56-65.

Erlin, Bernard and William G. Hime. "Evaluating MortarDeterioration." APT Bulletin. XIX no. 4 (1987): p. 8.

Evans, Benjamin. “Letting Fresh Air Back into Buildings.”Architecture (March 1989) pp. 72-77.

Feilden, Bernard M. Conservation of Historic Buildings. London:Butterworth, 1982. 482 pp.

Fidler, J.A. “Glass-Reinforced Plastic Facsimiles in BuildingRestoration." APT Bulletin. XIV no. 3 (1982) : pp. 21-27.

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Field Instructions for Measured Drawings: Historic AmericanBuildings Survey. Washington, D.C.: National Park Servicend.

Fine Homebuilding. Taunton Press, 63 S. Main St., BOX 5506,Newtown, CT. Bi-Monthly.

Forest Products Laboratory, Texas Forest Service. Contractor’sFile. "Wood Shingle Roof Treatments.” APT Bulletin. XXI no.1 (1989): p. 13.

Gale, Frances. “Measurement of Water Absorption.” APT Bulletin.XXI no. 4 (1989): p. 8.

Garrison, John Mark. "Running Plaster Moldings: Bench Work fromMixing to Mounting.” The Old House Journal (August-September1984) pp. 136-41.

Gianopulos, Nicholas L. "Suggested Guidelines for the StructuralExamination, Analysis and Evaluation of a HistoricStructure.” APT Bulletin. XIV No. 4 (1982): pp. 27-29.

Grattan, David W. “Measuring Moisture in Wood.” APT Bulletin.XXI nos. 3 & 4 (1989): pp. 71-79.

Green, Melvyn and Anne L. Watson. “Evaluating Buildings inSeismic Zones." APT Bulletin. XX no. 2 (1988) : p. 13.

“Seismic Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings, A DamageAnalysis Approach.” APT Bulletin. XIII no. 2 (1981): PP.23-27.

Greenhorn & O’Mara, Inc. Guidance for Preparing Historic andArcheological Resources Protection Plans at United StatesNavy Installations. Washington, D.C.: 1990.

Grimmer, Ann E. compiler. A Glossary of Historic MasonryDeterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments.Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, PreservationServices, 1985. 68 pp.

Guideline on Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies.Rehabilitation Guidelines 1980. Washington, D.C.: U. S.Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 1980. pp. 33 + 113-17.

Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic PlacesForms . National Register Bulletin #16. Washington, D.C.:National Park Service, 1986.

Guidelines for the Maintenance of Restored Historic Buildings.State of California, The Resources Agency, Dept. of Parksand Recreation.

Hanson, Shirley, and Nancy Hubby. Preserving and Maintainingthe Older Home. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

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Heikkenen, Herman J. and Mark R. Edwards. "The Key-YearDendrochronology Technique and its Application in DatingHistoric Structures in Maryland." APT Bulletin. XV No. 3(1983): pp. 3-27.

Heller, Barbara Goiter. "Circumventing Chlorofluorocarbonsin Building Uses. " Architecture (March 1989) pp. 125-126.

Historic Preservation Maintenance Procedures. [Washington, D.C.]:Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1977.

Howe, Barbara J., Dolores A. Fleming, EmoryOverbeck. Houses and Homes; ExploringNashville, Term.: American AssociationHistory, 1987. 168 pp.

Howell, J. Scott. "Architectural Cast Iron:

L. Kemp, and Ruth AnnTheir History.for State and Local

Desiqn andRestoration." APT Bulletin. XIX no. 3 (1987): p. 51.

Identification of Historic Properties: A Decision Making Guidefor Managers. [Washington, D.C.]: Advisory Council onHistoric Preservation and National Park Service, September1988.

Jacob, Judith, and Norman R. Weiss. "water Vapor Transmission:Mortars and Paints." APT Bulletin. XXI nos. 3 & 4 (1989):pp. 62-71.

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Johnson, Walker C. and Hank Hart. "Copper Dome and CorniceRestoration and Reconstruction: Foellinger Auditorium.” APTBulletin. XXI no. 1 (1989): pp. 37-49.

Jones, Barclay G., ed. Protecting Historic Architecture andMuseum Collections from Natural Disasters. Boston:Butterworths, 1986. 560 pp.

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Kay, Gersil N. “Mechanical/electrical Systems.” APT Bulletin.XXI, nos 3 & 4 (1989): p. 5.

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Langenbach, Randolph. "Bricks, Mortar, and Earthquakes."APT Bulletin. XXI nos. 3 & 4 (1989): pp. 30-44.

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Livingston, Richard A. "The Protection of Monuments AgainstAir Pollution." ICOMOS International Symposium “Old Culturesin New Worlds”. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Committee of theInternational Council on Monuments and Sites, 1987. pp. 371-377.

London, Mark. Masonry: how to care for old and historic brick andstone. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1988.

Lynch, Michael E. “Protection of Historic Buildings DuringConstruction .“ APT Bulletin. XVIII no. 3 (1986): p. 8-9.

Lynch, Michael F. and William J. Higgins. The Maintenance andRepair of Architectural Sandstone. New York: New YorkLandmarks Conservancy. 2 pp.

Lyons, Thomas R. and Thomas Eugene Avery. Remote Sensing: AHandbook for Archaeologists and Cultural Resource Managers.Cultural Resource Management Series. Washington, D.C.:National Park Service, 1977.

Remote Sensing and Non-Destructive Archeology. Univ. ofNew Mexico: National Park Service, 1978.

Magaziner, Henry J. “Rebirth of an Engineering Landmark”.APT Bulletin 8, 4 (1986): 52-71.

Mann, Frederick C. “Photo Drawings. " APT Bulletin 19, 2 (1987):24-38.

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Markham, H. “Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies.”APT Bulletin. XIII no. 2 (1981): pp. 19-23.

Martone, Camille M. and Sharon C. Park, AIA. "Lead-Based Paintin Historic Buildings.” CRM Bulletin 13, 1 (1990) p.23-30.

McKee, Harley J. Introduction to Early American Masonry : Stone,Brick. Mortar and Plaster. Washington, D.C.: National Trustfor Historic Preservation, 1973. 92 pp.

Metals in America’s Historic Buildings: Uses and PreservationTreatments. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1980.168 pp.

Miller, Diane. National Register Information System Manual forState and Federal Users. National Register Bulletin #33.Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1987.

Milner, John D. “Masonry and Masonry Products: The Use andPreservation of Mortar, Plaster/Stucco and Concrete."Proceedings of the North American International RegionalConference. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1976.pp.“ 177-191.

Moore, Harry B. Wood-Inhabiting Insects in Houses: TheirIdentification, Biology, Prevention and Control. Washington,D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture andU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1979.

Morton III, W. Brown and Gary L. Hume. Standards for HistoricPreservation Projects with Guidelines for Applying theStandards. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1979.

Moss , Roger. A Century of Color: Exterior Decoration for AmericanBuildings, 1820-1920. Watkins Glen, N.Y.: American LifeFoundation, 1981. 108 pp.

National Register of Historic Places 1966-1988. Washington,D.C.: National Conference of State Historic PreservationOfficers.

National Register Standards and Guidelines. Bulletin #6.[Washington, D.C.]: National Park Service.

Nelson, Lee. Introduction. Illustrated Catalogue of AmericanHardware of the Russell Erwin Manufacturing Company.unabridged reprint of the 1865 ed. [Washington,D.C.]:Association for Preservation Technology, 1980.

New Energy from Old Buildings. Washington, D.C.: The PreservationPress, 1981. 208 pp.

New Life for Old Dwellings: Appraisal and Rehabilitation,[Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService Agriculture Handbook No. 481.

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Nixon, D. "A Simple Method for Measuring the Yield Strength OfSteel in Heritage Buildings.” APT Bulletin. XV no. 2(1983): 17-21.

Noel-Hume, Ivor. Historical Archeology : A Comprehensive Guide forBoth Amateurs and Professionals to the Techniques andMethods of Excavating Historic Sites. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1980. 355 pp.

O'Bright, Alan. "Paint Removal from Wood Siding.” PreservationTech Notes. Exterior Woodwork. No. 2. (September 1986).

O'Donnell, Bill. “Restoration Health Hazards.” The Old HouseJournal. (Jan/Feb 1988) pp. 44.

Old-House Journal. Old-House Journal Corporation, 435 Ninth St.,Brooklyn, NY 11217. Bi-Monthly.

Old-House Journal Technical Staff. "Historic Metal Windows:Maintenance & Repair. " The Old House Journal, November 1986,p. 425.

Organ, Robert M. “The Corrosion of Tin, Copper, Iron and Steeland Lead.” Proceedings of the North American InternationalRegional Conference. Washington, D.C.: The PreservationPress, 1976. pp. 243-257.

Padfield, Tim. “The Dangers of Installing Air Conditioningin Historic Buildings. " ICOMOS International Symposium “OldCultures in New Worlds”. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Committee ofthe International Council on Monuments and Sites, 1987. pp.432-439.

Park, Sharon C. "The Use of Fire-Rated Wooden Shingles onHistoric Buildings." CRM Bulletin, No. 6 (1989) p. 15-17.

Parrott, Charles, Access to Historic Buildings for the Disabled:Suggestions for Planning and Implementation. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1980.

Penn. Theodore Zuk. “Decorative and Protective Finishes,.1750-1850.” APT Bulletin. XVI No. 1 (1984): pp. 3-47.

Perrault, Carole L. “Techniques Employed at the North AtlanticHistoric Preservation Center for the Sampling and Analysisof Historic Architectural Paints and Finishes.” APTBulletin. X No. 2 (1978): pp. 6-47.

Peterson, Charles E., cd., Building Early America: ContributingToward the History of a Great Industry. Radnor, Pa.: ChiltonBook Co., 1976, 407 pp.

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Phillips, Morgan W. and Judith E. Selwyn. Epoxies for WoodRepairs in Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C. : HeritageConservation and Recreation Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior.1978.

"Brief Notes on the Subjects of Analyzing Paints andMortars and the Recording of Molding profiles.” APTBulletin. X, No. 2 (1978): pp. 77-90.

Phillips, Steven J. Old House Dictionary: An Illustrated Guide toAmerican Domestic Architecture, 1600-1940. Lakewood, Co.:American Source Books, 1989.

Pierport, Robert. "Slate Roofing." APT Bulletin. XIX no. 2,1987, pp. 10-24.

Poore, Patricia.“Stripping Paint from Exterior Wood.” The Old HouseJournal. (December 1985): pp. 207-211.“The Basics of Stripping Paint (from just aboutanything) ." The Old House Journal. (Jan/Feb. 1988): p.38.“The Basics of Plaster Repair.” The Old House Journal.(Mar/Apr 1988): p. 29.

Prentice, Helaine Kaplan and Blair. Rehab Right: How to Realizethe Full Value of Your Old House. City of Oakland PlanningDepartment: Ten Speed Press, 1987, 153 pp.

Preservation Briefs. Washington, D.C., National Park Service.1.

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Mack, Robert C. Cleaning and Waterproof Coating ofMasonry Buildings. 1976.Mack, Robert C. Repointing Mortar Joints in HistoricBrick Buildings. 1976.Smith, David M. Conserving Energy in Historic Buildings,1978.Sylvester, Sarah M. Roofing for Historic Buildings. nd.Grimmer, Ann E. Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to HistoricBuildings. 1979.Tiller, Patterson De Teel. The Preservation of HistoricGlazed Architectural Terra-Cotta. 1979.Myers, John H. and Resources of Gary L. Hume. Aluminumand Vinyl Sidings on Historic Buildings. 1985.Myers, John H. The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows.1980.Weeks, Kay D. and David W. Look. Exterior Paint Problemson Historic Woodwork. 1982.The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic SteelWindows.Weeks, Kay D. New Exterior Additions to HistoricBuildings: Preservation Concerns, 1985.Coney, William B. Preservation of Historic Concrete:Problems and General Approaches, 1985.Jandl, Ward H. Rehabilitating Interiors in HistoricBuildings. 1988.

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19 l Park, Sharon C. The Repair and Replacement of HistoricWooden Shingle Roofs.

21. MacDonald, Marylee. Repairing Historic Flat Plaster -Walls and Ceilings. 1989.

22. Grimmer, Ann E. The Preservation and Repair of Historicstucco, 1990.

24. Flaherty, David. Preserving Historic Ornamental Plaster,1990.

Preservation Tech Notes. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.Park, Sharon C. No. 1. Proper Painting and SurfacePreparation.Exterior Woodwork, No. 1.Fisher, Charles E. Windows No. 2 Installing InsulatingGlass in Existing Steel Windows. 1984.Trissler, Wayne. Windows No. 3 Exterior Storm Windows:Casement Design Wooden Storm Sash. 1984.Feist, Wimmiam C. Windows No. 4 Replacement Wooden Framesand Sash: Protecting Against Decay. 1984.Muckenfuss, Laura A. Windows No. 5 Interior Metal StormWindows.1984.Parrott, Charles. Windows No. 6 Replacement Wooden Sashand Frames With Insulating Glass and Integral Muntins.1984.Muckenfuss, Laura A. Windows No. 7 Window Awnings. 1984.Park, Sharon C. Windows No. 8 Thermal Retrofit ofHistoric Wooden Sash Using Interior Piggyback StormPanels. 1984.Fisher, Charles E. Windows No. 9 Interior Storm Windows:Magnetic Seal. 1984.Fisher, Charles E. Windows No. 10 Temporary Window Ventsin Unoccupied Historic Buildings. 1985.Fisher, Charles E. Windows No. 11 Installing InsulatingGlass in Existing Wooden Sash Incorporating the HistoricGlass. 1985.Stumes, Paul Windows No. 14 Reinforcing DeterioratedWooden Windows. 1986.Fisher, Charles E. Windows No. 15 Interior Storms forSteel Casement Windows. 1986.Closs, Christopher W. Windows No. 16 Repairing andUpgrading Multi-Light Wooden Mill Windows. 1986.

Principles for Protecting Wood Buildings from Decay. Madison,Wisconsin: U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, 1973.

Prudon, T.H.M. "Installing New Non-Corrosive Anchors in OldMasonry: Some Examples. " APT Bulletin. XI No. 3 (1979):pp. 61-77.

“Substitute Materials Find a Place In Preservation.”Commercial Renovation, II No. 3 (June 1989): pp. 36-42.“The Accessible Path in Historic Properties." APTBulletin. XIII No. 2 (1981): pp. 31."Simulating Stone.” APT Bulletin. XXI nos. 3 & 4 (1989) :pp. 79-92.

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Prudon, Theodore J. “Analysis of Restoration Costs." APTBulletin. VIII No. 4 (1986): p. 71-77.

Public Participation in Section 106 Review: A Guide for AgencyOfficials. [Washington, D.C.]: Advisory Council on HistoricPreservation, February 1989.

Quenzel, Neale. “Rehabilitation Approaches to SeverelyDeteriorated Brown Sandstone at the Apex Building,Washington, D.C." APT Bulletin. XVII, No. 3 & 4 (1985): pp.65-69.

Rainer, J.H. "Effect of Vibrations on Historic Buildings: AnOverview." APT Bulletin. XIV No. 1 (1982): pp. 3-11.

Rand, George. “Indoor Pollution: The Issue Continues to Build.”Architecture (March 1989) pp. 117-120.

Recreating Historic Tile" Association for PreservationTechnology . XIX No. 3 (1987): p. 30-41.

Reilly, Jack. ‘Living Without Asbestos. " The Old House Journal.(March/April 1987): pp. 34-38.

Resource Protection Planning Process. Heritage Conservation andRecreation Service (now the National Park Service). Bulletin.Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1980.

Roberts, E.L. & Co. Roberts' Illustrated Millwork Catalog: ASourcebook of Turn-of-the-Century Architectural Woodwork. NewYork: Dover Publications, Inc., 1903. 443 pp.

Rockhill, Dan. "Restoration with Epoxy Resins.” APT Bulletin.XX No. 3 (1988): pp. 29-35.

Roofing Roundup: Guide to Manufacturers and Suppliers of Products& Systems for the Analysis, Repair, & Replacement of ExistingRoofs." Technology & Conservation, 9 No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter1985-88): pp. 24-31.

Sayre, Edward V. “Deterioration and Restoration of Plaster,Concrete and Mortar." Proceedings of the North AmericanInternational Regional Conference. Washington, D.C.: ThePreservation Press, 1976. pp. 191-202.

Schur, Susan E. "Fire protection atModern Fire Safety Systems into& Conservation. 5 No. 4( Winter

Section 106, Step-by Step. AdvisoryPreservation, 1986. 63 pp.

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Sherfy, Marcella and W. Ray Lute. How to Evaluate and NominatePotential National Register Properties That Have AchievedSignificance Within the Last 50 Years. How To Series, #2.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1979. 7 pp.

Shivers, Natalie. Walls and Moldings: How to Care for Old andHistoric Wood and Plaster. Respectful Rehabilitation Series.Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation,1990.

Simonson, Kaye Ellen, compiler. Maintaining Historic Buildings:An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: National ParkService, 1990.

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Stone Preservatives: Methods of Laboratory Testing andPreliminary Performance Criteria. Washington, D.C.:National Park Service, May 1977.

Smith, B.T. “Substitute Materials for Deteriorated Metal Buildingcomponents: The Rehabilitation of a County Courthouse inSouthern Georgia.” APT Bulletin. XIII No. 4 (1981): PP. 19-

27.

Smith, Baird. Moisture Problems in Historic Masonry Walls:Diagnosis and Treatment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. [1988].

Smith, George S. and Francis P. McManamon. “Archeology and theFederal Government.” CRM Bulletin, No. 11 Special Issue(July 1988).

Staehli, Alfred. “Water Pressures for Masonry Cleaning.”APT Bulletin. VIII No. 4 (1986): pp. 10-18.

“Restoring Leather-Covered Doors.” APT Bulletin. XXI No.3 & 4 (1989): p. 94.

Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for RehabilitatingHistoric Buildings. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.revised 1983. 56 pp.

Stahl, Frederick A. A Guide to the Maintenance, Repair, andAlteration of Historic Buildings. New York: Van Nostrand,1984.

Stewart, J. and J. Moore. "Chemical Techniques of Historic MortarAnalysis. " APT Bulletin. XIV No. 1 (1982): pp. 11-17.

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Stockbridge, Jerry G. “Architectural Terra Cotta Testing.”APT Bulletin. VIII No. 4 (1986): pp. 41-46.

"Repointing Masonry Walls.” APT Bulletin. XXI No. 1(1989): p. 10-12.with Richard Lindstrom. “Evaluating Structural Capacity.”APT Bulletin. XX No. 3 (1988): pp.9-11.with Robert A. Crist. “Pre-Quake Diagnostic Techniques.”APT Bulletin. XX No. 2 (1988): pp. 10-12.with Richard S. Koziol. “Finding Water Leaks in SlateRoofs.” APT Bulletin. XIX No. 2 (1987): pp. 6-9."Masonry-wall Strength.” APT Bulletin. VIII No. 4 (1986) :pp. 6-7."Crack Evaluation and Monitoring.” APT Bulletin. XVIIINo. 3 (1986): pp. 6-7.

Strangstad, Lynette. "Patching Brownstone.” The Old HouseJournal. (August 1982) pp. 161-4.

Tarkow, Harold. “The Characterization and Preservation of Wood.”Proceedings of the North American International RegionalConference. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1976.pp. 101-115.

Tech Notes "Protecting Stairways." APT Bulletin. VIII No. 4(1986): p. 82.

The Journal of Light Construction. 1233 Shelburne Rd., Suite Cl,South Burlington, VT 05403. Monthly.

The Old-House Journal Catalog: A Buyer's Guide. Old-HouseJournal Corporation, 435 Ninth St., Brooklyn, NY. 11217.Annual.

"Threatened Cultural Resources." CRM Bulletin, No. 11, 3 (June1988) . Special issue. [Washington,D.C. ]: National ParkService, Cultural Resources Management.

Timmons, Sharon, Ed. Preservation and Conservation: Principlesand Practices. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press.1976. (See also selected individual chapters listed byauthor.)

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“HOW to Prepare Project-Specific Terra CottaSpecifications. “ APT Bulletin. XXI No. 1 (1989): pp. 26 -37.

Torraca, Giorgio. "Brick, Adobe Stone and Architectural Ceramics:Deterioration Processes and Conservation Practices."Proceedings of the North American International RegionalConference. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press. 1976,pp. 143-166.

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Traditional Building. 69A Seventh Ave., Brooklyn, NY11217. Bi-Monthly.

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U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Technologies forPrehistoric and Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C.:Govt. Printing Office, September 1986.

Uniform Accessibility Standards. [Washington]: General ServicesAdministration, Department of Defense, Department of Housingand Urban Development, U.S. Postal Service, 1988.

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Weeks, Kay D. “Forgiving the Lath/Saving the Plaster." CRMBulletin. No. 5 (1989) pp. 9-12.

and David W. Look, AIA. "Paint on Exterior HistoricWoodwork: Identification & Treatment of SurfaceConditions Problems." Technology & Conservation. 7 No. 2(Summer 1982): pp. 36-50.

Weiss, Norman R. "cleaning of Building Exteriors: Problems andProcedures of Dirt Removal." Technology and Conservation.(Fall 1979) pp. 8-13.

"How to Restore Stone. " CRM Bulletin, 12 No. 2 (1989) p.15-18.

Weitzman, David L. Traces of the Past. [New York]: CharlesScribner's Sons, 1980.

Welsh, F.S. and C. L. Granguist. "Restoration of the ExteriorSanded Paint at Monticello." APT Bulletin. XV No. 2 (1983):pp. 3-11.

Wickersheimer, David. “Evaluating Wood Structures.” The Journalof Light Construction. 7 No. 12 (September 1989): pp. 43-48.

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Wilson, Alex. “Radon: Testing, Prevention and Cures.”Architecture (March 1989): pp. 121-124.

Winkler, Erhard M. “Decay of Stone Monuments & Buildings: TheRole of Acid Rain.” Technology & Conservation. 7 No. 1(Spring 1982): pp. 32-41.

Winkler, Gail Caskey and Roger W. Moss. Victorian InteriorDecoration: American Interiors 1830-1900. New York: HenryHolt and Company, 1984.

Worsham, G. "Exterior Plaster Restoration at the Lord MortonHouse, Lexington, Kentucky." APT Bulletin. XII No. 4 (1981):pp. 27-34.

Wrenn III, George I. “Wood: Questions of Preservation and a NewX-Ray Investigative Technique." Proceedings of the NorthAmerican International Regional Conference. Washington, D.C.:The Preservation Press, 1976. pp. 89-101.

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APPENDIX BGLOSSARY

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP). An independentFederal agency tasked with advising the President, Congress, andother Federal agencies regarding historic and archeologicalresource preservation, formulating cultural resource protectionpolicy, and reviewing Federal and federally-assisted undertakingsthat affect National Register properties.

Archeological Resource. Any material remains of human life oractivity that is capable of providing information of past humanbehavior, culture, and related topics through a scientific orscholarly review.

Archeological Survey. A study to identify significantarcheological remains or materials within a specific geographicarea. The study is based on both literature research concerningthe prehistory and history of the site and on fieldinvestigations. At Navy installations or activities,archeological surveys are usually conducted in two stages: (1)as part of an overview survey, a cursory initial study that isusually visual and with limited document research, whichidentifies known and potential archeological sites and (2) anintensive survey, a more detailed study that in turn consists of:Phase I, a field investigation conducted to locate anyarcheological resources; and Phase II, a study in whicharcheological resources identified in the overview or Phase Isurveys are evaluated to determine their significance(eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places).

Architectural Resource. A building, object, structure or otherman-made resource. An architectural resource can also be anelement of landscape design such as a formal garden, park orparade ground, or an element of city planning such as the layoutplan of a Navy installation.

Architectural Survey. An evaluation study by one or morequalified architectural historians in which a list is compiled ofdistricts, buildings, structures, objects, and other man-madefeatures. It evaluates potential for placing a resource on theNational Register of Historic Places. At Navy installations,such surveys are usually conducted in two stages: an overviewsurvey and an intensive survey. The overview survey is based onpreliminary historic and visual survey of the property. Theoverview results in a list of resources that appear to beeligible for the Register and resources and areas that requirefurther evaluation through an intensive building survey. Theintensive survey is a detailed study involving additionalhistoric research and completion of field survey forms on alldistricts, buildings, structures, and objects identified in the

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overview survey. The intensive architectural survey provides acomprehensive list of districts, buildings, structures, andobjects eligible for the National Register.

Building. A construction created to shelter any form of humanactivity. Examples of buildings on Navy installations includeofficer’s quarters, barracks, hangars, warehouses, maintenanceshops, and administration facilities.

Consultation. The act of seeking and considering the opinionsand recommendations of appropriate parties about the NationalRegister eligibility of historic and archeological properties andeffects Navy undertakings may have on them. The SHPO and theAdvisory Council are the usual consulting parties, although otheragencies, interested publics and Native Americans may beincluded. Consultations may be informal, but they must always bedocumented in writing and follow the procedures found in 36 CFR800.

Cultural Resource. Any building, district, site, structure, orother object of historical, archeological, architectural,engineering or cultural significance. Also called a “historicproperty."

Data Recovery. Recovery prior to destruction of informationcontained in archeological resources that are significant mainlyfor their value in scientific study.

Evaluation. A determination, through survey and documentation,of the value or significance of a resource by applying publishedNational Register criteria.

HABS/HAER. The commonly used abbreviation for two closely alliedunits of the National Park Service: Historic American BuildingsSurvey (HABS) and Historic American Engineering Record (HAER).Both units provide information and assistance to federal agenciesconcerning standards, techniques and procedures for recording andotherwise documenting non-archeological cultural resources.

Historic. Of or related to an event, facility, object, site, orequipment that relates to the past.

Historic and Archeological Resources Protection (HARP) Plan. Aplan prepared for the management and protection of the NationalRegister resources of a Navy installation. By carrying out thegoals and priorities and following the standard operatingprocedures of the HARP Plan, installations can achieveexpeditious compliance with Federal historic preservation andarcheological laws.

Historic District. A historic district is a definable areapossessing a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity ofbuildings, structures, objects, or archeological sites. Adistrict is defined by the association of its parts with pastevents , its looks, its layout, or its physical development. A

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district may also be composed of individually significantarchitectural resources separated geographically but linked byhistoric associations.

Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places. The NationalPark Service official formally responsible for maintaining andpublishing the list of cultural resources that meet NationalRegister criteria of eligibility and for determining additions toand deletions from the National Register of Historic Places.

Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). The formal written agreementbetween\among the parties to a Section 106 consultation, pursuedin accordance with 36 CFR 800. The MOA usually accepts adverseeffects as being in the public interest and prescribes actions tobe taken to reduce or mitigate the adverse effects. Uponexecution by the Advisory Council, the MOA is evidence that theNavy has complied with Section 106.

Mitigation. Planning that is intended to minimize or eliminatedamage to, or any other adverse effect on or incident to, ahistoric resource. Under the NHPA Section 106, a mitigation planmust be approved prior to the start of any undertaking involvingNational Register properties.

National Historic Landmark. A property designated by theSecretary of the Interior as having exceptional significance inthe nation's history. National Historic Landmarks areautomatically listed on the National Register and are subject toall preservation requirements.

National Register of Historic Places. The official national listof districts, buildings, structures, objects, and sites that aresignificant in American archeology, architecture, culture,engineering, and history, and have been determined to be worthyof preservation. The Register is maintained by the National ParkService.

Nomination. Formal notification to the Keeper of the NationalRegister that a property may be of historical significance andappears to meet criteria of eligibility.

Object. A man-made feature that may be movable, but is relatedhistorically to a specific setting or environment. Examplesinclude sculptures, cannons, mounted aircraft, anchors, shipsbells, ship’s silver, monuments, foundations, pedestrian seats,and above-ground remains of a human event or activity.

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Overview Survey. A survey conducted to determine the likelihoodthat National Register resources are present at a Navyinstallation or activity. The overviews are based on review ofinstallation records and visual examination of potentialarcheological sites and possible historic districts, buildings,structures, or objects.

Preservation. The process of taking the necessary actions toprevent deterioration of historic structures.

Programmatic Agreement (PA) A written agreement among the Navy,the SHPO, and the ACHP that streamlines Section 106 reviewconsultations. A PA stipulates how an entire program or class ofundertakings repetitive in nature or similar in effect will becarried out so as to avoid or mitigate adverse effects onNational Register resources. A PA permits the installation toproceed with certain classes of undertakings, provided that theNational Register resources management strategies or otherspecified treatments are followed and any adverse effects areminimized.

Recordation. Drawings, photographs, and other formatspermanently recording resources which must be destroyed orsubstantially altered.

Rehabilitation. The process of returning a property to a stateof usefulness, through repair or alteration, which makes possiblean efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions andfeatures of the property which are significant to its historic,architectural, and cultural values.

Restoration. The act of returning a resource to the exactcondition that it had at a specific time in history.

Significance. The attributes or characteristics of a resourcethat make it valuable and eligible for the National Register ofHistoric Places. Significance in a Navy resource is evaluatedusing the National Register Criteria for Evaluation (36 CFR 60.4)and any relevant historic contexts that have been developed forthe installation.

Site. The location of a human event, prehistoric or historicoccupation or activity, or structure. Examples of sites includebattlefields, American Indian burial sites, and the location ofdemolished Navy buildings.

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). The officialappointed by each Governor to administer the state historicpreservation program. This includes cooperating with Federalagencies to develop a comprehensive statewide inventory ofhistoric properties and providing advice and assistance toFederal agencies in carrying out their preservationresponsibilities.

Structure. A functional construction for purposes other thanshelter, such as bridges or tunnels.

Treatment. The way an installation maintains, repairs, uses,protects, excavates, documents, or alters a cultural resource.

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Undertaking. Any action, activity, program, or project financed,assisted, or licensed by the Navy that may have an effect onNational Register resources, and therefore requires Section 106consultation with the SHPO and the ACHP.

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APPENDIX CSTATUTES, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS, AND DOD DIRECTIVES

C.1 STATUTES. A number of federal historic preservation lawsapply to resources under the direct or indirect control of theNavy. These laws do not prevent the service from carrying outits primary national defense mission or, for that matter, fromusing its property in any way it considers best. The laws aremeant only to ensure that all the potential effects on historicproperties under federal control are considered before any actionis taken that might harm them. Once the proper consultativeprocedures have been followed, the final decision on what to dowith the property rests with the Navy.

C.1.l National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended.The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), asamended, is the backbone of today’s historic preservationprograms. Building on earlier legislation such as theAntiquities Act of 1906 and the Historic Sites Act of 1935 (seebelow), it expanded the National Register of Historic Places toinclude places of regional, state, and local, not just national,importance. It provided for the appointment of State HistoricPreservation Officers in all the states. It established theAdvisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), an independentfederal agency, to advise other agencies on what effects agencyactions might have on historic properties and to advise thePresident and Congress on historic preservation matters. TheNHPA also authorizes leases, exchanges and management contractsto be used for ensuring preservation of cultural resources andallows the Navy to retain proceeds from outleases to defraypreservation costs.

C.1.2 Antiquities Act of 1906. The Antiquities Act of 1906(16 U.S.C., 431-433), the first general, federal historicpreservation measure, authorized the President to designate asnational monuments “historic landmarks, historic and prehistoricstructures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest”on federally owned or controlled lands. It also protectedarcheological sites by requiring permits for the examination ofruins, excavation of archeological sites, and gathering ofobjects of antiquity on lands under federal jurisdiction. (Thisfunction was taken over by the Archeological Resource andProtection Act of 1979.)

C.1.3 Historic Sites Act of 1935. This act (16 U.S.C.,461-467) made it a matter of national policy to preserve historicsites, buildings, and objects of national significance for thebenefit and inspiration of the American people. It establishedthe National Historic Landmarks program, still the highest levelof federal recognition for historic properties, and provided for

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the inventory and collection of data about sites of nationalsignificance. It also authorized the Historic American BuildingsSurvey, which systematically documents important historicstructures through measured architectural drawings, photographs,and written data.

C.1.4 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) (83Stat. 852, 42, U.S.C. Sec. 4321). The Act established a nationalpolicy for the protection and enhancement of the environment,stating that it is the continuing responsibility of the FederalGovernment to use all practicable means, consistent with otheressential considerations of national policy, to improve andcoordinate Federal plans, functions, programs, and resources tothe end that the nation may preserve important historic,cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage.

C.1.5 Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979(ARPA),[ 16 U.S.C. 470aa-470mm) Public Law 96-96. An actrequiring permits for archeological excavations on public landsand specifying penalties for unauthorized excavations orvandalism of archeological resources and providing for thepreservation of archeological collections and data.

C.1.6 Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974.Directs Federal agencies to notify the Secretary of the Interiorwhenever they find that a Federal, federally assisted, orfederally licensed project may cause irreparable loss ordestruction of significant prehistorical, historical, orarcheological data. The Secretary of the Interior is authorizedto undertake the recovery, protection, and preservation of suchdata, or in accordance with instructions from the Secretary, theagency is authorized to undertake such actions. The Secretary isfurther directed to coordinate all Federal survey and recoveryactivities.

C.2 REGULATIONS

C.2.1 Executive Order 11593 “Protection & Enhancement of theCultural Environment May 13, 1971 (36 CFR 8921, 16 USC 470 etseg.). This order has been subsumed under Section 110 of theNational Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended.

C.2.2 ACHP Regulations.

C.2.2.1 Section 106 of NHPA. Requires Federal agenciesto give the ACHP an opportunity to comment before funds areapproved for any federal undertaking that might have any effecton a National Register of Historic Places site, building, object,structure, or district under the direct or indirect control ofthe agency. The process is commonly known as Section 106 review.An ‘Undertaking” is any project carried out by a federal agency,or with federal funds, or with a federal license or permit.Regardless of whether the undertaking is expected to have a"beneficial" or an "adverse" effect on the property, it still

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must be reviewed by the Advisory Council. Among thecircumstances that lead to “adverse” effects are: 1)destruction or alteration of all or part of a property; 2)isolation from or alteration of the property's surroundingenvironment; 3) introduction of visual, audible or atmosphericelements that are out of character with the property or alter itssetting; 4) neglect of a property resulting in its deteriorationor destruction; and 5) transfer or sale of a property withoutadequate conditions or restrictions regarding preservation,maintenance, or use. A diagram of the basic steps for Section106 review follows as Figure C-1. The implementing regulationsfor Section 106 are found in 36 CFR 800.

C.2.2.2 Section 110 of NHPA. Created by theincorporation of Executive Order 11593 into the NHPA through the1980 amendments, this requires the Navy to locate and inventoryall sites, buildings, structures, districts, and objects underits jurisdiction that appear to qualify for listing on theNational Register. This is done with guidance from the Secretaryof the Interior and with the cooperation of the SHPO for thestate or territory involved. Activity commanding officersinitiate the survey and inventory, which usually are carried outunder contract by historic preservation professionals. Thesurvey and inventory process is critical to the Navy’s historicpreservation planning, since the regulations for protectinghistoric and cultural properties under NHPA apply not just toproperties which are listed on the National Register of HistoricPlaces, but also to those which may be eligible to be listed, andeven to those which have not yet been identified as potentiallyeligible. Specifically, Section 110 states that:

a.

b.

c.

d.

The Federal Government will ensure that Federalplans and programs preserve and enhance federallyowned resources of historic or archeologicalsignificance.

Agencies in coordination with DOI and SHPOs willlocate, inventory, and nominate resources thatappear to qualify for the National Register.

Agencies will protect Federally owned assets thatmight qualify for the National Register. Assetswill be protected from transfer, sale, demolition,or substantial alteration.

Agencies will ensure proper recordation ofproperties on the National Register that will bedemolished or substantially altered. Records willbe deposited with the Library of Congress for futureuse and reference. These records are made under thedirection of the Historic American Buildings Surveyand Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER)pursuant to the Secretary of the Interior'sStandards for Documentation.

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THE BASIC STEPS OF THE SECTION 106 REVIEW PROCESSFIGURE C-1

e.

f.

g.

h.

Agencies will maintain assets through preservation,rehabilitation, or restoration as prescribed by theNPS.

Agencies are required to submit annual plans onHistoric Preservation to the Secretary of theInterior and the ACHP.

Agencies will cooperate with purchasers ortransferors of National Register properties todevelop appropriate preservation plans.

The Secretary of the Interior is tasked withencouraging State and local preservation officialsto survey, evaluate and nominate non-federally ownedproperties to the National Register.

C.2.2.3 Memoranda of Agreement (MOA). MOAs areagreements reached among the Navy, the SHPO, and the ACHP thatstipulate how an undertaking will be carried out to avoid orminimize adverse effect on a historic property. By carrying outthe terms of the MOA, the Navy completes its responsibilitiesunder Section 106. Failure to carry out the MOA requires goingback to the ACHP for comment as if there had been no agreement.Programmatic Agreements are intended to deal with programs orclasses of undertakings that are repetitive in character orsimilar in effect, so that such undertakings do not have to beindividually referred to the ACHP.

C.2.2.4 World War II Temporary Buildings. Buildingsconstructed between 1939-1946 are exceptions to the rule thatbuildings must be at least fifty years old to be eligible forlisting on the National Register. In 1986, the ACHP executed aProgrammatic Agreement with the Department of Defense and theNational Council of SHPOs that provides for the identification,evaluation, and documentation of World War II temporarybuildings. The calls for the Department of Defense to develop anarrative overview of the historic and chronological developmentof World War II temporary building types and major militaryinstallations; to document representative major temporarybuilding types and installations; and to develop historicpreservation plans for select examples of World War II temporarybuilding types or groups of buildings. Scheduled demolition isto proceed cautiously until the documentation study is completed.With the completion of documentation and agreement by the NCSHPO,and the Advisory Council, the Navy will have fulfilled itsobligations under Section 106.

C.2.3 36 CFR 60, National Register of Historic Places. Thisregulation describes the procedures for nomination and listingproperties into the National Register of Historic Places. Italso describes related actions such as revisions todocumentation, removals from the National Register, Publicrequests for action, and appeals to the Keeper of the NationalRegister. Other functions of the register are to indicate

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properties eligible for grants-in-aid or eligible for tax relieffor historic preservation.

C.2.4 36 CFR 63, Determinations of Eligibility for Inclusionin the National Register of Historic Places. This regulation hasbeen written to help agencies recognize and nominate theappropriate properties for the National Register. Thisregulation also explains how to request determinations ofeligibility from the ACHP.

C.2.5 36 CFR 800. The Regulations for the Advisory Council onHistoric Preservation. This regulation shows the charter for theorganization and outlines the program of oversight and review tobe followed.

C.2.6 State Regulations. Each of the states and territoriesand most local governments regulate historic properties in somefashion. It is Navy policy to cooperate with preservationagencies and organizations at all levels. The SHPO of each stateis responsible for preparing a master preservation plan for hisor her jurisdiction and must be consulted for help in identifyingand evaluating historic properties and in assessing potentialeffects on them from Navy undertakings.

C.3 FEDERAL STANDARDS.

C.3.1 Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Archeologyand Historic Preservation. The Secretary of the Interior'sStandards for Archeology and Historic Preservation represent aneffort to integrate and systematize the activities of Federalagencies, states, and other entities in preserving the culturalheritage of the United States. The standards and guidelines fortheir implementation were prepared by the Department of theInterior under the authority of Sections 101 (f), (g), and (h) ofthe National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. Inaddition to the Standards for Rehabilitation described in Section3.2, they include:

o Standards for Preservation Planning;

o Standards for Identification;

o Standards for Evaluation;

o Standards for Registration;

o Standards for Historical Documentation;

o Standards for Architectural and EngineeringDocumental ion;

o Standards for Archeological Documentation; and

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o Standards for Historic Presentation Projects.

Each set of standards is accompanied by guidelines forimplementation.

C.3.2 Secretary of the Interior’s Standards forRehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating HistoricBuildings. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards forRehabilitation (36 CFR 67) define “rehabilitation” as “theprocess of returning a property to a state of utility, throughrepair or alteration, which makes possible an efficientcontemporary use while preserving those portions and features ofthe property which are significant to its historic,architectural, and cultural values.” The ten standards and theguidelines developed by the National Park Service foradministering them are stated in broad terms; however, theirapplication often calls for very specific skills and knowledge.The Standards for Rehabilitation are as follows:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Every reasonable effort shall be made to provide acompatible use for a property which requires minimalalteration of the building, structure, or site and itsenvironment, or to use a property for its originallyintended purpose.

The distinguishing original qualities or character of abuilding, structure, or site and its environment shallnot be destroyed. The removal or alteration of anyhistoric material or distinctive architectural featuresshall be avoided when possible.

All buildings, structures, and sites shall be recognizedas products of their own time. Alterations that have nohistoric basis and which seek to create an earlierappearance shall be discouraged.

Changes which may have taken place in the course of timeare evidence of the history and development of abuilding, structure, or site and its environment. Thesechanges may have acquired significance in their ownright, and this significance shall be recognized andrespected.

Distinctive stylistic features or examples of skilledcraftsmanship which characterize a building, structure,or site shall be treated with sensitivity.

Deteriorated architectural features shall be repairedrather than replaced wherever possible. In the eventreplacement is necessary, the new material should matchthe material being replaced in composition, design,color, texture, and other visual qualities. Repair orreplacement of missing architectural features should bebased on accurate duplication of features, substantiatedby historic, physical, or pictorial evidence rather than

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7.

8.

9.

10.

on conjectural designs or the availability of differentarchitectural elements from other buildings orstructures.

The surface cleaning of structures shall be undertakenwith the gentlest means possible. Sandblasting andother cleaning methods that will damage the historicbuilding materials shall not be undertaken.

Every reasonable effort shall be made to protect andpreserve archeological resources affected by, oradjacent to any project.

Contemporary design for alterations and additions toexisting properties shall not be discouraged when suchalterations and additions do not destroy significanthistoric, architectural or cultural material, and suchdesign is compatible with the size, scale, color,material, and character of the property, neighborhood,or environment.

Wherever possible, new additions or alterations shall bedone in such a manner that if such additions oralterations were removed in the future, the essentialform and integrity of the structure would be unimpaired.

The guidelines for applying the Standards were developed in 1979and revised in 1983. They pertain to historic buildings andstructures of all sizes, types, materials, and uses. They applyto both interior and exterior work. They set up a hierarchy forthe treatment of old buildings, from the most to the leastdesirable ways of handling rehabilitation projects, as follows:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Identify, retain, and preserve the form and detailing ofthose architectural materials and features that areimportant in defining the historic character.

Protect and maintain the materials and features thathave been identified as important. Protection generallyinvolves the least amount of intervention and mayinclude maintenance measures such as rust removal,caulking, cyclical cleaning of roof gutter systems, orinstallation of alarm systems or fences.

Repair historic materials and features, beginning withthe least amount of intervention possible.

Replace character-defining features in kind, that is,with the same material whenever possible, or withcompatible substitute material when necessary.Replacement should occur only when the feature is toobadly deteriorated or damaged to repair.

Reproduce missing historic features only if adequatehistoric, pictorial, and physical documentation exist to

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permit accurate reconstruction. Alternatively, replacethe missing feature with a new design that is compatiblewith the remaining character-defining features of thehistoric building and which takes into account the size,scale and material of the historic building. The newdesign must be clearly differentiated so that a falsehistoric appearance is not created.

6. Alterations/Additions to historic buildings should notradically change, obscure or destroy character-definingspaces, materials, features, or finishes. Exterioradditions should be avoided if possible.

7. Health and safety code requirements and energyretrofitting, while important aspects of rehabilitationprojects, are usually not part of the overall process ofprotecting or repairing character-defining features of ahistoric building. These types of work are assessed fortheir potential negative impact on the buildings

historic character. Therefore, care must be taken notto radically change, obscure, damage, or destroycharacter-defining materials or features in the processof rehabilitation work to meet code or energyconservation requirements.

C.4 DOD DIRECTIVES

C.4.1 DODDIR 4710.1, Archeological and Historic ResourcesManagement. This directive provides policy, prescribesprocedures, and assigns responsibilities for the management ofarcheological and historic resources located on land and inwaters controlled by DOD.

The purpose is to integrate archeological and historicpreservation into planning and management of DOD activities. Ofkey importance is to minimize expenditures through judiciousmanagement within the laws. The Secretary of Defense encouragespractical, economically feasible rehabilitation and adaptivereuse of significant historic resources.

C.4.2 OPNAVINST 5090.lA, Environmental and Natural ResourcesProgram Manual, Chapter 2 Historic and Archeological ResourcesProtection. This instruction sets out policy for the Navy infollowing the National Historic Preservation Act and theArcheological Resources Protection Act. This instructionconforms to DODDIR 4710.1 which assigns responsibilities formanagement of historic and archeological resources under DODcontrol for which NAVFACINST 11010.70 derives its authority.OPNAV'S policy states:

It is Navy policy to integrate the historic andarcheological resource protection requirements of applicablelaws with the planning and management of activities underNavy control; to minimize expenditures through judicious

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consideration of options available in complying withapplicable laws; to encourage practical, economicallyfeasible maintenance, rehabilitation and adaptive reuse ofNational Register resources under Navy control; and toprotect significant archeological resources.

C.4.3 NAVFACINST 11010.70, Facility Planning and theProtection of Cultural Resources. This instruction providesamplification of DODDIR 4710.1 and OPNAVINST 5090.lA in providingguidance and responsibilities for protecting cultural resources.The objective outlined is to protect and maintain those resourcesspecified by law, and to cooperate with preservation agencies. Asynopsis of responsibilities is provided here for convenience:

NAVFACENGCOM provides the administrative oversight,interagency liaison, and technical review for National Registernominations and forwards materials for the appropriate Navysignatures. NAVFACENGCOM will also review requests forarcheological excavations.

The EFD will provide technical advice to activities regardinglocating, inventorying, nominating, maintaining, and contractingfor interagency consultation and documentation of culturalresources. The EFD will maintain the ‘property records forsignificant resources listed by DOI on forms DOI 10-306. EFD'swill also liaison with SHPOs and with regional offices of the NPSand the ACHP. The EFD will assist NAVFACENGCOM in interagencyliaison.

Activity Commanding Officers should contact their EFD'S fortechnical consultation, establishing priorities for inventoriesand handling of cultural resources, contracting for neededexpertise, and handling emergencies such as discoveries duringconstruction, demolition, or storm cleanup.

C.4.4 US ARMY TM 5-801-1, Historic PreservationAdministrative Procedures (NOV 1975). The Army's equivalent tothe administrative guidance contained in this manual. Thismanual outlines the policies and procedures to manage, maintain,and nominate facilities through the Army's chain of command. Thecompanion manual, TM 5-801-2, addresses technical and maintenanceinformation for historic preservation.

C.4.5 US ARMY TM 5-801-2. Historic Preservation MaintenanceProcedures (FEB 1977). This manual would be most helpful forpublic works organization dealing with maintenance programconsiderations. Topics discussed are: structural, waterproblems, roofs and flashing systems, cleaning and coating,masonry decay, fenestration and openings, hardware andmiscellaneous metals, building regulations, emergency measures,mothballing, special materials, substitute items, and mechanicalequipments.

This manual has an extensive bibliography for additionalliterature.

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D-1

NPS Form 10-900(Rev. 8-86)

OMB No. 1024-0018

United States Department of the interiorNational Park Service

National Register of Historic PlacesRegistration FormThis form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. Sea instructions in Guidelinesfor Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking “x” in the appropriate box or by enteringthe requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter “N/A” for “not applicable.” For functions, styles, materials,and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories listed in the instructions. For additional space use continuation sheets(Form 10-900a). Type all entries.

1. Name of Propertyhistoric name

other names/site number

2. Locationstreet & number I❑ not for publication

city, town ❑ vicinity

state code county code zip code

3. ClassificationOwnership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property❑ private ❑ building(s) Contributing Noncontributing❑ public-local ❑ district❑ public-State ❑ site

buildings

sites❑ public-Federal ❑ structure

❑ objectstructures

objectsTotal

Name of related multiple property listing: Number of contributing resources previously

listed in the National Register

4. State/Federal Agency Certification

As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this

❑ nomination ❑ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the

National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60,

In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. ❑ See continuation sheet.

Signature of certifying official Date

State or Federal agency and bureau

In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. ❑ See continuation sheet.

Signature of commenting or other official Date

State or Federal agency and bureau

5. National Park Service CertificationI, hereby, certify that this property is:

❑ entered in the National Register.

❑ See continuation sheet.

❑ etermined eligible for the NationalRegister. ❑ See continuation sheet.

❑ etermined not eligible for theNational Register.

Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

❑ removed from the National Register.

❑ other, (explain:).

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6, Function or UseHistoric Functions (enter categories from instructions) Current Functions (enter categories from instructions)

7. DescriptionArchitectural Classification Materials (enter categories from instructions)(enter categories from instructions)

foundationwalls

roofother

Describe present and historic physical appearance.

❑ See continuation sheet

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8. Statement of SignificanceCertifying official has considered the significance of this property in relation to other properties:

❑ nat iona l ly ❑ sta tewide ❑ local ly

Applicable National Register Criteria ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C

Criteria considerations (Exceptions) ❑ A ❑ B ❑ C

Areas of Significance (enter categories from instructions)

Significant Person

❑ D

❑ D ❑ E ❑ F ❑ G

Period of Significance Significant Dates

Cultural Affiliation

Architect/Builder

State significance of properly, and justify criteria, criteria considerations, and areas and periods of significance noted above.


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9. Major Bibliographical References

❑ See continuation sheetPrevious documentation on file (NPS):❑ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67)

has been requested❑ previously listed in the National Register❑ previously determined eligible by the National Register❑ esignated a National Historic Landmark❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings

Survey #❑ recorded by Historic American Engineering

Record #

Primary location of additional data❑ State historic preservation office❑ Other State agency❑ Federal agency❑ Local government❑ University❑ OtherSpecify repository:

10. Geographical DataAcreage of property

❑ * continuation sheet

Verbal Boundary Description


Boundary Justification


11. Form Prepared Byname/titleorganization datestreet & number telephonecity or town state zip code

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APPENDIX EPOINTS OF CONTACT

Naval Facilities Engineering CommandCode 20YJM Special Advisors for Planning CoordinationAV 221-7353 COM (703) 325-7353

Northern DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandAV 443-6270 COM (215) 897-6270

Chesapeake DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandCode 20 Installation Planning DivisionAV 288-3387 COM (202) 433-3387

Atlantic DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandAV 564-2300 COM (804) 445-2300

Western DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandAV 494-3719 COM (415) 244-3719

Southwest DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandAV 522-2931 COM (619) 532-2931

Southern DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandAV 563-0781 COM (803) 743-0781

Pacific DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandCOM (808) 471-3926

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NWWashington, DC 20006(202) 786-0503

National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Department of the InteriorWashington, DC 20240(202) 343-9536

Western DivisionAdvisory Council on Historic Preservation730 Simms Street, Suite 401Golden, CO 80401(303) 231-5320

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NATIONAL PARK SERVICE REGIONAL OFFICES

AND THE STATES THEY SERVE

Preservation Assistance DivisionNational Park ServiceP.O. Box 37127Washington, DC 20013-7127

National Capital Regional OfficeNational Park Service1100 Ohio Drive SWWashington, DC 20242(202) 485-9813

National Historic Preservation ProgramsWestern Regional OfficeNational Park Service450 Golden Gate AveBox 36063San Francisco, CA 94102(415) 556-4196

California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth ofNorthern Marianas Island, American Samoa, Federated Statesof Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic ofPalau

Division of Cultural ResourcesRocky Mountain Regional OfficeNational Park Service12795 West Alameda ParkwayP.O. Box 25287Denver, CO 80225(303) 969-2875

Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado

Preservation Services DivisionSoutheast Regional OfficeNational Park Service75 Spring St. SW., Room1140 Atlanta, GA 30303(404) 331-5185

Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, SouthCarolina, Kentucky, Virgin Islands, Commonwealth of PuertoRico

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Office of Cultural ProgramsMid-Atlantic Regional OfficeNational Park ServiceSecond and Chestnut Sts.Philadelphia, PA 19106(215) 597-2284

Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland

Cultural Resources DivisionAlaska Regional OfficeNational Park Service2525 Gambell St., Room 107Anchorage, AK 99503(907) 261-2690

Alaska

Midwest Regional OfficeNational Park Service1709 Jackson StOmaha, NE 68102(402) 221-3431

Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana,Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio

North Atlantic Regional OfficeNational Park Service15 State StBoston, MA 02109-3572(617) 565-8841

New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine

Southwest Regional OfficeNational Park ServiceP.O. Box 728Santa Fe, NM 87504-0728(505) 988-6388

New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas

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STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICERS

ALABAMA

ALASKA

SHPOExecutive Director,Alabama Historical Commission,725 Mentor StreetMontgomery, AL 36130(205) 261-3184

SHPODivision of ParksOffice of History and ArcheologyP.O. Box 107001Anchorage, AK 99510-7001(907) 762-2622

AMERICAN SAMOA HPODepartment of Parks and RecreationGovernment of American SamoaPago Pago, American Samoa 96799(684) 699-9614/9513

SHPOArizona State Parks800 West Washington#415Phoenix, AZ 85007(602) 542-4009

ARKANSAS SHPOArkansas Historic Preservation ProgramSuite 200The Heritage Center225 E. MarkhanLittle Rock, AR 72201(501) 371-2763

CALIFORNIA SHPOOffice of Historic PreservationDepartment of Parks and RecreationP.O. Box 942896Sacramento, CA 94296-0001(916) 445-8006

COLORADO SHPOPresidentColorado Historical Society1300 BroadwayDenver, CO 80203(303) 866-2136

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CONNECTICUT SHPODirectorConnecticut Historical Commission59 So. Prospect StreetHartford, CT 06106(203) 566-3005

DELAWARE SHPODirectorDivision of Historical and Cultural AffairsHall of RecordsDover, DE 19901(302) 736-5313

DISTRICT OF SHPOCOLUMBIA City Administrator

1350 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W.District BuildingWashington, DC 20004(202) 727-6365

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

GUAM

HAWAII

SHPODirectorDivision of Historical ResourcesDepartment of StateR. A. Gray Building500 S. Bronaugh St.Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250(904) 488-1480

SHPOCommissionerDepartment of Natural Resources205 Butler St. S.E.1462 Floyd Towers EastAtlanta, GA 30334(404) 656-2840

SHPODirectorDepartment of Parks and Recreation490 Naval Hospital RoadAgana Heights, Guam 96910477-9620 ext 4 Overseas Operator

SHPOChairpersonDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesP.O. Box 621Honolulu, HI 96809(808) 548-6550

E-5

IDAHO SHPOIdaho Historical Society210 Main StreetBoise, ID 83702(208) 344-3890

ILLINOIS SHPODirectorIllinois Historic Preservation AgencyOld State CapitolSpringfield, IL 62701(217) 782-4836

INDIANA

IOWA

KANSAS

KENTUCKY

SHPODirectorDepartment of Natural Resources608 State Office BuildingIndianapolis, IN 46204(317) 232-1646

SHPOAdministratorState Historical Society of IowaCapitol ComplexEast 6th and Locust St.Des Moines, IA 50319(515) 281-5113

SHPOExecutive DirectorKansas State Historical Society120 West TenthTopeka, KS 66612(913) 296-3251

SHPODirectorKentucky Heritage Council12th FloorCapital PlazaFrankfort, KY 40601(502) 564-7005

LOUISIANA SHPOAssistant SecretaryOffice of Cultural DevelopmentDepartment of Culture, Recreation and TourismP.O. Box 44247Baton Rouge, LA 70804(504) 342-8200

E-6

MAINE

REPUBLIC OFTHE MARSHALLISLANDS

MARYLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

MICHIGAN

FEDERATEDSTATES OFMICRONESIA

MINNESOTA

SHPODirectorMaine Historic Preservation Commission55 Capitol StreetStation 65Augusta, ME 04333(207) 289-1232

HPOSecretary of Interior and Outer Islands

AffairsAlele MuseumBox #629Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960

SHPODirector of Historical and Cultural ProgramsDepartment of Housing and Community

Development45 Calvert St.Annapolis, MD 21401(301) 974-2150

SHPOExecutive DirectorMassachusetts Historical Commission80 Boylston StreetSuite 310Boston, MA 02116(617) 727-8470

SHPODirectorBureau of HistoryDepartment of State208 North CapitolLansing, MI 48918(517) 373-6362

FSM HPOOffice of Administrative ServicesDivision of Archives and Historic

PreservationFSM National GovernmentP.O. Box 490Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941Telex 729-6808

SHPODirectorMinnesota Historical Society690 Cedar StreetSt. Paul, MN 55101(612) 296-2747

E-7

MISSOURI

MONTANA

NEBRASKA

NEVADA

MISSISSIPPI SHPODirectorMississippi Department of Archives & HistoryP.O. Box 571Jackson, MS 39205(601) 359-1424

SHPODirectorState Department of Natural Resources1915 Southridge DriveP.O. Box 176Jefferson City, MO 65102(314) 751-4422

SHPOProgram ManagerState Historic Preservation OfficeMontana Historical Society225 No. RobertsHelena, MT 59620-9990(406) 444-7715

SHPODirectorNebraska Stat Historical SocietyP.O. Box 82554Lincoln, NE 68501(402) 471-4787

SHPODirectorDivision of Historic Preservation and Archeology123 West NyeCapitol ComplexCarson City, NV 89710(702) 687-5138

NEW HAMPSHIRE SHPODirectorDivision of Historical

Historic OfficeWalker Building--State15 South Fruit StreetP.O. Box 2043Concord, NH 03301(603) 271-3483

NEW JERSEY

Resources and State

Office Park South

SHPOCommissionerDepartment of Environmental ProtectionCN-402401 East State StreetTrenton, NJ 08625(609) 292-2885

E-8

NEW MEXICO SHPOHistoric Preservation DivisionOffice of Cultural AffairsVilla RiveraRoom 101228 E. Palace AvenueSanta Fe, NM 87503(505) 827-8320

NEW YORK SHPOCommissionerParks, Recreation & Historic PreservationAgency Building #1Empire State PlazaAlbany, NY 12238(518) 474-0443

NORTH CAROLINA SHPO

NORTH DAKOTA

COMMONWEALTHOF THENORTHERNMARIANAISLANDS

OHIO

OKLAHOMA

DirectorDivision of Archives & HistoryDepartment of Cultural Resources109 East Jones StreetRaleigh, NC 27611(919) 733-7305

SHPOState Historical Society of North DakotaHeritage CenterBismark, ND 58505(701) 224-2667

HPODepartment of Community & Cultural AffairsCommonwealth of the Northern Mariana IslandsSaipan, Mariana Islands 96950(Overseas) Saipan 9722 or 9411

SHPOThe Historical SocietyHistoric Preservation Division1985 Velma AvenueColumbus, OH 43211(614) 297-2470

SHPODirectorOklahoma Historical SocietyWiley Post Historical Building2100 N. LincolnOklahoma City, OK 73105(405) 521-2491

E-9

OREGON

REPUBLIC OFPALAU

PENNSYLVANIA

COMMONWEALTHOF PUERTORICO

RHODE ISLAND

SOUTH CAROLINA

SOUTH DAKOTA

SHPOAdministratorState Parks & Recreation525 Trade Street, S.E.Salem, OR 97310(503) 378-5019

HPOChief of Cultural AffairsBureau of Community ServicesMinistry of Social ServicesP.O. Box 100Koror, Republic of Palau 97940489/657

SHPOExecutive DirectorPennsylvania Historical & Museum CommissionP.O. Box 1026Harrisburg, PA 17108(717) 787-2891

SHPOOffice of Historic PreservationBox 82La FortalezaSan Juan, Puerto Rico 00918(809) 721-2676/3737

SHPORhode Island Historical Preservation

CommissionOld Stat House150 Benefit St.Providence, RI 02903(401) 277 2678

SHPODirectorDepartment of Archives & HistoryP.O. Box 11669Columbia, SC 29211(803) 734-8592

SHPODirectorOffice of HistorySouth Dakota State Historical Society900 Governors DrivePierre, SD 57501(605) 773-3458

E-10

TENNESSEE SHPOCommissionerDepartment of Conservation701 BroadwayNashville, TN 37219-5237(615) 742-6758

TEXAS

UTAH

VERMONT

SHPOExecutive DirectorTexas Historical CommissionP.O. Box 12276Capitol Hill StationAustin, TX 78711(512) 463-6100

SHPODirectorUtah State Historical Society300 Rio GrandeSalt Lake City, UT 84101(801) 533-5755

SHPODirectorVermont Division for Historic PreservationPavilion BuildingMontpelier, VT 05602(802) 828-3226

VIRGIN ISLANDS SHPOCommissionerDepartment of Planning and Natural ResourcesDivision of Archeology & Historic

Preservation#179 Altona and WelgunstSt. Thomas, USVI 00801(809) 773-1082

VIRGINIA

WASHINGTON

SHPODirectorDepartment of Historic ResourcesCommonwealth of Virginia221 Governor StreetRichmond, VA 23219(804) 786-3143

SHPODirectorOffice of Archeology & Historic Preservation111 West 21st AvenueKL-11Olympia, WA 98504(206) 753-4011

E-11

WEST VIRGINIA SHPOCommissionerDepartment of Culture & HistoryCapitol ComplexCharleston, WV 25305(304) 348-0220

WISCONSIN SHPODirectorHistoric Preservation DivisionState Historical Society of Wisconsin816 State StreetMadison, WI 53706(608) 262-1339

WYOMING SHPODirectorDepartment of Archives, Museums & HistoryBarrett Building2301 Central Ave.Cheyenne, WY 82002(307) 777 7013

E-12

INDEX

Abrasive Stripping . . . . . . . . . . .Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acid Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acoustic Tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . .Activity Commanding Officer . . . . . . .Activity Master Plan . . . . . . . . . .Adaptive Use Plan. . . . . . . . . . . .Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adverse Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Advisory Council on Historic PreservationAir Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . .Alkaline Strippers . . . . . . . . . . .Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aluminum Siding... . . . . . . . . . .American Council on Historic PreservationAmericans with Disabilities Act .Antiquities Act of 1906 . . . . .Archaic . . . . . . . . . . . . .Archeological Resources ProtectionArcheological Sites . . . . . .Architectural Barriers . . . .Architectural Drawings . . . .Asbestos . . . . . . . . . . .Asbestos-Cement Shingles . . .Asbestos Siding . . . . . . . .Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . .Asphalt siding . . . . . . . .

Balloon Framing . . . . . . . .Basements . . . . . . . . . . .Base Exterior Architecture PlanBat Droppings . . . . . . . . .Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . .Bird Droppings . . . . . . . .Birthplaces . . . . . . . . . .Blowtorches . . . . . . . . . .Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Veneer . . . . . . . . . .Building Codes . . . . . . . .Burial Sites . . . . . . . . .

Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . .Cast Aluminum . . . . . . . . .

Advantages . . . . . . . .Checklist . . . . . . . .Disadvantages . . . . . .Installation . . . . . . .Uses . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . 3-1o

. . . . . . . 4-4,11

. . . . . . . . 4-53

. . . . . . 1-2; 2-3

. . . . . . . . 2-1o

. . . . . . . . 2-8

. . . . 2-9; 4-1,26

. . . . 2-6,9; 4-39

. . . . . . . 1-2,3

. . . . . . 4-27,28

. . . . . . . . 4-242-8,9; 3-2,7; 4-1,26.....

of 1979........

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4-36,562-3,9,10. . 3-11. . 2-6. . 3-82-6; 6-16-1,2,3

. . 3-11

. . 3-2

. 3-8,11

. . 3-9

. . 4-36

. . 4-20

. . 4-36

. . 4-35

. . 4-20

. . 2-11

.. 3-1o

. . 3-1o

. . 3-1o

. 2-1,23-10; 4-24

4-2,3,9,10,35. . . . . 4-36. . . . 3-6,7. . . . . 6-3

. . . . . 3-11

. . . . . 4-57

. . . . . 4-58

. . . . . 4-58

. . . . . 4-58

. . . . . 4-58

. . . . . 4-57

INDEX-1

Cast Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59

Category I Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5,6Category II Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6Category III Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7Ceilings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54Cemeteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1,2Chemical Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8Chemical Paint Removers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10Chemical Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Chemical Stripping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24,52Chief of Naval Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1-1Chimneys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8; . 4-19Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9Clorox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21Commemorative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1,2Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8Consultation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5,6Control Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6; 4-21Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

Demolition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Department of the Interior . . . . . . . . .Detailed Inventory of Naval Shore FacilitiesDetailed Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deterioration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Differential Expansion . . . . . . . . . . .Dirigible Hangars . . . . . . . . . . . . .Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Refinishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Drydock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dunes International Airport . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 2-9,11

. . . . . 1-2; 2-8

. . . . . . 2-11

. . . . . . . . 1-4

. . . 3-2,3; 4-2

. . . . . . . 4-11

. . . . . . . . 5-1

. . . . . . 4-45,48

. . . . . . 4-47

. . . . . . . 5-1

. . . . . . . . 2-2

Economic Analysis . . . . . . .Efflorescence . . . . . . . . .Electrical Systems . . . . . . .Eligibility . . . . . . . . . .Emergency Preservation . . . . .Emergency/Breakdown MaintenanceEnergy Conservation . . . . . .Engineered Performance StandardsEngineering Field Division (EFD)Environmental Protection AgencyExcavation . . . . . . . . . . .Exfoliation . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 . . . . . . . . . 4-23,24. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29. . . . . .. . 1-4; 2-3,6 . . . . . . . . . . 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7. .. . . . . . . . 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2. . . . . .. . . . . . 4-23

Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7,8Fire Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28

INDEX-2

Fire Watch . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Fireplaces . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . Floorboards . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Fluorescent Lighting . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Formaldehyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .

4-244-534-464-454-454-454-533-11

Graffiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20,21Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20Grime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 4-19Grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9Guano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10Gun Factories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Hammerhead Crane . . . . . . . . .Hand Sanding . . . . . . . . . . .Handicapped Access . . . . . . . .Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . .Heat Guns . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heat Plates . . . . . . . . . . . .Heat Stripping . . . . . . . . . .Historic American Buildings SurveyHistoric American Engineering RecordHistoric and Archeological Resources

Historic Property Inventory .Inventory Evaluation . . . . .Overview Survey . . . . . . .

Historic and Archeological ResourcesHistoric Districts . . . . . . . .Historic Indicator . . . . . . . .Historic Structures . . . . . . . .Historic Structures Report . . . .Hot-air Blowers . . . . . . . . . .Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . .Hydrofluoric Acid . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . 5-1

. . . . . . . . . 4-25

. . . . . . . . . 3-7

. . . . . . . . . 4-47

. . . . . . . . . 3-1o

.. . . . . . . . . 4-24,40

.. . . . . . . . . 4-24

. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51

. . . . . . . . . . . 2-7; 3-2. . . . . . . . . . . 2-7; 5-1

Protection Plan . 2-3,4,7. ... . . . . . . . . 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4. ... . . . . . . . . 2-4Protection Program . . 1-1. . . . . . . . . 2-2,7,9,11. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1,3. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 3-1. .. . . . . . . . . 3-1o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8,24

Indoor Air Quality . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . ...3-8.11Insect Infestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2; 4-17Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3, 14Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37Interior Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1,6; 5-3

Keeper of the National Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Knob-and-Tube Wiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4-29

Lead Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10; 4-22Lead-Soldered Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11Library of Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7: 3-2

Cartographic Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7Prints and Photographs Division . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

INDEX-3

Life Cycle Cost . . . . . . . .Life Safety Code . . . . . . . .Lighting Systems . . . . . . . .Lightning Rods . . . . . . . . .Local Preservation AssociationsLumber Dimensions . . .

MaintenanceBuilding StructuresMechanical Systems

Maintenance Manuals .Maintenance Planning .Maintenance PrioritiesMaintenance SchedulingMasonry . . . . . . .

Abrasive CleaningAdobe . . . . .Brick . . . . .Cleaning . . .Coatings . . .Concrete . . .Damage . . . .Decay . . . . .Flooring . . .Maintenance . .Mortar . . . .Paint Removal .Painting . . .Portland CementStone . . . . .stucco . . . .Terra Cotta . .Walls . . . . .Wet Cleaning .

Mechanical BreakdownMembrane Roofing . .

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.Memorandum of AgreementMetal . . . . . . . .

Abrasion . . . . .Corrosion . . . . .Deterioration . . .Fatigue . . . . . .

Metal Lath . . . . . . .Metal Work . . . . . . .

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.Methylene Chloride StrippersMilitary Construction . . .Mitigation . . . . . . . . .Modifications . . . . . . .Mold. . . . . . . . . . . .Monuments . . . . . . . . .Mortar. . . . . . . . . . .Moss.. . . . . . . . . . .Mothballing . . . . . . . .

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. . 1-34-15,31

. 4-26

. 4-273-15

3-1,2,15. . 3-2. . 3-3. . 4-2. 4-23. . 4-2. . 4-2. 4-18. 4-25. 4-2,8. 4-26. 4-1o. 4-45. 4-35. 4-2,4. 4-22. 4-25.. 4-4. 4-2,4. 4-2,8. 4-2,8. 4-35. 4-23. 4-14. 4-352-6,11

. 4-13

. 4-14

. 4-13

. 4-134-14

l 4-35,36. 4-47

3-10; 4-241-1

1-4; 2-6,9. . . 2-9. . 4-21. . . 2-1. . 4-4,7

4-11,19,21,31. . 3-13; 5-3

INDEX-4

NAGPRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1-3National Archives and Records Service . . . . . . . . . 2-7; 3-2National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 . . . . . . . . . 1-2National Historic Landmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 1-2,3; 4-1; 5-3; 6-1

Section 106 . . . . . . . . . 1-3; 2-3,4,5,6,7,9,10; 6-1,2Section 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4,6-2

National Park Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2; 2-1; 3-2; 4-1National Register Bulletin 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3National Register of Historic Places . . . 1-2,3; 2-1,3,4,6,9;

3-15; 5-1; 6-1,2Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3,7Nomination Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Resource Treatment Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act . . . 1-3Naval Facilities Assets Data Base . . . . . . . . . . l-l; 2-11Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Engineering Field Division . . . . . 1-1; 2-3,10; 3-15; 6-2Headquarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-l; 2-3; 3-15Historical Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

Naval History Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8NAVFACMO-300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13,14NAVFACMO-321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4NAVFACMO-322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4NAVFACP-78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11NAVFACP-164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2,4,11NAVFACP-442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6Navy Preservation Maintenance Manual . . . . . . . . . . 2-5,6Nomination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3; 2-3

Obsolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20Outbuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9Overview Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4;2-4Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13,14

Paint Removal . . . . .Chemicals . . . .Heating Tools . .Masonry . . . . .Mechanical MethodsMetal Windows . .Open Flame . . . .

PaintingMasonry . . . . .Metal Roofs . . .Tin Roofs . . . .Wood . . . . . .

Partitions . . . . . .Permastone . . . . . .Pesticides . . . . . .Plaster Repair . . . .Polyurethane . . . . .Porches . . . . . . . .Portland Cement . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50,51,52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 4-25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36,39

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-55

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45,53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-37. . . . . . . .. . . . . 4-4,8,12,26

INDEX-5

Post-and-Beam Framing .Poultices . . . . . . .Preservation MaintenanceProgrammatic Agreement .Propane Torches . . . .Public Affairs Office .Public Works Centers . .Public Works DepartmentsPublic Works Office . .

Radio Towers . . . . . .Radon . . . . . . . . .Reconstructed Buildings

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. . . . . . .. . . . .“Specialist”. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . .. . . . .Regional Preservation-Associations. . . . .R e l i g i o u s P r o p e r t i e s . . . . . . .Repainting . . .Rising Damp . .Roofs . . . . .

Copper . .Draining .GalvanizedLead . . .Lead-Coated

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Roll Roofing . . .Sheet Metal .Slate . . . .Terne . . . .Tile . . . .Tin. . . . .Wood Shingle

Rust. . . . . . .

Salvage ArcheologySandblasting . .Seaplane HangarsSecretary of theSecretary of theShips . . . . .Siding

Aluminum .Asbestos .Asphalt . .PermastoneVinyl . . .

Significance . .Sites . . . . .Silicone SealersSkylights . . .Slate . . . . .Spalling. . . .Spanish Tile . .Stained Glass .Stairways . . .

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. . . . .State Historic Preservation Officer

. . . 4-354-21,22,24

. . . . 3-3

. . 2-2,11

. . 4-24,41 . .. . . .l 1-1 ;. . . .

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2-71-1

3-152-7

5-13-9

. . . 2-1,2

. . . 1-3

. . . 2-1,2. . . . . 4 - 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2. . . . . 4 - 4 , 1 0 , 1 8 , 2 4 , 3 5. . . . . .. . . .3-6; 4-29,31.. . . . . . . . .. . . 4-31. . . . . . . . 4-35. . . . . . . . 4-32. . . . . . . . 4-32. . . . . . . . 4-32. . . . . . . . 4-35. . . . . . . 4-32,56. . . . . . . . 4-31. . . . . . . . 4-32. . . . . . . . 4-31. . . . . . . . 4-32. . . . . . . . 4-32. . . . . . . . 4-21

. . . .. . . . . . ... 6-2

. . . . . . ...4-2,11,23,41

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ...1-3 ;. . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . . . ...

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.... . . . . . ...

. . .. . . . . . ...

. . .. . . . . . ...

. . 5-12-3; 4-1. . 2-3. . 5-1

4-36,56. 4-36. 4-36. 4-364-36,56

. . . . . . . . .2-1,2,4,11; 3-12; 4-1

. . . . . . .... . . . . . ... 2-9

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 4-25

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 4-29

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 3-6

. . . . . .. . . . . . ... 4-6,23,25

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 4-31

. . .. . .. . . . . . ... 4-38,47

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 4-53 . . . . . . . 1-2,4; -3,7,9,10;

3-2,15; 4-18,38; 6-2

INDEX-6

Standards for Historic Preservation ProjectsStandards for RehabilitationStone . . . . . . .Storm Windows . . .Stripping Methods .stucco . . . . . . . . .

Maintenance .Subflorescence . .Sulfuric Acid . . .Supervision . . . .Surveys . . . . . .

Tar . . . . . . . .Termites . . . . .Terra Cotta . . . .Training . . . . .Trisodium Phosphate

Ultra-Sound . . .Undertakings . . .

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.Underwater- ArcheologyU.S.S. CONSTITUTION .U.S.S. MISSOURI . . .U.S.S. OLYMPIA . . .U.S.S. SILVERSIDES .

Vandalism . . . . . .Vapor Barriers . . .Vegetation . . . . .Ventilation System .Vermin . . . . . . .Vinyl Siding . . . .

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.Water Treatment SystemsWaterproofing . . . . .Weatherstripping . . .Wet Cleaning . . . . .Windows . . . . . . . .

Double Glazing . .Double-Hung . . .Glass Block . . .Metal . . . . . .Metal Repair . . .Metal ReplacementReplacement . . .Sash Maintenance .Sash Replacement .Schedule . . . . .Survey . . . . . .Weatherizing . . .

Wood . . . . . . . . .Decayed . . . . .D r y R o t . . . . .Fire . . . . . . .

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. . . . 2-5,6

. . . . 2-5,64-4,5,6,10,35

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. . . 4-444-50,51,52. . . 4-8. . . 4-35. . . 4-25. . 4-4,11. . . 3-3. . . 6-2

. . . 4-203-11; 4-15. . . 4-8. . . 3-3. . 4 - 2 2

. . . 6-3

. . . 1-4

. . . 6-3

. . . 5-1

. . . 5-1

. . . 5-1

. . . 5-1

. . . 3-3

. . . 4-37

. . . 3-2

. . 3-9,11

. . 3-2, 14

. 4-36,56

. . . 4-16

. . . 4-284-12,18,25. . . 4-43. . . 4-23. . . 4-37. . . 4-44. . . 4-41. . . 4-44. 4-40,42. . . 4-43. . . 4-43. 4-39,40. . . 4-39. . . 4-38. . . 4-38. . . 4-38. . . 4-43. . . 4-14. . . 4-14. . . 4-14. . . 4-14

INDEX-7

Floors . . . .Frames . . . .Insects . . . .Moisture MetersShingles . . .Stripping . . .Wall Painting .WetRot . . . .

Woodwork . . . . . .Refinishing . .

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. . 4-45

. . 4-35

. . 4-144-16

4-32,33,34. . 4-49. . 4-36. . 4-14. . 4-49. . 4-47. . 2-2,7. . 4-26

. . . 6-3

INDEX-8