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SAIDAI SA. DURAISAMYS MANIDHA NAEYAM FREE IAS ACADEMY
TNPSC GROUP II PART II - INTERVIEW NOTES
CURRENT GOVERNORS OF STATES
STATE NAME TOOK OFFICE
Andhra Pradesh E. S. L. Narasimhan 28 December 2009
Arunachal Pradesh Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa 01 June 2015
Assam Padmanabha Acharya 12 December 2014
Bihar Keshari Nath Tripathi 27 November 2014
Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon 25 July 2014
Goa Mridula Sinha 31 August 2014
Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli 16 July 2014
Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki 27 July 2014
Himachal Pradesh Kalyan Singh 28 January 2015
Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra 25 June 2008
Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu 18 May 2015
Karnataka Vajubhai Vala 1 September 2014
Kerala P. Sathasivam 5 September 2014
Madhya Pradesh Ram Naresh Yadav 8 September 2011
Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao 30 August 2014
Manipur Syed Ahmed 16 May 2015
Meghalaya V. Shanmuganthan 20 May 2015
Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma 26 May 2015
Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya 19 July 2014
Odisha S. C. Jamir 21 March 2013
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Punjab Kaptan Singh Solanki 22 January 2015
Rajasthan Kalyan Singh 4 September 2014
Sikkim Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil
20 July 2013
Tamil Nadu K. Rosaiah 31 August 2011
Telangana E. S. L. Narasimhan 2 June 2014
Tripura Tathagata Roy 13 May 2015
Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik 22 July 2014
Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul 8 January 2015
West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi 24 July 2014
CURRENT LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS AND ADMINISTRATORS OF
UNION TERRITORIES
OFFICE AND UNION TERRITORY NAME TOOK OFFICE
Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
A. K. Singh 8 July 2013
Administrator of Chandigarh Kaptan Singh Solanki
22 January 2015
Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Ashish Kundra 18 August 2014
Administrator of Daman and Diu Ashish Kundra 18 August 2014
Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Najeeb Jung 9 July 2013
Administrator of Lakshadweep H. Rajesh Prasad 7 November
2012
Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry A. K. Singh 18 July 2014
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CURRENT CHIEF MINISTERS
STATE NAME TOOK OFFICE
Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu 8 June 2014
Arunachal Pradesh Nabam Tuki 1 November 2011
Assam Tarun Gogoi 17 May 2001
Bihar Nitish Kumar 22 February 2015
Chhattisgarh Raman Singh 7 December 2003
Delhi Arvind Kejriwal 14 February 2015
Goa Laxmikant Parsekar 8 November 2014
Gujarat Anandiben Patel 22 May 2014
Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar 26 October 2014
Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh 25 December 2012
Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 1 March 2015
Jharkhand Raghuvar Das 28 December 2014
Karnataka Siddaramaiah 13 May 2013
Kerala Oommen Chandy 18 May 2011
Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan 29 November 2005
Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis 31 October 2014
Manipur Okram Ibobi Singh 2 March 2002
Meghalaya Mukul Sangma 20 April 2010
Mizoram Lal Thanhawla 7 December 2008
Nagaland T. R. Zeliang 24 May 2014
Odisha Naveen Patnaik 5 March 2000
Puducherry N. Rangaswamy 16 May 2011
Punjab Parkash Singh Badal 1 March 2007
Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje 13 December 2013
Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling 12 December 1994
Tamil Nadu Jayalalithaa 23 May 2015
Telangana K. Chandrashekar Rao 2 June 2014
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Tripura Manik Sarkar 11 March 1998
Uttar Pradesh Akhilesh Yadav 15 March 2012
Uttarakhand Harish Rawat 1 February 2014
West Bengal Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011
LIST OF OFFICE-HOLDERS IN INDIA
CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICES
OFFICE NAME SINCE
President of India Pranab Mukherjee 25 July 2012
Vice President of India / Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
11 August 2007
Chief Justice of India H. L. Dattu 28 September 2014
POLITICAL OFFICES
OFFICE NAME SINCE
Prime Minister of India Narendra Damodardas Modi 26 May 2014
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Sumitra Mahajan 6 June 2014
POLITICAL OFFICIAL
OFFICE NAME
Minister of Defence Manohar Parrikar
Minister of External Affairs Sushma Swaraj
Minister of Finance Arun Jaitley
Minister of Home Affairs Rajnath Singh
Minister of Agriculture Radha Mohan Singh
Minister of Human Resource Development (India)
Smriti Irani
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HEADS OF GOVT APEX WING
NO OFFICE NAME
1 Chief Election Commissioner of India Syed Nasim Ahmad
Zaidi
2 Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission
Justice K. G. Balakrishnan
3 Chief Commissioner, Central Information Commission
Rajeev Mathur
4 Chairman, National Commission for Minorities
Naseem ahamad
5 Chairman, National Commission for SC P. L. Punia
6 Chairman, National Commission for ST Rameshwar Oraon
7 Chairperson, National Commission for Women
Lalitha Kumaramangalam
8 Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission Ratan Kumar Sinha
9 Chairman, ISRO A S Kiran Kumar
10 Chairman, Union Public Service Commission Deepak Gupta
11 Chairman, National Knowledge Commission Sam Pitroda
12 Chairman, University Grants Commission Ved Prakash
13 Chairman, Central Water Commission of India
Ashwin B. Pandya
HEADS OF FINANCIAL BODIES
OFFICE NAME SINCE
Chairman, 14th Finance Commission of India
Y.Venugopal Reddy 3 January 2013
Governor of Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan 4 September
2013
Chairman, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
Upendra Kumar Sinha
18 February 2011
Chairman, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
T. S. Vijayan 23 February 2013
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BUREAUCRATS
NO OFFICE NAME
1 Cabinet Secretary of India Ajit Seth
2 National Security Adviser Ajit Kumar Doval
3 Secretary-General of the Rajya Sabha Shumsher K. Sheriff
4 Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha Anoop Mishra
5 Attorney General of India Mukul Rohatgi
6 Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Shashi Kant Sharma
7 Solicitor General of India Ranjit Kumar
8 Principal Scientific Adviser R. Chidambaram
9 Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations
Asoke Kumar Mukerji
10 Chairman, Railway Board AK Mittal
11 Foreign Secretary Subrahmanyam Jaishankar
11 Union Home Secretary LC Goyal
12 Finance Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi
DEFENCE AND SECURITY
NO OFFICE NAME
1 Chief of Army Staff General Dalbir Singh Suhag
2 Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha
3 Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Robin K Dhowan
4 Chief of Integrated Defence Staff Air Marshal PP Reddy
5 Director General, Border Security Force D K PATHAK
6 Director General, Central Reserve Police Force Prakash
Mishra
7 Director General, Central Industrial Security Force
Arvind Ranjan
8 Director-General of Military Intelligence Lt. Gen K G
Krishna
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9 Director, Central Bureau of Investigation ANIL KUMAR Sinha
10 Director, Intelligence Bureau Dineshwar Sharma
11 Director General, National Investigation Agency
Sharad Kumar
12 Secretary (Research) Rajinder Khanna
13 Member (Investigation CBDT) Anita Kapur
TAMIL NADU
ESTABLISHED 26 January 1950
BOUNDED BY
Tamil Nadu is bounded by Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka on West
Kerala on the East
The Bay of Bengal and on South by the Indian Ocean.
CAPITAL Chennai
LARGEST CITY Chennai
DISTRICTS 32
TOTAL AREA 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)
AREA RANK 11th
TOTAL POPULATION (2011)
72,138,958
POPULATION RANK 6th
DENSITY 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
LITERACY 80.3 per cent (2011 census)
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Tamil
FLOWER Kandhal
TREE Palmera Palm
BIRD Emerald Dove
ANIMALS Nilgiri Tahr
IMPORTANT FACTS i. It was one of the first of British
settlements in
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India.
ii.Tamil Nadu is home to man natural resources, Hindu temples of
Dravidian architecture, hi stations, beach resorts multi-religious
pilrime sites an UNESCO world heritage sight.
iii. Its economy depends largely on agriculture.
iv. Chennai, Tuticorin and Ennore are the major ports in the
State Tamil Nadu.
v. Major industries in Tamil Nadu are cotton textiles, chemical
fertilizers, paper and its products, diesel engine, iron and steel,
railway wagons and coaches etc
NEIGHBOURING STATES
Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry (UT)
SEA Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean
NEIGHBOURING COUNTRY
Sri Lanka
TELANGANA ESTABLISHED 2 June 2014
CAPITAL Hyderabad
LARGEST CITY Hyderabad
DISTRICTS 10
TOTAL AREA 114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi)
AREA RANK 12th
TOTAL POPULATION (2011)
35,193,978
POPULATION (2011) RANK
12th
LITERACY 66.50%
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Telugu, Urdu
EMBLEM Kakatiya Toranam, Charminar
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LANGUAGE Telugu and Urdu
SONG Jaya Jaya He Telangana Janani Jayakethanam
ANIMAL Deer
BIRD Palapitta (Indian Roller)
FLOWER Tanged Puvvu
TREE Jammi tree (Prosopis cineraria)
JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT COMMISSION BILL 2014
Judicial independence is an absolute necessity for maintaining
the rule of law and fair judicial administration in the
country.
The independent judiciary plays an important role in controlling
the arbitrary act of the administration. The passing of the
National Judicial Appointment Bill abolishes the collegium
system.
COLLEGIUM SYSTEM
The collegium is a system under which judges of the Supreme
Court and High Court are appointed and transferred by a forum
comprising of the Chief Justice of India, along with four
senior-most judges of the Supreme- Court.
The collegium system came into force based on three different
judgements of the Supreme Court, popularly known as the "Three
Judges Case".
The 1981, S.P. Gupta vs. Union of India case is the first one
and is popularly known as the "First judges Case". In this case it
was held that the opinion of the executive should have primacy
regarding appointment of judges to higher judiciary.
But in S.C. Advocates on-record Association Vs. Union of India
1993 case, also known as "Second Judges Case", the decision in
'S.P. Gupta case' was overruled and was held that, the opinion of
Chief Justice of India has primacy in the appointment of
judges.
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In this case the Supreme Court has made it clear that, the
appointment has to be done in consultation with a collegium of
judges of the Supreme Court. The collegium should consist of the
Chief Justice of India and two senior-most judges of the Supreme
Court.
However, in the third judgment, which is exactly not a case but
a presidential reference, the apex court has held that the
collegium should consist of the Chief Justice of India and four
senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
It is made dear that, in the appointment of judges of Supreme
Court and High Court, primacy is given to the opinion of the Chief
Justice of India which should reflect the opinion of judiciary i.e,
opinion of plurality of judges.
The court has observed that the expression "consultation with
the Chief Justice of India" in Article 217(1) and 222(1) requires
consultation with a plurality of judges in formation of the opinion
of the Chief Justice of India. This reference made by the President
is known as the "Third Judges Case".
ADVANTAGES OF COLLEGIUM SYSTEM
The judges of the High Court and Supreme Court are better aware
of the performance of the lawyers and lower judiciary. Therefore
they are better placed to recommend names for appointment to higher
judiciary.
The performance of the lawyer or judge of the lower judiciary is
the sole consideration for recommending or selecting a name.
The delay in the selection process is minimal.
It guarantees independence to judiciary. It does not have room
for political interference.
DRAWBACK OF COLLEGIUM SYSTEM
Like all other good things, this system has some pitfalls too,
like lack of transparency in selection of judges etc.
A series of events were recently revealed by Justice Markandey
Katju, a former Supreme Court judge that compelled everyone to
question the transparency of the collegium.
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Katju revealed that a politically connected Madras High Court
judge was allowed to stay in the bench despite having corruption
charges against him. He also explained the unreliability of the
collegium system by referring to the recommendation of an eminent
lawyer to the bench.
BACKGROUND OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL
Interestingly, the National Judicial Appointments Commission
Bill is a legislation that is intended to give effect to a broader
Government plan of changing the mode of appointment of judges to
the High court and the Supreme Court.
The Constitution that already deals with appointment of judges
to the Supreme Court and to the High Courts had never envisaged any
such commission in the first place.
So, the Constitution itself had to be first amended before any
such Commission could be put into place. The Constitution (One
Hundred and Twenty First Amendment) Bill, 2014(' Amendment Bill')
was therefore introduced in the Parliament for the purpose of
amending certain provisions of the Constitution.
This Amendment Bill is required to be first passed by three
quarters of the membership of both.
Houses of the Parliament. The Lok Sabha passed this Amendment
Bill on 13-August-2014 and the Rajya Sabha passed this Amendment
Bill on 14-August-2014.
However, because this Amendment Bill seeks to modify certain
provisions of the Constitution that deal with the appointment of
judges to the Supreme Court and of appointment, elevation and
transfer of judges to the High Courts, this Amendment Bill should
also be ratified by half of all state legislatures in the country
in order to become a valid amendment to the Constitution.
Essentially, the Legislatures of not less than fifteen of the
twenty nine States must now individually and separately pass a
resolution by majority to support this Amendment Bill.
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121ST CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BILL, 2014
According to the Statement of Objects and Reason of the Bill,
there is a need for
a broad based National Judicial Appointment Commission (NJAC),
for making recommendations for selection of judges.
The Bill seeks to enable equal participation of Judiciary and
Executive, ensure that the appointments to the higher judiciary are
more participatory, transparent and objective.
CREATION OF THE NJAC:
Article 124 (2) of the Constitution provides that the President
will make appointments of Supreme Court (SC) and High Court(HC)
judges after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and other
SC and HC judges as he considers necessary.
The Bill amends Article 124 (2) of the Constitution to provide
for a Commission, to be known as the National Judicial Appointments
Commission (NJAC). The NJAC would then make recommendations to the
President for appointments of SC and HC judges.
COMPOSITION OF THE NJAC:
A new Article, Article 124A provides for the composition of the
NJAC. The NJAC would consist of:
Chief Justice of India (Chairperson)
Two senior most Supreme Court Judges
The Union Minister of Law and Justice
Two eminent persons (to be nominated by a committee consisting
of the Chief Justice of India, Prime Minster of India and the
Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha)
Of the two eminent persons, one person would be from the
SC/ST/OBC/minority
communities or be a woman. The eminent persons shall be
nominated for a period of three years and shall not be eligible for
re-nomination. .
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FUNCTIONS OF THE NJAC:
A new Article, Article 124B, provides for the functions of the
NJAC which include:
Recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India,
Judges of
the Supreme Court, Chief Justices of High Courts and other
Judges of High Courts; The NJAC shall not recommend a person for
appointment if any two of its members do not agree to such
recommendation.
Recommending transfer of Chief Justices and other Judges of High
Courts
from one High Court to any other High Court; and
Ensuring that the persons recommended are of ability and
integrity.
REFERENCE TO COMMISSION FOR FILLING UP OF VACANCIES
When a vacancy arises in the SC or HCs, the central government
will make a
reference to the NJAC.
Existing vacancies will be notified to the NJAC within thirty
days of the Act entering into force.
When a vacancy arises due to the completion of term, a reference
will be made to the NJAC, six months in advance.
For vacancies due to death or resignation, a reference must be
made to the NJAC within thirty days of its occurrence. Power of
Parliament to make law on procedures: A new Article, Article 124C,
enables Parliament to pass a law to:
Regulate the procedure of appointments, and
Empower the NJAC to lay down the procedure for its functioning,
and manner of selection of persons for appointment, through
regulations.
POWER OF THE PRESIDENT TO REQUIRE RECONSIDERATION
The President may require the NJAC to reconsider the
recommendations made
by it.
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If the NJAC makes a unanimous recommendation after such
reconsideration, the President shall make the appointment
accordingly.
ADVANTAGE OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION BILL
transparency in selection more accountability in judiciary
DISADVANTAGE OF NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION
BILL
It gives enough scope for political interference which is a
threat to judicial independence.
It also violates the basic structure of the constitution and
concept of separation of powers.
Procedural delay in appointment, tampering with IB reports of a
candidate not having good rapport with political parties.
The Bill allows two members of the commission to scuttle the
appointment of an individual. Such a provision can be misused.
Judges will have to devote extra time for discussing the issues in
commission which will hamper the normal judicial process thereby
increasing the pendency of cases.
So, to maintain its full-fledged freedom and uprightness, the
judiciary should have predominant role in the commission. The role
of executive should be limited to transparency only. In absence of
these features, the survival of democracy would be in peril.
SC dismisses all the PILs challenging 121st Amendment and
National Judicial Commission
Bill 2014
A Three Judges Bench of the Supreme Court dismissed a batch of
PILs challenging the 121st
Constitutional amendment and National Judicial Commission Bill
2014 which provides for a new mechanism for appointment of lodges
in higher Judiciary and for scrapping the collegium system
prevalent for the past two decades.
THE PETITION IS FILED ON THE FOLLOWING MAIN GROUNDS
The proposed Constitution (One hundred and twenty first
Amendment) takes away the primacy of the collective opinion of the
Chief Justice of India and the two senior most Judges of the
Supreme Court of India, next to the Chief Justice of India i.e.
even" if all three senior most judges of the Supreme Court of
India
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collectively recommend an appointee, the appointment is liable
to be vetoed by the other three members, one of whom is part of the
executive (Minister in government) and the other two ("eminent
persons") not selected unanimously but amongst the Prime Minister,
CJI and leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha.
As per the law laid down by this Court, it would not be possible
to challenge any law made under the proposed Article 124C on the
ground that it results in the erosion of the Independence of the
Judiciary thereby damaging the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
Article 124C leaves open enormous scope for the Parliament, by
ordinary legislation, to give primacy to the Executive or Veto
powers to the Executive or other unchecked powers to the Executive
for the appointment of Judges to the higher Judiciary.
If any two Members of the Commission do not agree to the
recommendations of the three senior most Judges of the Supreme
Court of India for appointment, the appointment is not to be
made.
The criteria of suitability for appointment as a Judges is to be
specified by "regulations" and these Regulations are to be made by
"the Commission" where the three senior most judges do not have a
predominate vote. This again is a total negation of the concept of
the 'independence of the judiciary" and is violative of the basic
structure of the constitution.
JUVENILE JUSTICE BILL - 2014 The Union Cabinet approved
amendments to the Juvenile Justice Act. The Bill
will open pathways to treat minors above 16 years of age, who
are accused of heinous crimes like rape and murder, as adults.
The proposed amendment come against the backdrop of outrage over
the lighter punishment of three years given to a minor convicted in
the December 16, 2012 Delhi gangrape case.
THE AMENDMENTS
The amendment will pave the way for 16 to 18 year olds to be
treated as adults when involved in heinous crimes such as rape,
acid attack.
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The proposal will empower the Juvenile Justice Board to decide
whether a minor above 16 years involved in heinous crimes is to be
sent in observation home or tried in a regular court.
According to the Bill, juvenile cannot be given death sentence
or life imprisonment under any circumstance. The Bill also makes
corporal punishment and ragging criminal offences which the
existing JJ Act did not cover.
Corporal punishment could invite a maximum jail term of three
years. Ragging will invite up to three years imprisonment and a
fine of Rs. 10,000.
The proposed amendments also include facilitating faster
adoption of children and setting up foster care homes.
The Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has been proposed
as the statutory body, now it will have powers to regulate
inter-country adoptions along with issuing guidelines on adoption
and related matter.
JUVENILE
A "Juvenile" or "Child" means a person who has not completed 18
years of age. Section 2 (k) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and
Protection of Children) Act, 2000 defines "juvenile" or "Child" as
a person who has not completed eighteenth year of age.
WHAT PRESENT LAW STATES?
Last time, the juvenile justice legislation was overhauled was
in 2000. The present law allows a maximum sentence for any crimes
of three years of confinement in a youth reformatory.
The law fails to express the minimum age, lacks concept of
parental responsibility. It also fails to provide for procedural
guarantees like right to counsel and right to speedy trial.
It does not take into account the orders and directions of the
Supreme Court and High Courts relating to determination of the age
of the child.
It empowers the Juvenile Justice Board to give a child in
adoption; even though, it is the Child Welfare Committee that deals
with children in need have care and protection.
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The Act is also silent on issues like child labour, primary
education, sexual abuse, adoption, disabilities and health.
HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS CRITICIZING THE BILL
Human-rights activists and experts have criticized the new Bill,
saying that the nature of a crime does not establish the mental
maturity of juveniles. Experts say that the amendment violates
basic child rights.
BILL DRAFTED BY MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
The Bill was drafted in June by the Ministry of Women and Child
Development to change the country's juvenile justice law.
It will now be submitted to Parliament for approval. According
to the National Crime Records Bureau, in 2012, 1,175 minors were
booked for rape in India, up from 1,149 in 2011.
The number of juveniles held for rape in 2013 is 1,388. Owing to
the rise and brutality of sexual assaults particularly by juveniles
on young girls and women, there was an increasing sense of urgency
to create legal avenues for some deterrence to warn off the
under-age perpetrators.
However, India being a signatory to the United Nations Standard
Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The
Beijing Rules) that came into effect on 29 November 1985 had so far
refrained from making any changes to its Juvenile Justice laws.
For purposes of these Rules, the following definitions shall be
applied by Member States in a manner which is compatible with their
respective legal systems and concepts:
A juvenile is a child or young person who, under the respective
legal systems, may be dealt with for an offence in a manner which
is different from an adult;
An offence is any behaviour (act or omission) that is punishable
by law under the respective legal systems;
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A juvenile offender is a child or young person who is alleged to
have committed or who has been found to have committed an
offence.
But following the Delhi gangrape incident, BJP leader
Subramanian Swamy had approached the Supreme Court seeking changes
in the laws for those juveniles who willfully commits heinous
crimes.
A REAL STEP BACK
The United Nations International Children's Education Fund
(UNICEF) has termed the decision as a "real step back" -
apprehending that the new JJ Bill could be a significant deviation
from the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2000, which was promulgated in compliance with the Child Rights
Convention of 1989 (CRC).
The CRC provided in Article 40.1 that the children accused of
offences should be tried separately from adults 'in a manner
consistent with the child's sense of dignity and worth. (In 1992,
India was a signatory to the Child Rights Convention 1989).
Without any attempt to sidetracking the UNICEF concerns, it is
important to
understand the necessity of the new laws to discourage teenaged
delinquents from committing heinous crimes such as rape and
murder.
EBOLA
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the Ebola
outbreak in West Africa to be a public health emergency of
international concern. A WHO committee of experts is calling for a
coordinated international response to stop this deadly disease at
its source and prevent it from spreading to other countries.
The Director-General of the World Health Organization," Margaret
Chan, says recommendations issued by the committee aim to contain
existing outbreaks in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia and to
prevent further international spread. The Ebola outbreak in West
Africa is the largest and worst in history.
Latest WHO figures put the number of cases at more than 1,700,
including 932 deaths. WHO notes it is particularly difficult to
bring the disease under control
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because the three heavily infected West African countries are
all emerging from civil conflicts that have left them with weak,
fragile health systems.
The movement of people should be stopped in the so-called hot
spot for the disease, the cross-border area of Sierra Leone,
Guinea, and Liberia. The countries having no cases of Ebola Virus
should have good surveillance that can pick up suspect Ebola
cases.
In a globalized world, that people can travel anywhere, so all
countries should be prepared to identify potential cases and, they
should also make sure that they have access to proper laboratory,
diagnostic laboratory testing.
The WHO committee recommends the screening of all people at
international airports, seaports and major land crossings for
unexplained fevers consistent with Ebola infection. It says
countries infected with the virus should not hold mass gatherings,
such as football matches, until the disease is under control.
EXPERIMENTAL EBOLA DRUG CURED 100% OF MONKEYS TESTED
In what scientists are calling a "monumental achievement," an
experimental medication called ZMapp, given on a compassionate
basis to a handful of Ebola victims in the current outbreak, cured
100% of monkeys treated with it.
ZMapp, made by Mapp Biopharmaceuticals of San Diego, is in the
early stage of development and has never been formally tested in
humans. The drug allowed all 18 rhesus macaques infected with a
lethal dose of Ebola to recover.
The drug worked even when given five days after infection. In
monkeys given ZMapp, however, the drug reversed severe symptoms,
including severe bleeding, rashes and elevated liver enzymes, a
sign of liver failure.
Three weeks after infection, tests showed the surviving animals
had no detectable Ebola virus in their blood. Doctors used a
different strain of Ebola virus in their study than the one that's
currently circulating in West Africa
However, they tested ZMapp in test tubes against the current
strain and found that it blocked infection. Although ZMapp hasn't
been tested for safety in humans, its manufacturer shared a handful
of doses with Ebola victims as a last-ditch effort to save their
lives.
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Four of those patients including two Americans and two Liberian
health workers survived after taking the drug. A fifth aid worker,
who is now being treated in London, also has begun treatment with
ZMapp.
A Spanish priest and Liberian doctor given ZMapp died. Ebola has
infected more than 3,000 people in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Nigeria and Senegal, killing half of them, according to the World
Health Organization. Senegal reported its first case of Ebola on
29th August.
In a worrying development, researchers reported that the Zaire
strain of Ebola virus, the type now circulating in West Africa,
appears to have mutated from its original form. The virus appears
to be changing as it moves across Africa.
KEY FACTS ABOUT EBOLA
Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, in
Nzara. Sudan, and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The
latter was in a village situated near the Ebola River, from which
the disease takes its name.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhage
fever is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.
EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%.
EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and
West Africa, near tropical rainforests.
The Virus is transmitted lo people from vv ild animals and
spreads in the human population through human-to-human
transmission.
Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the
natural host of the Ebola virus.
Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No
licensed specific treatment or vaccine is available for use in
people or animals
EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the
sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and
sore throat, this is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash,
impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both
internal and external bleeding.
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HOW DOES ZMAPP WORK Antibodies are proteins used by the immune
system to mark and destroy
foreign, or harmful, cells. A monoclonal antibody is similar,
except it's engineered in a lab so it will attach to specific parts
of a dangerous cell.
Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat many different types of
conditions. The medicine given to a three-mouse monoclonal
antibody, meaning that mice were exposed to fragments of the Ebola
virus, and then the antibodies generated within the mice's blood
were harvested to create the medicine.
However the drug can also be produced with proteins made from
tobacco plants found in Australia. The plants are altered
specifically for the serum and then harvested and ground into the
green mix used in the serum doses.
The plants serve as an ideal place to grow the massive amounts
of the antibodies needed for the treatment. The genes of the
antibodies are fused to the tobacco genes, infecting the tobacco
with the virus. The plant produces antibodies that are subsequently
separated from the plant when it is ground up.
EBOLA IN INDIA
International airport are constantly receiving passengers
travelling from Ebola-affected West African countries. State
governments have been requested to screen all passengers coming
from those areas.
They are being categorized as low risk, medium risk and high
risk individuals. As of now, about 821 passengers are being tracked
for the deadly Ebola virus, confirmed by the health ministry.
According to the statement of the health ministry, most of these
travellers belong to the states of Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu.
In an attempt to protect the population of India, the Supreme
Court issued notice to the central government on a PIL (Public
Interest Litigation) seeking direction that passengers coming on
international flights from Ebola-affected countries in African be
screened to ensure that they are free of deadly virus.
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22 | P a g e
The bench urged for direction that the government should take
immediate steps for the screening of passengers on the flights from
affected countries and to take adequate steps to prevent and cure
the deadly epidemic. Petitioner Vineet Dhanda also sought putting
in place all the facilities at the airports to isolate and treat
the possibly-affected travellers from these countries to avoid
infection.
He also sought the direction that the central as well as the
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Delhi
governments to take steps to maximise the spread of information
about deadly epidemic to create awareness throughout the
country.
Dhanda, in his PIL, told the court that the epidemic has been
declared as Global Health Emergency by the World Health
Organisation, as the outbreak of virus is moving faster than it can
be controlled.
THE REASONS WHY EBOLA IN INDIA HAVE A VERY SCARY SCENARIO:
HIGH RATE OF SPREAD: The virus seems to spread very quickly from
one human to another and it can
spread through body fluids like blood, saliva, stool, urine,
sweat, etc. This makes it extremely dangerous in a densely
populated country like ours where it's easy to catch the virus
while travelling, in offices or in any other public area. The
disease can also spread through soiled clothing, bed linen or used
needles.
HIGH FATALITY RATE: According to the WHO, EVD (Ebola Virus
Disease) outbreaks have a fatality
rate of 90%. Currently, there is no licensed treatment or
vaccine for the disease, either for humans or animals. The only way
to treat patients is to place them in ICUs and that too is very
dangerous for healthcare workers or anyone coming in contact with
the victims.
NO NATURAL IMMUNITY: Unlike the African countries where Ebola
outbreaks have occurred before, the
disease, if it arrives is completely new in India, which means
that we have no natural immunity against the virus. Our internal
body system has never experienced anything like the Ebola virus and
won't know how to fight it.
LACK OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES:
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Healthcare services in our country are abysmal to say the least.
The doctor-patient ratio is skewed beyond belief; most rural areas
have no access to healthcare services, many can't afford quality
healthcare and around 2.1 million deaths per year are avoidable. So
imagine the damage a completely unknown, non-indigenous virus could
do to our lands.
HUGE, VULNERABLE POPULATION: India is the second-most populated
country in the world, where many people
don't have basic access to healthcare services. People live
together in huge masses, in cities; public transport is cramped
beyond belief. Another potential epidemic, HIV/AIDS, which can
spread through unprotected sex, intravenous drug use or blood
transfusions never, became a huge problem in India because
apparently as a nation, we don't sleep around that much or use
intravenous drugs. The Ebola virus on the other hand can spread
through saliva and sweat which makes it that much more
worrying.
vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F vNghyh itu];
,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky;
,Ug;gjw;F vNghyh itu]; ,e;jpahtpy; guthky; ,Ug;gjw;F muR Nkw;nfhz;L
tUk; eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk;
eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;iffs;
n[dpthitj; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jhy;
(WHO - World Health Organisation) cyfg; NguopT Nehahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vNghyh vd;w ,uj;jf; frpT Nehapd; jhf;fk; ehSf;F
ehs; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.
fle;j brk;gh; 2013y; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;f ehlhd fpdpahtpy; Njhd;wp
ie[Phpah> nfd;ah> INuhg;gpah kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk;
gutpAs;sJ. fle;j mf;Nlhgh; 15> 2014 md;iwa epytug;gb 9200 Ngiuj;
jhf;fpAs;s ,e;Neha; 4555 Ngiu gypnfhz;Ls;sJ.
Favipiravir - itu]; vjph;g;G kUe;jhd ,J [g;ghd; tpQ;Qhdpfshy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. /g;S (Influenza) Neha;f;F vjpuhf rpwe;j kUe;jhd
,J jw;nghOJ vNghyh itui] fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjhf Kjy;
fl;l Nrhjidapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Lamivudine - vr;.I.tp itu];> va;l;]; Neha;f;F vjpuhd rpwe;j
kUe;jhd ,J jw;nghOJ vNghyh itu]; tsh;r;rpiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
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24 | P a g e
Zmapp - NkhNdhf;Nshdy; jLg;g+rpahd ,J vNghyh itu]; jhf;FjYf;F
vjpuhd ghpNrhjidapy; Kjy; fl;l epiyapNyNa cs;sJ.
VSV - EBOV - fdlh ehl;L tpQ;Qhdpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jj;
jLg;g+rpahdJ 18 Fuq;FfSf;F mspj;J ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
Fuq;Ffs; vNghyh NehapypUe;J Fzkhfp> KO MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mLj;j fl;lkhf kdpjh;fsplj;jpy;
,j;jLg;g+rpia ghpNrhjpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
Triazovesin - u~;a tpQ;Qhdpfshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jj; jLg;g+rp> 2015y; ghpNrhjidf;F tUk; vd
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;muR
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;muR Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; tpiuT nray;gL mzp
(tpiuT nray;gL mzp (tpiuT nray;gL mzp (tpiuT nray;gL mzp (Rapid
Respondants))))
vNghyh Neha; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shdth;fis ,dk; fz;lhy; mth;fis cldbahf
jdpikg;gLj;jp jPtpu rpfpr;irf;F cl;gLj;jp Fzkhf;fTk; vNghyh
Neha;f;F vjpuhd kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfis xUq;fpizf;Fk; xU mzpahfTk;
nray;gLk; tifapy; tpiuT nray;gL mzp xd;W xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Neh;a njhw;W Fwpg;ghf vNghyh Neha; njhw;W
njhlh;ghd rpfpr;irapy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w kUj;Jth;fs;> Ez;Zaphpay;
ty;Yeh;fs;> njhw;WNehapay; epGzh;fs;> nrtpypah;fs;>
cs;spl;Nlhh; ,e;jf; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gh;.
vNghyh itu]; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; egh;fsJ ,uj;j
khjphpiag; ghpNrhjid nra;tjw;fhd Njrpa ghpNrhjidf; $lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 2y; ,Ue;J 16 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rh;tNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fs; midj;jpYk; gazpfs;
ghpNrhjid epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;L jPtpu ghpNrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL
mth;fsJ mbg;gilj; jfty;fs; midj;Jk; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
khepyj;jpy; cs;s nghJ kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; jdpahh; fhh;g;gNul;
kUj;Jtkidfs; midj;jpYk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 15 gLf;if trjpAld; $ba jdp
thh;L xd;iw mikf;f kj;jpa Rfhjhuj;Jiw mikr;rfk; cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ.
vNghyh itu]; Neha; (vNghyh itu]; Neha; (vNghyh itu]; Neha;
(vNghyh itu]; Neha; (Ebola Virus disease EVD)
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25 | P a g e
vNghyh itu]; Neha; (EVD) my;yJ vNghyh FUjp frpT fha;r;ry; (Ebola
hemorrhagic fever-EHF) vNghyh itu];fshy; kdpjUf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; vd
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Xh; caph; nfhy;yp & NfL tpistpf;Fk;
fLikahd itu]; Neha;. ,e;j FUjp frpT fha;r;ry; fz;lth;fspy; 90%f;F
Nky; caphpof;ff;$Lk;.
vNghyh itu]; 1976Mk; Mz;L Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; irah; (m) fhq;Nfh
ehl;bd; vNghyh vDk; Mw;wq;fiuapy; Kjd; Kjyhf fz;lwpag;gl;ljdhy;
,t;itu];-f;F vNghyh itu]; vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j itu]; Neha;
IthpNfh];l;> irah;> #lhd;> rpahuh ypNahd;> fpdP>
iygPhpah kw;Wk; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfspy; ,e;Neha; guTtjw;F
vg;nghOJk; tha;g;Gs;sJ.
Xh; mwpa tif Ml;nfhy;ypahd vNghyh itu]; njhw;W clypDs;Sk;>
clYf;F ntspapYk; ,uj;j frpit Vw;gLj;Jk;.
vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:vNghyh itu];
guTk; tpjk;:vNghyh itu]; guTk; tpjk;:
vNghyh itu]; Neha; fz;l Nehahspapd; Neub njhlh;G kw;Wk; cly;
ePh;kq;fshy; gutf;$baJ. Mdhy; jLkd; (Common cold) ,d;gSd;]ah
kPry;]; Nghd;w itu];fisg; Nghy; vspjpy; guTtjpy;iy.
EV cly; topNa gutp> clypd; Neha; vjph;g;G Mw;wy; (Immune
system) kz;lyj;ijAk; & cly; cWg;Gfis ghjpf;fpwJ. Kbtpy; ,uj;j
ciwjYf;fhd nry;fis ghjpj;J mit Fiwar; nra;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk; clypDs;Sk;
ntspNaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jhj mstpw;F ,uj;j frpT Vw;gLfpwJ.
vNghyh itu]; Neha;> vNghyh ,uj;j frpT fha;r;ry; vdTk;
mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,e;Neha; fz;lth;fs; 90% ,wf;ff;$Lk;.
vNghyh itu]; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpjh;fs; clNyhL njhlh;G
Vw;gLtjpdhNyh my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;fpd; cly; ePh;kk; %yNk
guTfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf Fuq;F> rpk;gd;;]p kw;Wk; gok; jpd;Dk; ntsthy;
(fruit bat) Nghd;witfshy; guTfpd;wJ.
Crp %ykhfTk; guTtjw;fhd tha;g;Gs;sJ.
vNghyh itu]; Neha; (m) ,uj;j frpT fha;r;ry; fhw;W> ePh; my;yJ
czT %ykhf guTtjpy;iy.
Neha; mwpFwp Neha; mwpFwp Neha; mwpFwp Neha; mwpFwp
(Symptoms)
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26 | P a g e
vNghyh itu]; Neha; Kjypy; /GS vdTk; kNyhpah vdTk; vz;zg;gl;L
te;jJ.
vNghyh Nehapd; mwpFwp Neha;fz;l 2 21 ehspy; ntspg;gLk;
mitahtd>
cah; fha;r;ry; jiytyp %l;L & jir typ njhz;il Gz; Nrhh;T
tapw;W typ grpapd;ik Nghd;wit njd;gLk;
Nehapd; tPhpak; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ clypDs; fz;> fhJ kw;Wk;
%f;fpypUe;J ,uj;j frpT Vw;gLk;. rpyUf;F the;jp kw;Wk; ,Ukypd; NghJ
,uj;jk; ntspg;glyhk; & ,uj;jg; Nghf;F Nehplyhk;.
Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; vNghyh itu]; Neha; kpf Ntfkhfg; gutp
tUfpwJ vd;Wk; Mdhy; mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;rpfs;
ke;jfjpapNyNa efh;fpd;wd vd;Wk; cyf Rfhjhu fofj;jpd; jiyik ,af;Feh;
khh;fnul; rhd; $wpAs;shh;.
vNghyh itu]; Nehapdhy; Nkhrkhd ghjpg;Gfisr; re;jpj;Js;s fpdP>
iygPhpah> rpahuh ypNahd; (Guinea, Liberia, Sierra, Leone) mfpa
ehLfspd; mjpgh;fis re;jpj;jg;gpd; ,e;Nehapd; guty; mjid jLg;gjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfs; ,e;j Vo;ikahd ehLfspy; kpf ke;jkhf cs;sJ vd;W cyf Rfhjhu
epWtdk; (WHO) $wpAs;sJ.
vNghyh itu]; Neha; ,jd; tuyhw;wpy; ,jw;FKd; ,t;tsT tpiuthf
gutpaJ fpilahJ.
2013 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpapy; Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh ehLfSk; cyfpd; kpf
Vo;ikahd ehLfSkhfpa ,k;%d;W ehLfspy; vNghyh itu]; Neha;f;F 700f;Fk;
mjpfkhNdhh; caphpoe;jdh;.
,e;j Mz;Lk; ,e;Neha; tpiuthf gutp tUtjhy; ,jid jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpf;F
cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G $100 kpy;ypad; (mnkhpf;f lhyh;) jpl;lj;jpidf;
nfhz;L tu cs;sJ.
Neha; fz;lwpjy;:Neha; fz;lwpjy;:Neha; fz;lwpjy;:Neha;
fz;lwpjy;:
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27 | P a g e
rpy Neuk; Neha; mwpFwpia itj;J kl;LNk vNghyh itu]; Neha; vd
nrhy;yptpl KbahJ. mJ fbdkhdJ. lhf;lh;fs;> ,uj;jk; jpRf;fis
Nrhjpg;gjpdhy; vNghyh itu]; fz;lwpaf;$Lk;.
xUth; vNghyh itu];]py; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhapd; mtiu jdpikg;gLj;jp
Neha; gpwUf;Fg; guthky; ,Uf;Fk; gb mtUf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
itu]; Nrhjid itu]; Nrhjid itu]; Nrhjid itu]; Nrhjid (Viral Test)
) ) )
itu];fshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa itu]; Nrhjid
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. itu];fs; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk thof;$baJ.
nry;iyj; njhw;wp mr;nry;ypid rpijj;J mjd; Neha; jLg;ghw;wiy
rPuopj;J kuG nghUshd DNA it khw;wp nry;iy njhw;wp clYf;F Neha;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:itu]; Nrhjid
nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu];
Neha;fs;:itu]; Nrhjid nra;ag;gLk; rpy itu]; Neha;fs;:
1. n`h;g;]; rpk;y];
2. nghpak;ik (Chicken Pox) Nthpnry;yh N[h];lh; itu]; (VZV)
3. nu];gNulhp rpd;irbfy; itu]; (RSV)
4. vgp];ild;-ghh; itu]; (Epstein- Barr Virus)
5. irNlh nkfhNyh itu]; (Cyto Megalo Virus CMV)
6. NuhNlh itu]; (Rota Virus) (Foe;ijfspd; czT kz;ly njhw;W
itu];)
7. n`g;ghbb]; (Hepatitis)
8. `pA+kd; ghg;gpNyhkh itu]; (Human Pailloma Virus)
9. va;l;]; (Aids)
10. ,d;/GSypad;rh
11. B.K. Virus rpWePufk; & rpWePh; Fohia njhw;Wk; itu];.
nghJthf kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;ehspy; ,e;j itu]; njhw;Wf;F xU KiwNaDk;
Ml;gLth;. Fwpg;ghf cWg;G khw;wpg; nghUj;Jk; NghJ ,j;njhw;W itu]hy;
ghjpf;fg;gl mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ.
12. vjph; caphp (Antibody test) Nrhjid
13. ituy; Mz;bn[d; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid
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28 | P a g e
14. itu]; tsj;jy; (Viral Tissue)
15. itu]; b.vd;.V (m) Mh;.vd;.V. fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid
kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk;kq;fs;ahd;
jpl;lk;
kq;fs;ahd; vd;gJ nrt;tha; fpufj;jpw;F ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T
ikaj;jhy; Jut epiy nraw;iff;Nfhs; (Jizf;Nfhs;) VTfyd; rp 25
(gp..v];.vy;.tp-rp 25) =`hpNfhl;lhtpypUe;J Nkw;nfhz;l jkJ
nts;sptpoh gazj;jpd;NghJ> ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa rhjid
jlj;ijg; gjpj;jJ.
nrt;thia Muha ehl;bd; KjyhtJ tpz;fyk; kq;fs;ahid
gp.v];.vy;.tp-rp-25) vDk; JUtepiy nrYj;J thfdk; %yk; etk;gh;
5>2013 md;W gfy; 2.38 kzpastpy; ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jpaJ. ,J Xh;
Mspy;yh tpz;fyd; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; nrt;tha; tpz;fyk; nrYj;jpa
ntw;wpapd; %yk; cyfstpy; ,Nj Nghy; nrt;tha; fpufz Ma;tpy;
fskpwq;fpAs;s ehLfs; thpirapy; 4-MtJ ,lk; ,e;jpah ngw;Ws;sJ.
tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l 18 epkplq;fspy; uhf;nfl;Lfs; mjDila
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis mjDila Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;JtJ thbf;if MFk;.
Mdhy; nrt;tha; fpufz tpz;fyk; kq;fs;ahd; nry;y Ntz;ba J}uk; mjpfk;
vd;gjhy;> mjid Muk;gj;jpNyNa mjpf cauj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;y
Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. vdNt Gwg;gl;l Neuj;jpypUe;J rhpahf 44
epkplj;jpy; G+kpapd; Rw;Wg; ghijapy; epWj;jpaJ.
jpl;lkjpg;gPL: jpl;lkjpg;gPL: jpl;lkjpg;gPL: jpl;lkjpg;gPL:
gjpide;J fpNyh vilnfhz;l Ma;Tf; fUtpfisAk;> Mapuj;J Kd;D}w;W
Kg;gj;njO (1337 fp.fp) Ra vilnfhz;l nrt;tha; fpuf tpz;fyk;
kq;fshadpd; nkhj;j nryT Rkhh; 450 Nfhb ,e;jpa gzkjpg;G MFk;.
Ma;Tf;F ,j;jpl;lk; ntw;wpg; ngw;why; cyfpy; Fiwe;j nrytpy;
nrt;tha;f;F mDg;gg;gl;l nraw;iff; Nfhs; jpl;lk; vDk; Gfo; ,e;jpa
tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpw;Ff;fpl;Lk;.
kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;: kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;: kq;fs;ahd;
jpl;l Nehf;fk;: kq;fs;ahd; jpl;l Nehf;fk;:
nrt;tha; fpufj;ij nrd;wilAk; mstpw;F ,e;jj; jpl;l
njhopw;El;gj;jpwd; nfhz;ljh vd;gjid cWjp nra;tjw;Fk;> nrt;tha;
fpufj;jpd; tspkz;lyj;jpy; kPj;Njd; thA njd;gLfpwjh vd;gjid
Muha;tjw;Fk;> kPj;Njd; ,Ue;jhy; xU nry; caphpdq;fshtJ cs;sdth
vd;gij MuhaTk; ,e;jj; jpl;lk; cjTk;.
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29 | P a g e
caphpdq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kPj;Njd; thA ntspg;gLtJ ,ay;G. Mdhy;
fhpkNrh;kq;fspd; (Organic Compound) Ntjptpidahy;$l kPj;Njd;
cUthff;$Lk;. kq;fs;ahdpd; kPj;Njd; czh; fUtp ,ijg;gw;wpj; jfty;
mspf;Fk;.
NkYk;> tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; Rke;J nry;Yk; uhf;nfl; jpwid
cWjpg;gLj;j>
tpz;Zstp mikg;G> ,af;f newpfisr; nrayhf;f Kw;gLtJ. mz;lntspj;
Njly; gzp jpl;lkpl;L epiwNtw;wpl> tpz;ntspj; njhlh;Gfis NkYk;
Nkk;gl nra;tjw;F> nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; Rw;Wstpis mikg;gJ> ePz;l
J}ug; gazj;jpw;F Maj;jk; nra;tJ> nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; ,wq;fr;
nra;tJ>
nrt;tha; fpufj;ijr; Rw;wpte;J glk; vLg;gJ> nrt;tha; Nfhspy;
Kd;gpUe;j #o;ntsp thA kz;ly ,og;gpid Muha.
kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;: kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf;
fUtpfs;: kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs;: kq;fs;ahdpd; Jiz Ma;Tf;
fUtpfs;:
kq;fs;ahd; nrt;tha; fpufj;ij 377 fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; Fiwe;j
MuKk; 80 Mapuk; fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; mjpfgl;r MuKk; nfhz;l
ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wptu cs;sJ.
,jd; gpd;G mtw;wpy; cs;s 5 Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; ,af;fg;gLk;.
,j;Jiz Ma;Tf; fUtpfs; 15 fp.fp. vilf; nfhz;lit.
iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp (Lyman Alpha Photometer) nrt;tha;f;fhd
kPj;Njd; czhp (Mars Methane Sensor) ntg;g mfr; nrq;fjph; gbkkhf;fy;
epiwkhdp (Thermal Infrared
imaging Spectrometer) nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT
gFg;gha;tp (Mass
Enospheric Composition analyser)
iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:iykd; My;/gh
xspkhdp:iykd; My;/gh xspkhdp:
nrt;thapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ gy Nfhb tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G ,Ug;gjhf
fUjg;gl;l jz;zPh;> mjd; tspkz;ly Nkw;gFjpf;F nrd;wjhff;
$wg;gLtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd Ma;T nra;a> ,f;fUtp top nra;Ak;.
kPj;Njd; czhp:kPj;Njd; czhp:kPj;Njd; czhp:kPj;Njd; czhp:
tspkz;lyj;jpy; kPj;Njd; thA njd;gLfpwjh vd Muha.
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30 | P a g e
ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph;
epwkhdp:ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph; epwkhdp:ntg;g mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph;
epwkhdp:
nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fdpkq;fisg; gw;wp jfty;
jpul;l cjTk;.
nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf;
fUtp:nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:nrt;tha; tz;z xspg;glf; fUtp:
nrt;thapd; Nkw;gug;igAk;> jd;idr; Rkf;Fk; kq;fs;ahd;
tpz;fyj;jpd; fUtpfisAk; glnkLj;J mDg;Gk;.
nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:nrt;tha;
Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly
eLepiy nghjpT gFg;gha;tp:nrt;tha; Gwf;fhw;W kz;ly eLepiy nghjpT
gFg;gha;tp:
,it nrt;tha; Nfhspd; tspkz;ly NkyLf;if Muha cs;sJ. ,f;fUtp
nkd;fh vdg;gLfpwJ.
kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:kq;fs;ahd;
nray;ghL:kq;fs;ahd; nray;ghL:
1337 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l kq;fs;ahd; tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;L 10
khjq;fs; fopj;J nrt;thia nrd;wilAk;. Rkhh; 6 khjfhyNk ,J nrt;thiar;
Rw;wp tUk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
kq;fs;ahd; mjpfgl;rkhf 60 Kiw nrt;tha; Nfhis tyk; tUk;.
kq;fs;ahd; Rke;J nrd;w 15 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l Jiz Ma;Tf;
fUtpfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpahtpDilaNj (Indegineous). Mdhy; re;jpuhad; $l
rpy ntspehl;L epWtdf; fUtpfisr; Rke;J nrd;wJ.
kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; caNu nrd;wile;j NghJ mjDila Ntfk;
kzpf;F 27>000 fp.kP (27,00/km ph) tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfj;ij
mjpfhpf;fr; nra;a Gtpapd; 000 fp.kP (38,000/Km ph) cah;;e;jJ.
,t;thW xU Nfhspd;
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31 | P a g e
xU Nfhis mjDila ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wptUk; nghUs; (object)
(m) tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; topia khw;Wtjw;fhf Fwpg;ghf tpz;fy
GNuhg;gyd;l;> Neuk; kw;Wk; nryitf; Fiwf;f ,e;j 2013 md;W
kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; gp.v];.vy;.tp-rp 25d; cjtpAld; tpz;zpy;
Vtg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; Gtpr;Rw;W
epiy (Geocentric phase) apy; xt;nthU epiyapYk; mjid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
eilngWk; mit: etk;gh; 5> 2013 etk;gh; 5> 2013 etk;gh; 5>
2013 etk;gh; 5> 2013 VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)VTjy; (2.38
gpw;gfy;)VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)VTjy; (2.38 gpw;gfy;)
etk;gh; 6> 2013etk;gh; 6> 2013etk;gh; 6> 2013etk;gh;
6> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550
Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 23>550 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;>
Ntfk; 23>550 28>825 fp.kP28>825 fp.kP28>825
fp.kP28>825 fp.kP
etk;gh; 7> 2013etk;gh; 7> 2013etk;gh; 7> 2013etk;gh;
7> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 28>825 Ntfk; 28>825 Ntfk; 28>825
Ntfk; 28>825 40>186 fp.kP40>186 fp.kP40>186
fp.kP40>186 fp.kP
etk;gh; 8> 2013etk;gh; 8> 2013etk;gh; 8> 2013etk;gh;
8> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186
Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 40>186 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;>
Ntfk; 40>186 71>636 fp.kP71>636 fp.kP71>636
fp.kP71>636 fp.kP
etk;gh; 10> 2013etk;gh; 10> 2013etk;gh; 10> 2013etk;gh;
10> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636
Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 71>636 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;>
Ntfk; 71>636 78>276 fp.kP 78>276 fp.kP 78>276 fp.kP
78>276 fp.kP
etk;gh; 11> 2013etk;gh; 11> 2013etk;gh; 11> 2013etk;gh;
11> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276
Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 78>276 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;>
Ntfk; 78>276 118>642 fp.kP 118>642 fp.kP 118>642 fp.kP
118>642 fp.kP
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32 | P a g e
etk;gh;etk;gh;etk;gh;etk;gh; 15> 201315> 201315>
201315> 2013 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642
Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl
jpl;lkply;> Ntfk; 118>642 Rw;Wg;ghij Vw;gl jpl;lkply;>
Ntfk; 118>642 192>874 fp.kP192>874 fp.kP192>874
fp.kP192>874 fp.kP
etk;gh; 30> 2013etk;gh; 30> 2013etk;gh; 30> 2013etk;gh;
30> 2013 ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ntw;wpfukhf #hpa
Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ntw;wpfukhf #hpa Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ntw;wpfukhf #hpa
Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;Jjy; nrYj;Jjy; nrYj;Jjy; nrYj;Jjy;
2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:2tJ
epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:2tJ epiy N`ypNahnrd;bf; epiy:
brk;gh; 2013 nrg;lk;gh; 2014 tiu nrt;tha; NfhSf;F nry;Yk; top
mg;nghOJ vhp nghUs; ghij #hpaid 484 iky; (m) 780 kpy;ypad; fp.kP
J}uj;jpy; tyk; te;J nrt;thia milAk;.
mjpy; Kjy; vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; brk;gh; 11> 2013y;
ntw;wp 2 MtJ vhpnghUs; ghij rhp nra;jy; Vg;uy; - 2014 3MtJ
vhpnghUs; ghij rhpnra;jy; Mf];l; - 2014 4tJ vhpnghUs; ghij
rhpnra;jy; nrg;lk;gh; - 2014
%d;whk; epiy: %d;whk; epiy: %d;whk; epiy: %d;whk; epiy:
Kbthf nrt;tha; Nfhspd; gug;ghsT (Areocentric Phase) epiyia
kq;fs;ahd; 24 nrg;lk;gh; 2014,y; mila Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ khh;];
Mh;gpl; ,d;rh;~d; (nrt;tha; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; nrYj;Jjy;) eilngWk;.
,];Nuhtpd; epytug;gb 16 etk;gh; 2013Mk; Mz;L epytug;gb
kq;fs;ahd; 1>92>874 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; 217 fp.kP ePs;tl;l
ghijapy; nehbf;F 101 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; kq;fs;ahd; Rw;wp te;jJ. 3>
etk;gh; 2013 ,y; Gtpapd; tl;lg; ghijapypUe;J tpz;fyk; nrt;tha;
fpufk; Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fj; Jtq;fpaJ.
,e;jpa tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; 100f;F Nky; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis Vtp
ntw;wpg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; ,e;jp tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpd; fdTj; jpl;lq;fshd
re;jpuahd; (k) kq;fs;ahd; ,uz;Lk; gyuhy; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;l NghJ
jpl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
2008> mf;Nlhgh; 22 Mk; ehs; mDg;gg;gl;l mwptpay; Ma;Tf;fhd
re;jpuahd; tpz;fyk; jkJ gzpia ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J epytpd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; ePh; %yf;$Wfs; cWjp nra;jJ. ,J cyf muq;fpy;
,e;jpahtpd; Gfo; NkYk; Nkk;gl;L> ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wJ.
kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; ehl;bd; tpz;ntsp njhopw;El;gj; jpwid
Nrhjpg;gijNa Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd ,];Nuh jiyth; Nf.
,uhjhfpU~;zd; $Wfpd;whh;. NkYk; kq;fs;ahid nrt;tha; Nfhspd;
Rw;Wg;ghijapy; epiy epWj;jpdhNyNa jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; 85 rjtPjk;
ntw;wpg; ngw;wjhfptpLk; vdf; $wpaJ epidTf; $wj;jf;fJ.
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33 | P a g e
Kbthf kq;fs;ahd; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; gyhpd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wNghjpYk;
gyhpd; tpkh;rdq;fSk; te;Jjhd; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Kd;dhs; ,];Nuh
jiyth; [p.khjtd; ehah; kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ
vjph;kiwahd $w;Wr; nrhy;fpwhh;.
Mth; kq;fs;ahd; gpugykhtjw;fhd rz;il (gg;sprpl;b ];lz;l;) vdf;
$Wfpwhh;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kq;fs;ahd; jpl;lk; re;jpuahd; jpl;lk;
ehl;by; ,isQh;fs; kw;Wk; tsUk; khzth;fs; kj;jpay; mwptpay; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; kPjhd fhjiy mjpfhpf;fr; nra;J> ehl;bd; kPJ
kjpg;G> ngUkpjk; nfhs;sr; nra;J> mth;fis mjpf mstpy;
mwptpaiyg; gw;wp mwpa Xh; ce;Jjiy cUthf;Fk;.
kq;fs;ahd; tpz;fyk; nrt;tha; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijia tyk; tuj;
njhlq;fpdhy;> cyfpy; ,Jtiu ,jid ntw;wpfukhf nra;j ehLfs;
thpirapy;> 1. mnkhpf;fh (USA) 2. u~;ah (Russia) 3. INuhg;gpa
tpz;ntzp epWtdk; ) (ESA) 4. ,e;jpahTk; ,lk; ngw;W kw;nwhU rpwg;igg;
ngWk;.
1.1.1.1. nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; nrd;l;hpf; (ikak;
nrd;l;hpf; (ikak; ---- Centric) tifg;ghL: ) tifg;ghL: ) tifg;ghL: )
tifg;ghL: Nfsf;Nlhnrd;l;hpf; (Glalactocentric): (mz;l Rw;Wg;ghij)
mz;lj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l> #hpadpd; Rw;Wg;ghij vdg;J
,t;tifNa.
2.2.2.2. N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( N`ypNah
nrd;l;hpf; ( N`ypNah nrd;l;hpf; ( Helio centric): #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij)
#hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpa Rw;Wg;ghij) #hpaid ikakhf
nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghij #hpaid ikakhf Nfhs;fs;> thy;el;rj;jpuk;>
M];l;uha;fs;> tpz;ntsp cile;j gFjpfs;> epyitj;jtpu fhuzk;
epyT mjDila Nfhis ikakhff; nfhz;L Rw;WfpwJ.
3. [pNahnrd;l;hpf; ([pNahnrd;l;hpf; ([pNahnrd;l;hpf;
([pNahnrd;l;hpf; (Geocentric) Gtpia ikakhff; nfhz;l Rw;Wg;ghij
(epyT> nraw;iff;Nfhs;)
4.4.4.4. VhpVhpVhpVhpNahnrd;l;hpf; Nahnrd;l;hpf; Nahnrd;l;hpf;
Nahnrd;l;hpf; (Areocentric) nrt;tha; ikar; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghij (mjd;
epyT)
5.5.5.5. Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Y}dhh; Mh;gpl;
(m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Y}dhh; Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Y}dhh;
Mh;gpl; (m) nryNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Selenocentric) (epyT ika
Rw;Wg;ghij)
6.6.6.6. n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf;
(n`h;Nkh nrd;bhpf; (Hermocentric) ) ) ) Gjd; - (Mercury)
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34 | P a g e
7.7.7.7. mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; mg;NuhbNah
nrd;l;hpf; mg;NuhbNah nrd;l;hpf; (Aphrodiocentric) nts;sp
(Venus)
8.8.8.8. N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; N[htpf;
nrd;l;hpf; N[htpf; nrd;l;hpf; (Jovic Centric) ) ) ) Tpahod;
(Jupiter)
9.9.9.9. FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf;
FNuhNdhnrd;l;hpf; (Cronocentric) rdp (Saturn)
10. ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf;
(ANuhNdh nrd;l;hpf; (Uranocentric) ANud]; (Uranus)
11. neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (neg;bANdh
nrd;l;hpf; (neg;bANdh nrd;l;hpf; (Neptunocentric) neg;bA+d;
(Neptune) nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; ntt;NtW tifahd
mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij) tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij) tifahd
mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij) tifahd mh;gpl;fs; (Rw;Wg;ghij)
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; mjDila Rw;Wg; ghijapy; G+kpia tyk; tUtjw;fhf
Njitahd ghijNa Rw;Wg;ghij vdg;gLfpwJ.
1.1.1.1. jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij
(jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;ghij (Low Earth
Orbits)
mNdfkhd nraw;if Nfhs;fs; rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp ikak; tpz;fyk; `
g;gpy; ];Ng]; nly]; Nfhg; Nghd;w midj;Jk; jho;J}u Gtpr; Rw;Wg;
ghijapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
2.2.2.2. kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij
(kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (kpf ePz;l tl;l Rw;Wg;ghij (Highly
Elliptical Orbits) ,J nfg;shpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia epidT $WfpwJ. mjhtJ
Gtpf;F mUfpy; mjd; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; tUk;NghJ NtfkhfTk; njhiytpy;
nry;Yk;NghJ nkJthfTk; Rw;WfpwJ. (v.fh) [pgpv]; (GPS)
3.3.3.3. [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;]; [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;];
[pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;]; [pNahrpd;f;uid]; Mh;gpl;];
Geosynchronous Orbits) (Gtp xj;jpirT (Gtp xj;jpirT (Gtp xj;jpirT
(Gtp xj;jpirT Rw;Wg;ghij) Rw;Wg;ghij) Rw;Wg;ghij) Rw;Wg;ghij)
nfg;shpd; %d;whk; tpjp ,jidg; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,t;tifr;
Rw;Wg;ghijapy; Rw;Wk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; cauk; 36>000 fp.kP
MFk;.
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES OF INDIA AT A GLANCE
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35 | P a g e
S.No Programme/Plan/ Institution
Year of beginning
Objective/Description
1 Community Development Programme (CDP)
1952 Overall development of rural areas with people's
participation.
2 Intensive Agriculture Development Programme (IADP)
1960-61
To provide loans, seeds, fertilizers, tools to the farmers.
3 Intensive Agriculture Area Programme (IAAP)
1964-65 To develop special harvests.
4 High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP)
1966-67
To increase the productivity of food grains by adopting latest
varieties of inputs for crops.
5 Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
Oct. 1966
To arrange for the construction of Hotels and Guest Houses at
various places of the country.
6 Green Revolution
1966-67
To increase the production of food grains, specially wheat (The
architects were Dr.M.S. Swaminathan in India and Nobel laureate Dr.
Norman Borlaug in the world).
7 Nationalisation of 14 Banks
19 July, 1969
To provide loans for agriculture, rural development and other
priority sectors.
8. Twenty Point Programme (TPP)
1975 Poverty eradication and raising the standard of living.
9 National Institution of Rural Development (NIRD)
1977
Training, investigation and advisory organisation for rural
development.
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10 Antyodaya Yojana 1977-78
To make the poorest of the poor of the villages economically
independent (only in Rajasthan State).
11 Training Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)
Aug. 15, 1979
Programme for training rural youth for self-employment.
12 National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
1980
To provide profitable employment opportunities to the rural
poor.
13 National Fund for Rural Development (NFRD)
Feb. 1984
To grant 100% tax rebate to donors and also to provide financial
assistance for rural development projects.
14 Formation of Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI)
April 1988
To safeguard the interest of investors in capital market and to
regulate the share market.
15 National Renewal Fund 1992
For the employees of the public sector.
16 Mahila Samridhi Yojana
Oct. 2, 1993
To encourage the rural women to deposit in Post Office Savings
Account.
17 Child Labour Eradication Scheme
Aug. 15, 1994
To shift child labour from hazardous industries to schools.
18 Kasturba Gandhi Education Scheme
Aug. 15, 1997
To establish girls schools in districts having low female
literacy rate.
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19 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Dec. 1997
To provide gainful employment to urban unemployed and under
employed poor through self employment or wage employment.
20 Annapurna Yojana March 1999
To provide 10 kg food grains to senior citizens (who do not get
pension).
21 Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY)
April 1999
For eliminating rural poverty and unemployment and promoting
self employment.
22 Jan Shree Bima Yojana Aug. 10,
2000
Providing Insurance Security to people living below the poverty
line.
23 Pardhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
2000 To fulfill basic requirements in rural areas.
24 Antyodaya Anna Yojana
Dec. 25, 2000 To provide food security to the poor.
25 Pardhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Dec. 25, 2000
To connect all villages with nearest pucca road.
26 Swajaldhara Yojana 2002
Started in Dec. 2002, for ensuring drinking water supply to all
villages by 2004.
27 Hariyali Pariyojana
2003
Inaugurated on January 27, 2003 by the Prime Minister. It aims
at tackling the problems of irrigation and drinking water, along
with boosting tree plantation programme and fisheries
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38 | P a g e
developments in rural areas.
28 Janani Suraksha Yojana April 12,
2005
Takes the place of National Maternity Benefit Scheme. It will be
a part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).
29 Bharat Nirman Yojana
Dec. 16, 2005
Development of Rural infrastructure including six components :
Irrigation, Water supply, Housing, Road, Telephone and
Electricity.
30 Rajeev Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
2005
Electrification of all villages and habitations.
31 National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)
Feb. 2, 2006
The provisions are the same as for food for work programme. The
scheme was enforced in 200 districts of the country to begin with.
To provide atleast 100 days wages employment in rural areas in a
year. The scheme is 100% centrally sponsored.
32 Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
2007
Health Insurance to all workers in unorganized sector
33 Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana
2007
Insurance cover to the head of the family in rural landless
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households.
34 Rajeev Awas Yojana 2009
To make India slum free in 5 years.
35 Pradhanmantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
2010
Integrated development of scheduled castes dominated villages in
the country.
36 Dilli Annashree Yojana
2013
It is a food security programme that aims to ensure people do
not go hungry.
KAVERI DELTA COAL-BED METHANE PROJECT
The Kaveri delta coal-bed methane extraction project is
currently undertaken by Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd
(GEECL), a private company based in Gurgaon, Haryana.
The project aims to extract methane gas from coal-bed using
hydraulic fracturing method of hydraulic fracturing in the Kaveri
river basin. The company received licence to explore and extract
CBM from Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts which are
the major rice cultivating area of Tamil Nadu.
Farmers, environmentalist and experts are opposing the project
and hence it is currently suspended by the Government of Tamil
Nadu. PROJECT DETAILS AND APPROVAL
On 29 July 2010 GEECL won CBM-IV type licence in a biding to
explore and extract methane gas and coal deposit in Mannarkudi
block of Thiruvarur district in the Kaveri basin from the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
Subsequently then the DMK government of Tamil Nadu issued
petroleum exploration licence (PEL) for area covering 667 km2
comprising Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts.
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The company has a plan to drill 50 crore production wells of
150-450 metre deep in the ground. In September 2012 the Union
Ministry for Environment and Forests (uMOEF) issued environmental
clearance to the project. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND OPPOSITIONS
From the time the public become aware of this project, it is
fervently opposed by the farmers of Kaveri delta region as well as
agricultural and environmental experts. Organic farming expert G.
Nammalvar was spearheading the opposition until his death due to
brief illness in the demonstration field CURRENT STATUS
Present ADMK government of Tamil Nadu suspended the project
citing issues raised by the farmer.
Also the Tamil Nadu government constituted an expert committee
comprising representatives from Anna University, the Indian
Institute of Technology, Madras, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University and the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, and
officials from the Public Works Department, the Tamil Nadu
Pollution Control Board and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development
Corp.
The union ministry responded to Mrs.kanimozi DMK rajyashaba
M.P's question about the project,stating that the government had
canceled the license to the company and the project had
stopped.
INDIA-BASED NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a proposed particle
physics research project to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos
in a 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) deep cave under Ino Peak near Theni,
Tamil Nadu, India. This project is notable in that it is
anticipated to provide a precise measurement of neutrino mixing
parameters. The project is a multi-institute collaboration and one
of the biggest experimental particle physics projects undertaken in
India.
The project was expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated
cost of 1,500 crores, has been cleared by the Ministry of
Environment (India) for construction in the Bodi West Hills
Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu. When
completed, the INO will house the world's most massive
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magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the
Compact Muon Solenoid detector at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PROJECT The possibility
of a neutrino observatory located in India was discussed as
early as 1989 during several meetings held that year. Since then
this question comes up, off and on, in many discussions. The issue
was raised again in the first meeting of the Neutrino physics and
Cosmology working group during the Workshop on High Energy Physics
Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at Chennai in January 2000 and it was
decided then to collate concrete ideas for a neutrino detector.
Further discussions took place in August 2000 during a meeting
on Neutrino Physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics,
Kolkata, when a small group of neutrino physics enthusiasts started
discussing the possibilities. The Neutrino 2001 meeting was held in
the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai during February
2001 with the explicit objective of bringing the experimentalists
and theorists in this field together.
The INO collaboration was formed during this meeting. The first
formal
meeting of the collaboration was held in the Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Mumbai, during 6 and 7 September 2001 at
which various subgroups were formed for studying the detector
options and electronics, physics goals and simulations, and site
survey.
In 2002, a document was presented to the Department of Atomic
Energy, (DAE) which laid out an ambitious goal of establishing an
India-based Neutrino Observatory, outlining the physics goals,
possible choices for the detector and their physics. Since then
many new and fast paced developments have taken place in neutrino
physics. The award of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002) to the
pioneers in neutrino physics is a measure of the importance of this
field.
As a result of the support received from various research
institutes, universities, the scientific community and the funding
agency, the Department of Atomic Energy, a Neutrino Collaboration
Group (NCG) was established to study the possibility of building an
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). The collaboration was
assigned the task of doing the feasibility studies for
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which funds were made available by the DAE. A memorandum of
understanding (MoU) was signed by the directors of the
participating institutes on August 30, 2002 to enable a smooth
functioning of the NCG during the feasibility period.
The NCG has the goal of creating an underground neutrino
laboratory with the
long-term goal of conducting decisive experiments in neutrino
physics as also other experiments which require such a unique
underground facility.
On 20 November 2009, Ministry of Environment (India) Minister
Jairam Ramesh in a letter to Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department
of Atomic Energy and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India,
denied permission for the Department of Atomic Energy to set up the
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project at Singara in
Nilgiris, as it falls in the buffer zone of the Mudumalai Tiger
Reserve (MTR).
Jairam Ramesh said that based on the report of Rajesh Gopal,
Additional
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) and
Member-Secretary of the National Tiger Conservation Authority
(MS-NTCA), the Ministry cannot approve the Singara site.
The report says: "The proposed project site falls in the buffer
zone of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
and is in close proximity to the core/critical tiger habitats of
Bandipur and Mudumalai Tiger reserves. It is also an elephant
corridor, facilitating elephant movement from the Western Ghats to
the Eastern Ghats and vice versa. The area is already disturbed on
account of severe biotic pressure due to human settlements and
resorts and that the construction phase of the project would
involve transport of building materials through the highways
passing through the core area of the Bandipur and Mudmulai Tiger
Reserves.
Instead, he suggested an alternate site near Suruli Falls, Theni
District in Tamil Nadu. The Minister said this site did not pose
the same problems that Singara posed and environmental and forest
clearances should not be a serious issue. He also assured the DAE
that the Ministry would facilitate necessary approvals for the
alternative location. Dr Naba K Mondal of the Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, who is the spokesperson for the INO project
said:
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"But Suruliyar too is in a reserved forest area that is dense
and would require cutting down of trees, something that was not
required at Singara. Can the government assure us that forest
clearance for this site will be given," he asks. "Alternatively, we
can move to the nearby Thevaram, which is about 20-30 km away from
the Suruliyar falls. This forest area has only shrubs but there is
no source of water here and water will have to be piped over a
distance of 30 km,"
On 18 October 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests
approved both environment and forest clearance for setting up the
observatory in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni
district of Tamil Nadu.
As of February 2012, the land was allocated to the INO
collaboration by the government of Tamil Nadu and the excavation
work was about to start. Naba K Mondal, chief spokesperson of INO
project and a senior scientist at the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research, Mumbai, told The Hindu that the pre-project work will
start in April 2012 and 66 crores has been sanctioned for the work.
The first task will be to have a road connectivity from
Rasingapuram to Pottipuram village. The project is expected to be
completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of 1,500 crores.
On 18 September 2012, Keralas octogenarian Opposition leader and
CPI(M) central committee member VS Achuthanandan expressed anxiety
over establishing a neutrino observatory on the Theni-Idukki border
between Tamil Nadu and Kerala, citing environmental and
radiological issues. Soon the INO collaboration clarified on all
the issues raised by him and the responses are on the INO
website.
On 5 January 2015, Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi approved to set up the India-based Neutrino
Observatory (INO).
On 20 February 2015, The southern bench of National Green
Tribunal ordered notices to the central and state governments on a
petition challenging the environmental clearance granted to the
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project.
On 26 March 2015, The Madurai bench of the Madras high court
restrained the central government from commencing the work on the
proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).The court directed
the government to get permission from the Tamil Nadu Pollution
Control Board (TNPCB) before commencing the work.
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Participating Institutes Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
spelling out the operational aspects
of the project and the mode of utilisation of available funds
was signed by seven primary project partners: Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(BARC), Mumbai, Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai,
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata, Variable Energy
Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, Harish Chandra Research Institute
(HRI), Allahabad and Institute of Physics (IOP), Bhubaneswar.
Thirteen other project participants include: Aligarh University,
Aligarh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Calcutta University
(CU), Kolkata, Delhi University (DU), Delhi, University of Hawaii
(UHW), Hawaii, Himachal Pradesh University (HPU), Shimla, Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, Indira Gandhi
Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, North Bengal
University (NBU), Siliguri, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh,
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Slim Ali Centre for
Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Tamil Nadu and Sikkim
Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim.
Design The primary research instrument will consist of a 50,000
ton magnetised iron
particle physics calorimeter with glass Resistive Plate Chamber
(RPC) technology as the sensor elements.
The INO design is mostly based on the monolith experiment that
could not go beyond the proposal Stage. The detector was expected
to start collecting data in the year 2012. The location of INO has
attracted a lot of attention from the neutrino physics community as
the distance between INO and CERN is very close to "Magic Baseline"
- a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on the measurement
of is minimal.
The project has been hit by lack of skilled man power and
opposition by environmentalists. In 2008, INO started a graduate
training programme leading to PhD Degree in High Energy Physics and
Astronomy to deal with the shortage of particle physicists.
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The Primary goals of the INO are the following 1. Unambiguous
and more precise determination of Neutrino oscillation
parameters using atmospheric neutrinos. 2. Study of matter
effects through electric charge identification, that may lead
to the determination of the unknown sign of one of the mass
differences. 3. Study of charge-conjugation and charge parity (CP)
violation in the leptonic
sector as well as possible charge-conjugation, parity,
time-reversal (CPT) violation studies.
4. Study of Kolar events, possible identification of very-high
energy neutrinos and multi-muon events.
The INO detector consists of 6 centimeters (2.4 in) thick Iron
plates as passive material, with RPCs in between as active
material.
A prototype of the INO detector with 14 layers, measuring 1 m 1
m 1 m is already operational in the VECC, Kolkata. The 35 ton
prototype is set up over ground to track cosmic muons.
Location The location of the site was supposed to be at Singara
5.5 kilometers (3.4 mi)
south-west of Masinagudi in the Nilgiri Hills of South India.
The site has been changed due to protests from environmental
groups. The INO will now be built Bodi West Hills in Theni
district, southern India.
NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2014
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced its decision to
award the Nobel Prize for Physics to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano
and Shuji Nakamura "for the invention of efficient blue
light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving
white light sources".
Isamu Akasaki Isamu Akasaki is a Japanese citizen. He was born
in 1929 in Chiran, Japan and
educated in Japan. He is currently a Professor at Meijo
University, Nagoya, and Distinguished Professor at Nagoya
University, Japan.
Hiroshi Amano Hiroshi Amano is also a Japanese citizen. He was
born in I960 in Hamamatsu,
Japan and educated in Japan. He is a Professor at Nagoya
University in Japan.
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Shuji Nakamura
Shuji Nakamura is an American citizen. He was born in 1954 in
Ikata, Japan and educated in Japan. He is currently a Professor at
University of California in the USA.
NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2014
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has announced that the
Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the year 2014 is being awarded to
Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Mocrncr for the
development of "super-resolved fluorescence microscopy".
For years, it was assumed that the resolution that could be
achieved by optical microscopy was limited to half the wavelength
of light.
These three-scientists overcame this received limitation with
the help of fluorescent molecules.
Their work has made it possible to study molecular processes in
real, time",
according to the Nobel Committee Chair. The winners will share
the prize money of 8 million kroner.
Eric Betzig is an American citizen who born in 1960 in the USA.
He is a Group Leader at the Janelia Research Campus at the Howard
Hughes Medical Institute in USA.
Stefan W. Hell is a German citizen who was born in Romania in
1962. He is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical
Chemistry in Gollingen, and Division head at the German Cancer
Research Centre in Heidelberg Germany.
William E. Moerner is an American citizen who was born in the
USA in 1953. He is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and
Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford University in the USA.
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NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE 2014
John OKeefe and Norwegian couple May-Britt Moser and Edvard
Moser have won the 2014 Nobel Prize for Medicine for their work
which has led to discovering the brain's internal positioning
system.
The Nobel Assembly, made the announcement at Sweden's Karolinska
Institute saying that the discovery had provided a solution to an
issue that has plagued the mind of researchers and philosopher
alike for centuries : "How does the brain create a map of the space
surrounding us and how can we navigate our way through a complex
environment?"
John O'Keefe
John O'Keefe is a 74 yr old American-British Professor of
Cognitive Neuroscience at University College in London. In 1971,
Dr. O'Keefe was studying the hippocampus, when during an experiment
on rats he discovered that certain nerve cells got activated when
the rat was in a particular spot.
If the rat changed its place, in different nerve cells in the
rat's brain got activated. This led to conclusion that the cells
weren't just registering the location h. they appeared to be making
circuits that constituted an inner ma or GPS of the place. He
realised that the hippocampus was a spatial system where the memory
of a certain place gets stored a particular combination of the
nerve cells!
May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser
May-Briti Moser aged and Edvard Moser aged are a married team.
of neuroscientists working at the Norwegian University of Science
and Technology in Trondheim. In 2005, the Mosers' worked with
O'Keefe to further his work.
They conducted similar experiments on rats, where they
discovered that nerve
cells in entorhinal cortex which is near the hippocampus got
activated when the animals passed certain places. These nerve cells
together laid out a grid like pattern enabling the rat to navigate
spatially.
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NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE 2014
Patrick Modiano
Jean Patrick Modiano [born 30 July 1945] is a French novelist
and recipient of
the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature.
He previously won the 2012 Austrian State Prize for European
Literature, the 2010 Prix mondial Cino Del Duca from the Institut
de France for lifetime achievement, the 1978 Prix Goncourt for Rue
des boutiques obscures, and the 1972 Grand Prix du roman de
l'Acadmie franaise for Les Boulevards de ceinture.
His works have been translated into more than 30 languages and
have been celebrated in and around France, but most of his novels
had not been translated into English before he was awarded the
Nobel Prize.
NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE 2014
Kailash Satyarthi
Kailash Satyarthi (born Kailash Sharma; 11 January 1954) is an
Indian children's rights advocate and an activist against child
labour. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (lit. Save the
Childhood Movement) in 1980 and has acted to protect the rights of
more than 83,000 children from 144 countries.
It is largely because of Satyarthi's work and activism that the
International Labour Organization adopted Convention No. 182 on the
worst forms of child labour, which is now a principal guideline for
governments around the world.
His work is recognized through various national and
international honours and awards including the Nobel Peace Prize of
2014, which he shared with Malala Yousafzai, making him the only
Nobel laureate born in Madhya Pradesh.
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Malala Yousafzai
Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997, in Mingora,
Pakistan. As a child, she became an advocate for girls' education,
which resulted in the Taliban issuing a death threat against her.
On October 9, 2012, a gunman shot Malala when she was traveling
home from school.
She survived, and has continued to speak out on the importance
of education. She was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in
2013.
In 2014, she was nominated again and won, becoming the youngest
person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS 2014
JEAN TIROLE
Jean Tirole (born 9 August 1953) is a French professor of
economics. He focuses on industrial organization, game theory,
banking and finance, and economics and psychology. In 2014 he was
awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his
analysis of market power and regulation.
HELMET COMPULSORY FOR TWO-WHEELER RIDERS IN TN FROM JULY 1
Tamil Nadu government announced that wearing of helmet by
motorists will be compulsory from July 1, with violators facing the
risk of their vehicle documents being impounded.
This is to inform the public that wearing of helmet by
two-wheeler driver and rider is compulsory from 01.07.2015, failing
which, all the documents of the two-wheeler including the driving
licence of the driver shall be impounded under section 206 of the
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, a government release said.
The impounded documents would be released only on production of
new ISI certified helmet with purchase receipt, it added.
On June 8, the Madras High Court observed that it was
disheartening to note that a number of precious lives were lost due
to non-wearing of protective headgear and made wearing of helmets
compulsory.
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CHENNAI METRO
The Chennai Metro Rail is a rapid transit system in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India. Phase I of the project, which consists of two
corridors covering a length of 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi), of which,
first line of, phase 1, is completed. .
About 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the
remaining corridors are elevated.
Upon full completion, Chennai Metro Rail will be the first metro
project in the country that will integrate other public
transportation systems. The project is expected to reduce the
commuting time by 75 per cent from one end of the city to
another.
The state and central governments are also working together for
the CMRL to takeover the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)
so that the latter would get a makeover with modernized stations,
integrated ticketing systems, better facilities for passengers,
increased frequency of services taking into consideration passenger
demands, and also lead to better maintenance.
The first stretch of Chennai Metro Rail, a distance of 10
Kilometers from Koyambedu to Alandur started functioning from June
29, 2015. Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalitha flagged off
Metro service where Preethi, one of the women drivers of Chennai
Metro drove the train out of Alandhur station.
Chennai became seventh Indian city with metro rapid transit
system in India,
after Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon and Jaipur.
KISHOR SWASTHYA KARYAKRAM Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram
(RKSK) on 7th January, 2014. The
programme will comprehensively address the health needs of the
243 million adolescents, who account for over 21% of the country's
population.
He said that so