MLA and APA Style_The Basics

Academic Year :2014-2015 Department :English Language and Literature Filire : English Studies Semester : 6, Modules 34/35 Course : End of Studies Project Facult des Lettres

APA and MLA Style The Basics

Dr. Taoufik Allah Afkinich

6th Edition of APA

Todays Goals Learn what a style sheet is and why it is important Learn about the standard MLA and APA title page format Learn basic documentation for books, journals, and websites Learn the differences between methods of source integration:

summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting Learn how to use signal phrases and in-text citation to avoid

plagiarism Learn about writing a summary, Learn about how to use notes, Learn about how to use ibid and op cit Learn how and what to check in our ESP. Pr. Afkinich 2 End of Studies Project: APA Style: The Basics

INTRODUCTION

APA and MLA Sylesheets are standard ways of laying out text on the page,

The format they suggest provide researchers in the human sciences fields with a simple, neat, and effective way of : presenting information, and communicating ideas;

Anyone doing research (at whatever level) is required to adopt a style, and conformity henceis required.

Generally speaking, Literature papers use MLA and Linguistics ones use APA, or a modified version thereof;

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: APA Style: The Basics 3

What is a style sheet , and why use it?

American Psychological Association (APA); ( Modern Language Association (MLA) APA Style established in 1928 by Social Science professionals MLA founded in 1883 by literature professionals and the MLA

style sheet was established in 1951 by Modern Language Association; the first MLA handbook was established in 1977;

APA Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Linguistics Education, and Nursing) and the MLA one in Humanities, literature, and Arts;

In both conceptions, style is claimed to lend consistency and to make texts more readable by those who assess or publish them

Pr. Afkinich 4 End of Studies Project: APA Style: The Basics

An APA Title Page Header : APA:

Upper Left Corner The words Running head: One space then BRIEF TITLE

Example: Running head: BRIEF TITLE (Upper Right Corner) Page Number (number only)

MLA: Create one 1,27 cm from top with your last name and the page number in numerical (Often on right corner

Title and Identification APA (Center of Page, Double Spaced) MLA (1/3 from the top

of page) APA : Full Title (Balance title over 2 lines rather than go to the far edges)

MLA: Brief Title Author(s) Name(s) (Only MLA: 2.54 cm under the title)

For MLA: 1st Line, use the word by, 2nd line , double space under by then 1st and Last name,

(MLA: 2,54 cm under Name ; (APA: School (ex. University of North Alabama) or Course Number and Title (ex. EN 099: Basic Writing) (MLA mentions Professors name before Course #) ASK YOUR PROFESSOR

Date (Month date, year format) ASK YOUR PROFESSOR


An APA Title Page No example of an MLA one)



ESP title page

should look like

this

An Abstract (Only APA mentions this)

An ABSTRACT is a brief summary of the entire study (paper) presented at the beginning, directly after the Title Page, (generally located on page 2).

An ABSTRACT contains specific information: introduction (purpose), methods, results, and discussion


APA Body Pages

Body Pages in APA Style Reflect the Brief Title and Page Numbers in the heading like the Title Page but do not include the words Running head:


APA Body Pages

On the second page only, the title of the paper is typed in the top, center of the first line before the prose begins.


Example MLA First Page

Documentation Refers to the References list (APA) / at the end

of the paper & in-text citation Documentation is placed in a specific order:

Who? When? What? Where? The List

is labeled (APA:References / MLA: Works Cited (centered, no font changes)

starts at the top of a new page continues page numbering from the last page of text is alphabetical is double spaced Uses a hanging indent (1,27 cm can be formatted from the Paragraph

dialog box in MS Word)


Documenting Authors One Author: Both APA and MLA (Authors last name, first name

Koch Jr., R. T. (2004). Two Authors: (Only APA refers to this number)

Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999). For MLA: list first authors last name, first name, and second authors first name last name:

Stewart, Jessica, and Gail Smith. Panic: Writing Research Papers. Three to Seven Authors APA:

Wells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T. (2005). MLA: list first authors last name, first name, et al. or list first

authors last name, first name, then remaining authors first names last names

More than Seven Authors Smith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S.,

Garner, J. (2002). MLA Same author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by source title

and add a letter to the year (1984a). For MLA: on the second entry of the same author insert three hyphens and a period


Documenting Books Model: APA: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of

book. City: Publisher. Sample: Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton

Mifflin. MLA: Author As last name, first name, and Author Bs first

name last name. Title of Book. City: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication

Sample: Williams, Ron, and Harrison Ford. A Large, Boring Book. Boston:

Houghton Mifflin, 2005. Print. Internationally recognized cities do not need two letter

state abbreviations. (APA: Publishers do not need Co., Ltd., etc.


Documenting Journals Model: APA Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of

article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number if available), page numbers.

Sample: Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections through reflective

writing. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10(3), 208-213. MLA Author As Last Name, Author As First Name, and Author Bs First

Name Last Name. Title of Article. Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of Publication.

Sample: Jacobson, Will, and Brick Davis. A Big Adventure in Central

Park. Educational Psychology 11.1 (2006): 144-155. Print.


Documenting Online Journals APA: Journals listed on databases no longer

require a retrieval date or a URL if a print copy of the journal exists. In this case treat source like a print version (previous slide).

Strictly online journals will require either a URL or (more favorable) a DOI.

MLA: Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Online Journal Volume.Issue (Year): n. pag. Medium of Publication. Day Month Year .


Documenting Online Journals DOI Sample: Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. doi:0000000/000000000000 URL Sample: Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555. Retrieved from http://www.address.com/ entire/address


Documenting Websites Model for an authored document that is a whole site: APA: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Retrieved from

http://Web address MLA: Author/Creators Last name, First name. Title of Web Site. Version number. Name of

organization associated with the site. Date of Posting on Website. Medium of Publication. Day Month Year accessed.

Model for an authored page/article from a site: APA: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Retrieved

from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ MLA: Authors Last name, First name. Name of Page on Website. Main Website. Name of

organization associated with the site. Medium of Publication. Day Month Year accessed. Sample (no author, article found on resource website): APA: Nebraska school nurse honored during 100th Anniversary Celebration. (2007).

Answers4Families. Retrieved from http://nncf.unl.edu/nurses/info/ anniversary.html MLA: "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2009. No Author? List page title or article title first. No page title? List site title. No Date? Use (n.d.) Pr. Afkinich 18 End of Studies Project: APA Style: The Basics

Documenting Company Websites (Only APA)

T-Mobile USA, Inc. (2013a). Cell phone services. Retrieved from http://www.t-mobile.com/ cell-phone-services

(Note, websites rarely have authors, so look at the top for the company name and/or at the bottom of the webpage where the copyright information is located.)


Documenting Online Communities (ONLU APA)

Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group

Rampersand, T. (2005, June 8). Re: Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/roller/comments/ipisforum/ Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cultural#comments Blog post PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web blog post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/ the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php (If needed, break URL at appropriate points.)


More Online Documentation (APA) Online Magazine Article

Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Vol Number (Issue). Retrieved from URL. Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from http://www. apa.org/monitor/ Online Newspaper Article Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from URL. Brody, J. (2007, December 4). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:// www.nytimes.com


Elements of Good Research and Writing Each paragraph or section of a research paper needs to have three distinct parts:

claim, evidence, and discussion. The CLAIM is the paragraphs or sections main idea, and it refers back to the thesis

(the main idea of your paper).

EVIDENCE is the information you find in your research that supports your claim.

Last, the DISCUSSION explains how the evidence given is relevant to the claim. Simply presenting the evidence is never enough.

Always explain how the source can be used to support the claim as well as how it

helps develop the overall purpose of the paper. It is better to have one or two sources that are thoroughly explained than to have three or four sources which have no content or explanation.


Why Source Integration (APA & MLA)

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing give examples of several points of view on a subject call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by

quoting the original distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue

readers that the words are not your own expand the breadth or depth of your writing


Choosing Text to Integrate

1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.

2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.

3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.

4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.


Summarizing

When you summarize, you put the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summarized ideas must be attributed to the

original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the

original. Summaries take a broad overview of source

material.


Summarizing Summarize any ideas or text that you believe are important. Proper summarization should condense the main idea or text of several pages (or even the entire source!) into a brief overview. By summarizing you save many paragraphs or pages of unnecessary text. When using in-text citations for summaries, you must always cite the author and publication year. If there is no author listed, cite the article name. Summaries do not require page numbers; this is because the text summarized will usually cover several pages of text. EX: Studies show that throughout colleges and universities

teachers are often hired from one area of study to teach a different area of study (Carpini, 2004; Wilson, 1998).


Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source

material into your own words. Attribute paraphrases to their original sources. Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the same

length as the original passage. Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source

and condense it slightly.

EX: Lorties (1975) research reveals that classroom experiences as well as interactions among peers and colleagues contribute to teacher learning (p. 79).


Quoting Quotations must be identical to the original.

Quotations use a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and

must be attributed to the original author. Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the

discussion that they cannot be replaced. Use quotes when the authors words are so precisely and

accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased. EX: Stenberg and Lee (2002) agree that teacher learning is an intellectual and ongoing process (p. 327).


Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation

Signal phrases introduce someone elses work they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.

In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).

A simple rule: Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isnt signaled up front must

be cited at the end.


Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)

Limited signal, everything in citation . . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the

author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103). (MLA: Krepp 103)

" . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103). (MLA: Krepp 103)

Author and year in signal, page in citation

In 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103). Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103). (For MLA, no date is

needed here) According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103). (For MLA, same as

above)


Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)

Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical) Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have shown that .

. . (For MLA, the date is not to be mentioned) No Author

APA: ("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16). According to the news article Stocks Lose Again (1991) end

paraphrase or quote (p. B16). MLA: An anonymous Twain critic once stated that Twain was

actually a female (Twain is a Female 100). Only MLA: Citing Sources with Same Last Name The big red tracker was the largest (R. Williams 100) However, the

blue tracker was often stated as being the largest (Z. Williams 670 No Page Number

Provide other information in signal phrase (MLA example: paragraph #)


p.c.

Personal Communications APA only) Where information is obtained by letter, interview, email etc, it is referenced in the

text only (personal communication is not listed in the bibliography).

Examples: It is claimed that addiction to gambling is on the increase in Morocco,

particularly amongst females aged 18-30 years (Tayiii, Dr, Sociologist, 2010, personal communication / p.c.), 14 January).

or In a telephone conversation on 3 January 20100, Dr Tayiii, Sociologist, suggested that

or In an email communication on 4 January 2010, Dr Tayiii, Sociologist, claimed that

Note that the in-text reference information is:

Name Position, occupation or role Date

By including the position, occupation or role of the person with whom you have had the personal communication, the reader can then judge the degree of expertise of that person for the particular topic. Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project 32

Ibid and op cit

NOTES The notes are to be numbered consecutively in the

order in which they appear in the manuscript with superscript Arabic numerals,

The note number always follows any punctuation mark except a dash,

No note numbers should appear in text headings, When placed at the end, they should normally be

after the references / Works Cited list Two kinds of notes are to be distinguished:

Content notes, and Bibliographic (MLA) / Copyright (APA) notes


Content notes In this type of notes, the writer gives the reader

comments, explanation, or information that the text cannot accommodate,

One is advised to avoid lengthy discussions in this type of notes because of the risk that they would divert the attention of the reader from primary text,

Generally, comments that cant be fit into the text SHOULD be avoided unless they are thought of as providing a justification for what is written in the text (eg. To explain why you worked on a secondary source),

A content note should convey just ONE idea


Bibliographic / Copyright notes They would contain either:

a reference to several sources, Permission or Evaluative comments on sources

Example: many observers concluded that health care in the US is inadequate.1 Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as

unexpected problems.2 Notes

1. For strong points of view on different aspects of the issue, see Public Agenda Foundation 1-10 and Sakala 151-88.

2. 2. For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Taylor A1; Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82. ( MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , p.230-31)


THE USE OF ibid and Op cit The terms ibid and op cit are used in referencing

to avoid duplicating the same reference details in the body of your text and in your reference list,

The term ibid is short for the Latin ibidem meaning 'in the same place' and is used when the next reference is the same as the last one;

The term op cit is short for the Latin opere citato, meaning 'in the work cited' and is used when the same reference is cited elsewhere in the body of your text, but is not the most recent citation.

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: APA Style: The Basics 36 SAMPLE OUTLINE

A FINAL WORD

And finally, a note on professors who require variations on MLA Style:

Periodically, you will run across professors who insist on minor variations from MLA pr APA Style.

If they want a cover page, give them their cover page. If they want the title in block capitals, give them their block

capitals. Remember, the professor is the one who will give you your

grade.


Sample Paper

Perdue - Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Format: https://owl.english.purdue.edu//media/pdf/20090212013

008_560.pdf

MLA Format: https://owl.english.perdue.edu/media/pdf/20090

701095636_747.pdf


References American Psychological Association. 201). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. APA formatting and style guide The OWL at Purdue. 200). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Berke? Jacqueline . 1995. Twenty Questions for the Writer. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. n.d.. Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved from

http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase .

Homepage: APA style. 2007. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://apastyle.apa.org . Modern Language Association of America. 2009. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA

Association of America, Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html.


Diapositive numro 1Todays GoalsINTRODUCTIONWhat is a style sheet , and why use it?An APA Title PageAn APA Title PageNo example of an MLA one)ESP title page should look like thisAn Abstract (Only APA mentions this)APA Body PagesAPA Body PagesExample MLA First PageDocumentationDocumenting AuthorsDocumenting BooksDocumenting JournalsDocumenting Online JournalsDocumenting Online JournalsDocumenting WebsitesDocumenting Company Websites (Only APA)Documenting Online Communities(ONLU APA)More Online Documentation (APA)Elements of Good Research and WritingWhy Source Integration(APA & MLA) Choosing Text to IntegrateSummarizingSummarizingParaphrasingQuotingSignal Phrases and In-Text CitationSignal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)Personal CommunicationsAPA only)NOTESContent notesBibliographic / Copyright notesTHE USE OF ibid and Op citA FINAL WORDSample PaperReferences

MLA and APA Style_The Basics

Documents

page apa

mla style sheet

apa title page format

lettres apa

apa title page header

basics introduction

standard mla

mla sylesheets