MMSI Internet Jaringan-Komputer 1

Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi 11

Komunikasi Data dan Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Jaringan KomputerKomputer

(Bagian 1)(Bagian 1)

Dr. Tb. Maulana KusumaDr. Tb. Maulana [email protected]@staff.gunadarma.ac.id

http://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusumahttp://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusuma

Internet dan Jaringan KomputerInternet dan Jaringan Komputer

22Magister Manajemen Sistem InformasiMagister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

ReferensiReferensi

W. Stallings, W. Stallings, Data and Computer Data and Computer CommunicationsCommunications, 4, 4eded, Macmillan, 1994., Macmillan, 1994.

F. Halsall, F. Halsall, Data Communications, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Computer Networks and Open SystemsSystems, Addison Wesley, 1996., Addison Wesley, 1996.


A Communications ModelA Communications Model

SourceSource generates data to be transmittedgenerates data to be transmitted

TransmitterTransmitter Converts data into transmittable signalsConverts data into transmittable signals

Transmission SystemTransmission System Carries dataCarries data

ReceiverReceiver Converts received signal into dataConverts received signal into data

DestinationDestination Takes incoming dataTakes incoming data


Simplified Communications Simplified Communications Model - DiagramModel - Diagram


Simplified Data Simplified Data Communications ModelCommunications Model


Key Communications TasksKey Communications TasksTransmission System UtilizationTransmission System UtilizationInterfacingInterfacingSignal GenerationSignal GenerationSynchronizationSynchronizationExchange ManagementExchange ManagementError detection and correctionError detection and correctionAddressing and routingAddressing and routingRecoveryRecoveryMessage formattingMessage formattingSecuritySecurityNetwork ManagementNetwork Management


Communications StandardCommunications Standard

Many types of connection media : Many types of connection media : telephone lines, optical fibers, telephone lines, optical fibers, cables, radios, etc.cables, radios, etc.Many different types of machines and Many different types of machines and operating systemsoperating systemsMany different network applicationsMany different network applications


What “Standard” means?What “Standard” means?

How many volts pulse is a 0 and 1 ? How many volts pulse is a 0 and 1 ? How to determine the end of a message ? How to determine the end of a message ? How to handle lost messages ? How to handle lost messages ? How many bits for different data types ? How many bits for different data types ? Integers/Strings, etc.; are ASCII chars ?Integers/Strings, etc.; are ASCII chars ?How machines are identified ?How machines are identified ?How to find the way to reach a machine ?How to find the way to reach a machine ?How applications speaks together through the How applications speaks together through the network ?network ?


Standard BodiesStandard Bodies

International Telecommunications Union – International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T)Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)Engineers (IEEE)International Organization for International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standardization (ISO)Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)dlldll


The ISO/OSI ModelThe ISO/OSI Model

ISO (the International Standards Organization) has ISO (the International Standards Organization) has developed a reference model for communications, developed a reference model for communications, called thecalled the

OSIOSI((Open Systems InterconnectionOpen Systems Interconnection))

OPEN SYSTEMOPEN SYSTEM means that it can communicate with means that it can communicate with any other system that follows the specified standards, any other system that follows the specified standards, formats and semantics.formats and semantics.


OSI Networking ModelOSI Networking Model

Application ApplicationDataAH

Presentation PresentationData unitPH

Session SessionData unitSH

Transport TransportData unitTH

Network NetworkData unitNH

Data link Data linkData unitLH LT

Physical PhysicalBits

Physical transmission medium

DataProgram X Program Y


OSI Layers (1)OSI Layers (1)PhysicalPhysical Physical interface between devicesPhysical interface between devices

MechanicalMechanicalElectricalElectricalFunctionalFunctionalProceduralProcedural

Data LinkData Link Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a

reliable linkreliable link Error detection and controlError detection and control Higher layers may assume error free transmissionHigher layers may assume error free transmission


OSI Layers (2)OSI Layers (2)NetworkNetwork

Transport of informationTransport of information Higher layers do not need to know about underlying technologyHigher layers do not need to know about underlying technology Not needed on direct linksNot needed on direct links

TransportTransport Exchange of data between end systemsExchange of data between end systems Error freeError free In sequenceIn sequence No lossesNo losses No duplicatesNo duplicates Quality of serviceQuality of service


OSI Layers (3)OSI Layers (3)SessionSession Control of dialogues between applicationsControl of dialogues between applications Dialogue disciplineDialogue discipline GroupingGrouping RecoveryRecovery

PresentationPresentation Data formats and codingData formats and coding Data compressionData compression EncryptionEncryption

ApplicationApplication Means for applications to access OSI environmentMeans for applications to access OSI environment


Transmission MediumTransmission Medium

Guided - wireGuided - wireUnguided - wirelessUnguided - wirelessCharacteristics and quality determined by Characteristics and quality determined by medium and signalmedium and signalFor guided, the medium is more importantFor guided, the medium is more importantFor unguided, the bandwidth produced by For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more importantthe antenna is more importantKey concerns are data rate and distanceKey concerns are data rate and distance


Guided Transmission MediaGuided Transmission Media

Twisted PairTwisted PairCoaxial cableCoaxial cableOptical fiberOptical fiber


Twisted pair -Twisted pair - INEXPENSIVE INEXPENSIVE Two wires twisted together.Two wires twisted together.

Makes them less susceptible to acting like Makes them less susceptible to acting like an antenna and picking up radio frequency an antenna and picking up radio frequency information or appliance noise.information or appliance noise.

Telephone company uses twisted-pair Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link telephones.copper wires to link telephones.

Twisted PairTwisted Pair


Twisted PairTwisted Pair


Twisted Pair - ApplicationsTwisted Pair - Applications

Most common mediumMost common mediumTelephone networkTelephone network Between house and local exchange Between house and local exchange

(subscriber loop)(subscriber loop)

Within buildingsWithin buildings To private branch exchange (PBX)To private branch exchange (PBX)

For local area networks (LAN)For local area networks (LAN) 10Mbps or 100Mbps10Mbps or 100Mbps


Twisted Pair - Pros and ConsTwisted Pair - Pros and Cons

CheapCheapEasy to work withEasy to work withLow data rateLow data rateShort rangeShort range


Twisted Pair - Transmission Twisted Pair - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Analog Analog Amplifiers every 5km to 6kmAmplifiers every 5km to 6km

DigitalDigital Use either analog or digital signalsUse either analog or digital signals repeater every 2km or 3kmrepeater every 2km or 3km

Limited distanceLimited distanceLimited bandwidth (1MHz)Limited bandwidth (1MHz)Limited data rate (100MHz)Limited data rate (100MHz)Susceptible to interference and noiseSusceptible to interference and noise


Unshielded and Shielded TPUnshielded and Shielded TP

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ordinary telephone wireOrdinary telephone wire CheapestCheapest Easiest to installEasiest to install Suffers from external EM interferenceSuffers from external EM interference

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interferenceMetal braid or sheathing that reduces interference More expensiveMore expensive Harder to handle (thick, heavy)Harder to handle (thick, heavy)


UTP CategoriesUTP Categories

Cat 3Cat 3 up to 16MHzup to 16MHz Voice grade found in most officesVoice grade found in most offices Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cmTwist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm

Cat 4Cat 4 up to 20 MHzup to 20 MHz

Cat 5 or Cat 6Cat 5 or Cat 6 up to 100MHzup to 100MHz Commonly pre-installed in new office buildingsCommonly pre-installed in new office buildings Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cmTwist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm


Coaxial Cable (1)Coaxial Cable (1)

Coaxial cableCoaxial cable Also two wires: Also two wires:

One of the wires is woven of fine strands of One of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a tube. copper forming a tube. The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire that runs down the center. that runs down the center. Space between has a non-conducting material.Space between has a non-conducting material.Makes them more impervious to outside noise.Makes them more impervious to outside noise.

Use this when1. Long distances2. Lots of interference






Coaxial Cable ApplicationsCoaxial Cable Applications

Most versatile mediumMost versatile mediumTelevision distributionTelevision distribution Aerial to TVAerial to TV Cable TVCable TV

Long distance telephone transmissionLong distance telephone transmission Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneouslyCan carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously Being replaced by fiber opticBeing replaced by fiber optic

Short distance computer systems linksShort distance computer systems linksLocal area networksLocal area networks


Coaxial Cable - Transmission Coaxial Cable - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics

AnalogAnalog Amplifiers every few kmAmplifiers every few km Closer if higher frequencyCloser if higher frequency Up to 500MHzUp to 500MHz

DigitalDigital Repeater every 1kmRepeater every 1km Closer for higher data ratesCloser for higher data rates


Optical Fiber (1)Optical Fiber (1)





Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic cable ((BIG JOBS + EXPENSIVE)BIG JOBS + EXPENSIVE) Light is electromagnetic.Light is electromagnetic. Can transmit more information down a single Can transmit more information down a single

strand. strand. It can send a wider set of frequencies.It can send a wider set of frequencies.

Each cable can send Each cable can send several thousand phone several thousand phone conversations or computer communications.conversations or computer communications.


Optical Fiber - SpectrumOptical Fiber - Spectrum


Optical Fiber - BenefitsOptical Fiber - Benefits

Greater capacityGreater capacity Data rates of hundreds of GbpsData rates of hundreds of Gbps

Smaller size & weightSmaller size & weightLower attenuationLower attenuationElectromagnetic isolationElectromagnetic isolationGreater repeater spacingGreater repeater spacing 10s of km at least10s of km at least


Optical Fiber - ApplicationsOptical Fiber - Applications

Long-haul trunksLong-haul trunksMetropolitan trunksMetropolitan trunksRural exchange trunksRural exchange trunksSubscriber loopsSubscriber loopsLANsLANs


Optical Fiber - Transmission Optical Fiber - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Act as wave guide for 10Act as wave guide for 101414 to 10 to 101515 Hz Hz Portions of infrared and visible spectrumPortions of infrared and visible spectrum

Light Emitting Diode (LED)Light Emitting Diode (LED) CheaperCheaper Wider operating temp rangeWider operating temp range Last longerLast longer

Injection Laser Diode (ILD)Injection Laser Diode (ILD) More efficientMore efficient Greater data rateGreater data rate

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)


Optical Fiber Transmission Optical Fiber Transmission ModesModes


Wireless TransmissionWireless Transmission

Unguided mediaUnguided mediaTransmission and reception via antennaTransmission and reception via antennaDirectionalDirectional Focused beamFocused beam Careful alignment requiredCareful alignment required

Omni-directionalOmni-directional Signal spreads in all directionsSignal spreads in all directions Can be received by many antennaCan be received by many antenna


FrequenciesFrequencies2GHz to 40GHz2GHz to 40GHz

MicrowaveMicrowave Highly Highly

directionaldirectional Point to pointPoint to point SatelliteSatellite

30MHz to 1GHz30MHz to 1GHz Omni-directionalOmni-directional Broadcast radioBroadcast radio

3 x 103 x 101111 to 2 x 10 to 2 x 101414

InfraredInfrared LocalLocal


Terrestrial MicrowaveTerrestrial Microwave

Parabolic dishParabolic dishFocused beamFocused beamLine of sightLine of sightLong haul telecommunicationsLong haul telecommunicationsHigher frequencies give higher data ratesHigher frequencies give higher data rates


Satellite MicrowaveSatellite Microwave

Satellite is relay stationSatellite is relay stationSatellite receives on one frequency, amplifies Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and transmits on another or repeats signal and transmits on another frequencyfrequencyRequires geo-stationary orbitRequires geo-stationary orbit Height of Height of ±±35,784km35,784km

TelevisionTelevisionLong distance telephoneLong distance telephonePrivate business networksPrivate business networks


Broadcast RadioBroadcast Radio

Omni-directionalOmni-directionalFM radioFM radioUHF and VHF televisionUHF and VHF televisionLine of sightLine of sightSuffers from multi-path interferenceSuffers from multi-path interference


InfraredInfrared

Modulate non-coherent infrared lightModulate non-coherent infrared lightLine of sight (or reflection)Line of sight (or reflection)Blocked by wallsBlocked by wallse.g. TV remote control, IRD porte.g. TV remote control, IRD port


Terminology (1)Terminology (1)

TransmitterTransmitterReceiverReceiverMediumMedium Guided mediumGuided medium

e.g. twisted pair, optical fibere.g. twisted pair, optical fiber Unguided mediumUnguided medium

e.g. air, water, vacuume.g. air, water, vacuum



Direct linkDirect link No intermediate devicesNo intermediate devices

Point-to-pointPoint-to-point Direct link Direct link Only 2 devices share linkOnly 2 devices share link

Multi-pointMulti-point More than two devices share the linkMore than two devices share the link



SimplexSimplex One directionOne direction

e.g. Televisione.g. Television

Half duplexHalf duplex Either direction, but only one way at a timeEither direction, but only one way at a time

e.g. police radioe.g. police radio

Full duplexFull duplex Both directions at the same timeBoth directions at the same time

e.g. telephonee.g. telephone



Bits per secondBits per second (bps). (bps). The number of bits (0’s and 1’s) that travel The number of bits (0’s and 1’s) that travel

down the channel per second.down the channel per second.

Baud rateBaud rate The number of bits that travel down the The number of bits that travel down the

channel in a given interval.channel in a given interval. The number is given in signal changes per The number is given in signal changes per

second, not necessarily bits per second.second, not necessarily bits per second.



Asynchronous transmissionAsynchronous transmission Information is sent byte by byte.Information is sent byte by byte. Cheaper and more commonly used.Cheaper and more commonly used.Synchronous transmissionSynchronous transmission Data is sent in large blocks rather than in Data is sent in large blocks rather than in

small pieces.small pieces. Preceded by special information, concerning Preceded by special information, concerning

error detection and block size.error detection and block size. These modems are expensive but very fast.These modems are expensive but very fast.


Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Data TransmissionTransmission

Data Data Entities that convey meaningEntities that convey meaning

SignalsSignals Electric or electromagnetic representations of Electric or electromagnetic representations of

datadata

TransmissionTransmission Communication of data by propagation and Communication of data by propagation and

processing of signalsprocessing of signals


DataData

AnalogAnalog Continuous values within some intervalContinuous values within some interval e.g. sound, videoe.g. sound, video

DigitalDigital Discrete valuesDiscrete values e.g. text, integerse.g. text, integers


Data and SignalsData and Signals

Usually use digital signals for digital data Usually use digital signals for digital data and analog signals for analog dataand analog signals for analog dataCan use analog signal to carry digital dataCan use analog signal to carry digital data ModemModem

Can use digital signal to carry analog data Can use digital signal to carry analog data Compact Disc audioCompact Disc audio


SignalsSignalsType of signal communicated (analog or digital).Type of signal communicated (analog or digital).

Analog:Analog: Those signals that vary with smooth continuous Those signals that vary with smooth continuous changes.changes.

A continuously changing signal similar to that found on A continuously changing signal similar to that found on the speaker wires of a high-fidelity stereo system.the speaker wires of a high-fidelity stereo system.

Digital: Digital: Those signals that vary in steps or jumps from Those signals that vary in steps or jumps from value to value. They are usually in the form of pulses of value to value. They are usually in the form of pulses of electrical energy (represent 0s or 1s).electrical energy (represent 0s or 1s).


Analog Signals Carrying Analog Analog Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Dataand Digital Data


Digital Signals Carrying Analog Digital Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Dataand Digital Data


Analog TransmissionAnalog Transmission

Analog signal transmitted without regard to Analog signal transmitted without regard to contentcontentMay be analog or digital dataMay be analog or digital dataAttenuated over distance Attenuated over distance Use amplifiers to boost signalUse amplifiers to boost signalAlso amplifies noiseAlso amplifies noise


Digital TransmissionDigital Transmission

Concerned with contentConcerned with contentIntegrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.Repeaters usedRepeaters usedRepeater receives signalRepeater receives signalExtracts bit patternExtracts bit patternRetransmitsRetransmitsAttenuation is overcomeAttenuation is overcomeNoise is not amplifiedNoise is not amplified


Advantages of Digital Advantages of Digital TransmissionTransmission

Digital technologyDigital technology Low cost LSI/VLSI technologyLow cost LSI/VLSI technology

Data integrityData integrity Longer distances over lower quality linesLonger distances over lower quality lines

Capacity utilizationCapacity utilization High bandwidth links economicalHigh bandwidth links economical High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniquesHigh degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques

Security & PrivacySecurity & Privacy EncryptionEncryption

IntegrationIntegration Can treat analog and digital data similarlyCan treat analog and digital data similarly


Transmission ImpairmentsTransmission Impairments

Signal received may differ from signal Signal received may differ from signal transmittedtransmittedAnalog - degradation of signal qualityAnalog - degradation of signal qualityDigital - bit errorsDigital - bit errorsCaused byCaused by Attenuation and attenuation distortionAttenuation and attenuation distortion Propagation delayPropagation delay NoiseNoise InterferenceInterference


AttenuationAttenuation

Signal strength falls off with distanceSignal strength falls off with distanceDepends on mediumDepends on mediumReceived signal strength:Received signal strength: must be enough to be detectedmust be enough to be detected must be sufficiently higher than noise to be must be sufficiently higher than noise to be

received without errorreceived without error

Attenuation is an increasing function of Attenuation is an increasing function of frequencyfrequency


Propagation DelayPropagation Delay

The time required for a signal to travel The time required for a signal to travel from one point to another. from one point to another. Propagation velocity varies with frequency.Propagation velocity varies with frequency.


Noise (1)Noise (1)

Additional signals inserted between Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receivertransmitter and receiverThermalThermal Due to thermal agitation of electronsDue to thermal agitation of electrons White noiseWhite noise

Inter-modulationInter-modulation Signals that are the sum and difference of Signals that are the sum and difference of

original frequencies sharing a mediumoriginal frequencies sharing a medium


Noise (2)Noise (2)

CrosstalkCrosstalk A signal from one line is picked up by anotherA signal from one line is picked up by another

ImpulseImpulse Irregular pulses or spikesIrregular pulses or spikes e.g. External electromagnetic interferencee.g. External electromagnetic interference Short durationShort duration High amplitudeHigh amplitude


Channel CapacityChannel Capacity

Data rateData rate In bits per secondIn bits per second Rate at which data can be communicatedRate at which data can be communicated

BandwidthBandwidth In cycles per second of HertzIn cycles per second of Hertz Constrained by transmitter and mediumConstrained by transmitter and medium


Modulation TechniquesModulation Techniques


Adaptive ModulationAdaptive Modulation


Data Rate and BandwidthData Rate and Bandwidth

Any transmission system has a limited Any transmission system has a limited band of frequenciesband of frequenciesThis limits the data rate that can be carriedThis limits the data rate that can be carried


MultiplexingMultiplexing


Time Division MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing

Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitteddigital signal to be transmittedMultiple digital signals interleaved in timeMultiple digital signals interleaved in timeMay be at bit level of blocksMay be at bit level of blocksTime slots pre-assigned to sources and fixedTime slots pre-assigned to sources and fixedTime slots allocated even if no dataTime slots allocated even if no dataTime slots do not have to be evenly Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sourcesdistributed amongst sources


Time Division MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing


TDM SystemTDM System


Frequency Division MultiplexingFrequency Division Multiplexing

FDMFDMUseful bandwidth of medium exceeds required Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channelbandwidth of channelEach signal is modulated to a different carrier Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequencyfrequencyCarrier frequencies separated so signals do not Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands)overlap (guard bands)e.g. broadcast radioe.g. broadcast radioChannel allocated even if no dataChannel allocated even if no data


Frequency Division MultiplexingFrequency Division MultiplexingDiagramDiagram


FDM SystemFDM System


Increasing Network Capacity Increasing Network Capacity OptionsOptions

Faster Electronics(TDM)

Higher bit rate, same fiberElectronics more expensive

More Fibers(SDM)

Same bit rate, more fibersSlow Time to MarketExpensive EngineeringLimited Rights of WayDuct Exhaust

WDM

Same fiber & bit rate, more sFiber CompatibilityFiber Capacity ReleaseFast Time to MarketLower Cost of OwnershipUtilizes existing TDM Equipment


Single Single Fiber (One Fiber (One

Wavelength)Wavelength)

Channel 1

Channel n

Single FiberSingle Fiber(Multiple (Multiple

Wavelengths)Wavelengths)

l1l1

l2l2

lnln

Fiber NetworksFiber Networks

Time division multiplexingTime division multiplexingSingle wavelength per fiberSingle wavelength per fiberMultiple channels per fiberMultiple channels per fiber4 OC-3 channels in OC-124 OC-3 channels in OC-124 OC-12 channels in OC-484 OC-12 channels in OC-4816 OC-3 channels in OC-4816 OC-3 channels in OC-48

Wave division multiplexingWave division multiplexingMultiple wavelengths per fiberMultiple wavelengths per fiber4, 16, 32, 64 channels 4, 16, 32, 64 channels per systemper systemMultiple channels per fiberMultiple channels per fiber


Types of WDMTypes of WDM

Coarse WDM (CWDM)Coarse WDM (CWDM) Uses 3000GHz (20 nm) spacing.Uses 3000GHz (20 nm) spacing. Up to 18 channels.Up to 18 channels. Distance of 50 km on a single mode fiber.Distance of 50 km on a single mode fiber.

Dense WDM (DWDM)Dense WDM (DWDM) Uses 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz spacing.Uses 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz spacing. Up to 128 or more channels.Up to 128 or more channels. Distance of several thousand kilometres with amplification Distance of several thousand kilometres with amplification

and regeneration.and regeneration.


DS-1DS-1DS-3DS-3OC-1OC-1OC-3OC-3

OC-12OC-12OC-48OC-48

OC-12cOC-12cOC-48cOC-48c

OC-192cOC-192c

FiberFiber

DWDMDWDMOADMOADM

SONETSONETADMADM

FiberFiber

TDM and DWDM ComparisonTDM and DWDM Comparison

TDM (SONET/SDH)TDM (SONET/SDH)Takes sync and async Takes sync and async signals and multiplexes them signals and multiplexes them to a single higher optical bit to a single higher optical bit raterateE/O or O/E/O conversionE/O or O/E/O conversion

(D)WDM(D)WDM Takes multiple optical Takes multiple optical signals and multiplexes signals and multiplexes onto a single fiberonto a single fiberNo signal format conversionNo signal format conversion


TERMTERM

TERM

Conventional TDM Transmission—10 Gbps

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM

40km1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM

120 kmOC-48

OA OAOA OA120 km 120 km

OC-48OC-48

OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

DWDM Transmission—10 Gbps

1 Fiber Pair4 Optical Amplifiers

Why DWDM—The Business Why DWDM—The Business CaseCase

TERM

4 Fibers Pairs 32 Regenerators

40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km


Optical Transmission BandsOptical Transmission Bands

BandBand Wavelength (nm)Wavelength (nm)820 - 900820 - 900

1260 – 13601260 – 1360““New Band”New Band” 1360 – 14601360 – 1460

S-BandS-Band 1460 – 15301460 – 1530C-BandC-Band 1530 – 15651530 – 1565L-BandL-Band 1565 – 16251565 – 1625U-BandU-Band 1625 – 16751625 – 1675


Ability to put multiple services onto a single Ability to put multiple services onto a single wavelengthwavelength

Characteristics of a WDM NetworkCharacteristics of a WDM NetworkSub-wavelength Multiplexing or MuxPondingSub-wavelength Multiplexing or MuxPonding


Transmission EffectsTransmission EffectsAttenuation:Attenuation: Reduces power level with distanceReduces power level with distance

Dispersion and nonlinear effects:Dispersion and nonlinear effects: Erodes clarity with distance and Erodes clarity with distance and speedspeed

• Noise and Jitter:Leading to a blurred image

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