MJBS 20(1).indd - Biotaxa

3

© 2022 Journal compilation https://biotaxa.org./mjbs DOI:10.22353/mjbs.2022.20.01

Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences

ISSN 1684-3908 (print edition)

MJBS

Original Ar cle

ISSN 2225-4994 (online edition)

Key words: vascular plants, distribution map, threatened speciesArticle information: Received: 23 June 2021Accepted: 04 Dec. 2021Published online: 27 December 2021

Correspondence: [email protected] this paper as:

Distribution of Vascular Plants in Mongolia I PartShukherdorj Baasanmunkh1, Batlai Oyuntsetseg2, Zagarjav Tsegmed3, Khurelpurev Oyundelger4,5, Magsar Urgamal3, Batdelger Gantuya3, Chuluunbat Javzandolgor3,

Nyamjantsan Nyambayar6, Petr Kosachev7, Hyeok Jae Choi1

1Department of Biology & Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea2Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia,

Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia3Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Phylogeny, Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of

Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13330 Mongolia4Technical University Dresden, International Institute (IHI) Zittau, Chair of Biodiversity of Higher Plants, Markt

23, 02763, Zittau, Germany5Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, 02826, Görlitz, Germany

6Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology and Plant Resource, Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13330 Mongolia

7South Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Lenina 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia

Abstract

In the present article, we provided grid distribution maps of vascular plants in Mongolia based on a 40 40 km2 grid cell size. We selected 40 native vascular plant species, belonging to 31 genera and 17 families, which are listed as rare or threatened in Mongolia. With the exception of a few species, the majority of species are also distributed in other Asian countries, including the Asian parts of Russia. Moreover, our focus species are collected as herbarium specimens, and were photographed in their natural habitats during our fi eld surveys. Global and regional distributions, natural habitat, and conservation status of each species are provided in detail.

Baasanmunkh, Sh., Oyuntsetseg, B., Tsegmed, Z., Oyundelger, Kh., Urgamal, M., Gantuya, B., Javzandolgor, Ch., Nyambayar, N., Kosachev, P., Choi, H. J. 2022. Distribution of vascular plants in Mongolia − I Part.

Introduction

Human activity, urbanization, habitat destruction, and climate change have resulted in the extinction and/or threat of thousands of plant species globally (IUCN, 2021). According to the fi rst worldwide assessment of plant biodiversity, more than 20% of the world’s 380,000 plant species are estimated to be threatened with extinction, making plants more endangered than birds (Gilbert, 2010). In Asian countries, for example in Tajikistan, 43 species of vascular

plants, including many endemics, are classifi ed as extinct, with the majority of them known only from a single location (Nowak et al., 2020). In Mongolia, there is currently no information and awareness about extinct plants, due to limited fi eld data and distribution maps for species being inadequate. Nonetheless, there is a Red List of Plants in Mongolia, where approximately 650 species of vascular plants have been assessed according to IUCN conservation criteria, and

Baasanmunkh et al. Distribution of higher plants in Mongolia4

150 species are listed as critically endangered or endangered (Nyambayar et al., 2011; Oyuntsetseg et al., 2018; Urgamal et al., 2019a; Baasanmunkh et al., 2020a, b; 2021a, c). Therefore, detailed information on species distribution is particularly important for conservation management and the protection of rare, endemic and threatened plants (Zając, 1978; Kaplan et al., 2015, 2019).

Since 1950, the vascular plants of Mongolia have been quite well studied by Mongolian, Russian and German researchers. Grubov (1982), for example, provided the fi rst comprehensive checklist of the vascular plants of Mongolia with a taxоnomic key, as well as notes on typical habitat and regional distribution. Later, Gubanov (1996) published the Conspectus of the Flora of Outer Mongolia with an annotated checklist that included the phytogeographical distribution of each species. Recently, Urgamal et al. (2014) updated the checklist of the Mongolian fl ora, which now includes 3127 species from 112 families and 683 genera. However, many species have recently been discovered new to science (Yurtseva et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2019; Pyak et al., 2020; Pyak & Pyak, 2020; Ovchinnikova, 2020), and a number of new records have been added to the Mongolian fl ora (Baasanmunkh et al., 2019a, b, 2020a, b, 2021b; Nobis et al., 2019; Shiga et al., 2020; Yano et al., 2021). Moreover, some species, such as representatives of the genus Epipactis, were found to be falsely reported for Mongolia due to mislocation in the original publication (see Baasnamunkh et al., 2021c). As of 2021, approximately 3200 species belonging to 686 genera and 112 families are recognized in Mongolia (Urgamal et al., 2019b; Shiga et al., 2020; Baasanmunkh et al., 2021b, c).

A number of illustrated books on vascular plants of Mongolia with regional distribution maps have been published in recent decades (Hauck & Solongo, 2010; Tungalag, 2012; Undarmaa et al., 2015; Gundegmaa & Munkh-Erdene, 2018; Urgamal et al., 2019c; Badamtsetseg et al., 2019; Tuvshintogtokh et al., 2019). In particular, several books provided detailed distribution maps (mostly dots representing species occurrences) for endemic, rare and threatened species (Nyambayar et al., 2011; Urgamal & Oyuntsetseg, 2017; Oyuntsetseg et al., 2018; Urgamal et al., 2019a). In addition, eight volumes of the “Flora of Mongolia” have been published, one of which includes a distribution map of some rare species

(e.g. Dariimaa, 2014; Tungalag, 2020; Urgamal et al., 2020; Urgamal et al., 2021). However, none of these were used to create grid distribution maps of vascular plants in Mongolia. Hence, information on distribution of many vascular plants remains insuffi cient in the country and needs to be revised by cross-checking of herbarium collections mainly from Mongolia, Germany and Russia.

Old herbarium collections of Mongolian plants, totalling 47,700 specimens, have recently been made available online at the Global Biodi-versity Information Facility (GBIF, 2021; https://www.gbif.org/country/MN/summary), mainly from Russian and other countries’ herbaria (Sere-gin, 2016; Kovtonyuk et al., 2020). In addition, approximately 13,000 herbarium collections are already available in the Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia (Rilke et al., 2013; searchable information system about the fl ora of Mongolia, uniting components of an e-Flora and a digital herbarium. It contains basic botanical, ecological and geographic data for the approximately 2800 Mongolian vascular plants. Specimen records are documented by location descriptions and ad-ditional image data (scans of herbarium speci-mens, photos of living plantshttps://fl oragreif.uni-greifswald.de/fl oragreif/). Moreover, over 13,000 observations of 1600 taxa have been observed in the “Flora of Mongolia” project on the iNatural-ist platform (https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/fl ora-of-mongolia). However, about 120,000 col-lections stored in the herbaria of the National Uni-versity of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and the Khovd Universtiy have not been digitalised yet.

The aim of this research is to provide a grid distribution atlas of selected vascular plants of Mongolia based on both online and locally archived herbarium specimens, as well as using our fi eld collections and published literature sources. The results of our investigation on this issue will be published in several series hereafter.

Materials and Methods

The accepted names of selected species were followed by the Plants of the World Online (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/), International Plant Name Index (www.ipni.org) and The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org).

Point data collections of each species were obtained from several sources, (i) available

5Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences 2021 Vol. 19 (1)

herbaria ALTB, GLM, HAL, LE, MW, NS, NSK, UBA, and UBU (see Thiers, 2020), (ii) the Virtual guide to the Flora of Mongolia (Rilke et al., 2013), (iii) the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, 2021); (iv) the “Flora of Mongolia” project on the iNaturalist platform which was established in January 2019 (https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/flora-of-mongolia?tab=observations); (v) previous publication data, and (vi) our fi eld survey collections between 2010 and 2020. Furthermore, we photographed all species during our fi eld surveys; photos were taken primarily by Sh. Baasanmunkh, B. Oyuntsetseg, and H.J. Choi.

The topographic illustration was built on an elevation range between ca. 520 and 4300 meters above sea level. Borders of phytogeographical regions were based on Grubov (1982). ArcGIS 10.4.1 software was used to divise the 40 40 km2 grid cell raster in Mongolia (Fig. 1).

The following information was provided on each species: - Growth form (Gf) is according to Grubov

(1982) as the main fl oristic work in Mongolia.- The regional conservation status (CS) followed

Nyambayar et al. (2011) [1], Oyuntsetseg et al. (2018) [2], Urgamal et al. (2019) [3], Baasanmunkh et al. (2021a) [4]: CR – critically endangered, EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, NT – near threatened, LC – least concern.

- Regional distribution (RD) in Mongolia was based on Grubov (1982), Gubanov (1996), Urgamal et al. (2014) and Baasanmunkh et al. (2021a).

- Two symbols indicate the regional distribution: (+) represents new distribution records for a given phytogeographical region; (?) previously noted in Urgamal et al. (2014), but we did not

For each species, we provided the following information: growth form, regional distribution, regional conservation status (if already assessed), endemism (endemic, sub-endemic and Altai endemic), global distribution and conservation status (if available) and typical growing habitats. Distribution points are marked by three diff erent symbols which are summarized in Table 1.

fi nd them in any herbariums.

Results and Discussion

We provided grid distribution maps of 40 native species from 31 genera and 17 families, which have been listed as rare or threatened in Mongolia. Among these, 35 species (including

Figure 1. Map of phytogeographical regions of Mongolia with 4040 km2 grid cells. 1–Khuvsgul, 2–Khentii, 3–Khangai, 4–Mongolian Dauria, 5–Foothills of Great Khingan, 6–Khovd, 7–Mongolian Altai, 8–Middle Khalkh, 9–East Mongolia, 10–Depression of Great Lakes, 11–Valley of Lakes, 12–East Gobi, 13–Gobi Altai, 14–Dzungarian Gobi, 15–Transaltai Gobi, and 16–Alashan Gobi.


27 species threatened and eight species near threatened) were already assessed at the regional level (Nyambayar et al., 2011; Oyuntsetseg et al., 2018; Urgamal et al., 2019; Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a), while the remaining fi ve species have not been assessed yet.

Distribution maps and notes

1. Anticlea sibirica (L.) Kunth (Melanthiaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 3+. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 2)Synonym: Zigadenus sibiricus (L.) A.GrayAnticlea sibirica is broadly distributed in

China, Russia, Japan, Mongolia and South Korea (POWO, 2020). The species grows in mixed forest areas in the Khuvsgul region of Mongolia (Grubov, 1982; Urgamal et al., 2014). In addition, we documented it in the Khangai region based on herbarium collections (https://plant.depo.msu.ru/open/public/item/MW0173135).

2. Allium altaicum Pall. (Amaryllidaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14. CS: VU

(1)] (Figure 3)Allium altaicum is native to Asian countries,

including the Asiatic parts of Russia (Altay, Buryatiya, Zabaykalsky Krai, Irkutsk, Tuva, Amur Oblast), Kazakhstan and China (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, A. altaicum is frequently found in rocky and high mountain areas of the western and the southern Gobi, and central regions (Grubov, 1982; Friesen, 1995; Oyuntsetseg et al., 2017). This species is considered as near threatened on a global scale (Rhodes & Maxted, 2016).

3. Allium carolinianum Redouté (Amaryllidaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 14. CS: EN (4)] (Figure 4)Allium carolinianum is distributed in Central

Asia, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and China (Xinjiang)

(POWO, 2020). This species has been discovered from the Baitag Bogd Mountain, Dzungarian Gobi region in Mongolia (Oyuntsetseg et al., 2013). Allium carolinianium grows on rocky and stony slopes in mountain regions (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a).

4. Adonis apennina L. (Ranunculaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8. CS: NT (2)]

(Figure 5)Synonym: Adonis sibirica (Patrin ex DC.)

Ledeb.The native range of Adonis appeninia extents

from NE Europe (Finland) through Russia (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Far East, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Yakutsk), China (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang) and Kazakhstan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, A. appeninia typically grows in mountain steppes, larch forests and forest steppes in country’s northern part (Grubov, 1982; Baasanmunkh et al., 2019a).

5. Adonis mongolica Simonov. (Ranunculaceae)

[Endemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 2, 3, 4, 8?, 11+. CS: EN (1)] (Figure 6)

Adonis mongolica is endemic to Mongolia (Magsar, 1995; Baasanmunkh et al., 2021d). Since 2000, only two locations have been noted in the country, which has caused great concern. The botanical garden of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS) does, however, conduct ex situ cultivation of this species for its conservation. Based on the herbarium revision, we did not fi nd any specimens from the Middle Khalkh region (Urgamal et al., 2014), but the UBA herbarium hosted collections from the Valley of Lakes region. Adonis mongolica grows in montane and forb steppes in northern and central Mongolia (Grubov, 1982; Urgamal et al., 2014).

6. Fritillaria dagana Turcz. (Liliaceae)[Subendemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 2. CS: EN (2)]

Table 1. Mapping symbols used in the distribution maps.

Symbols Description Brief Explanation

● Before 2000 Based on herbarium collections

○ After 2000

▲ All otherBased on other sources: literature and observations from iNaturalist (since January 2019)


Figure 2. Distribution of Anticlea sibirica in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 3. Distribution of Allium altaicum in Mongolia. (Species photo: H.J. Choi)

Figure 4. Distribution of Allium carolinianum in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


Figure 5. Distribution of Adonis apennina in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 6. Distribution of Adonis mongolica in Mongolia. (Species photo: M. Urgamal)

Figure 7. Distribution of Fritillaria dagana in Mongolia. (Species photo: H.J. Choi)


(Figure 7)Fritillaria dagana was formerly considered en-

demic to Russia (Buryat, Chita, Irkutsk and Kras-noyarsk) and is a rare plant in Russia (Bardunov & Novikov 2008). The species has been reported from the northern part of Mongolia (Sandanov, 2013), but there are no historical collections in the Mongolian herbaria. More recently, we found it in Khaichiin Davaa and Tariakhtyn Davaa (Bulgan), and respective specimens have now been stored in the UBU herbarium (Baasanmunkh et al., 2019a).

7. Lindelofi a stylosa (Kar. & Kir.) Brand (Boraginaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 7, 10?, 11+, 14. CS: EN (2)] (Figure 8)

Lindelofi a stylosa is distributed in Asia, particularly in Afghanistan, the north of India, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (POWO, 2020). According to Urgamal et al. (2014), L. stylosa was found in the Depression of the Great Lakes region, but we did not fi nd any herbarium collections. More recent collections were sampled from the Baitag Bogd Mountain in the Dzungarian Gobi region (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a). In addition, this species occurs in the Valley of Lakes based on an herbarium collection of MW (see https://plant.depo.msu.ru/open/public/item/MW0188187)

8. Apocynum pictum Schrenk (Apocynaceae)[Gf: Subshrub. RD: 7+, 11+, 14, 15. CS: VU

(2)] (Figure 9)Synonym: Apocynum hendersonii Hook.fApocynum pictum is native to China (Qinghai,

Xinjiang), Kazakstan, Kyrzgyzstan, Mongolia and Tajikistan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, the species occurs in the Dzungarian Gobi and Gobi-Altai regions, and grows in sandy areas (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a). In addition, we found this species in two regions: the Mongolian Altai and the Valley of Lakes, based on herbarium specimens.

9. Swertia banzragczii Sanchir (Gentianaceae)[Altai Endemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 6, 7. CS: VU

(2)] (Figure 10)Swertia banzragczii was fi rst described from

western Mongolia (Sanchir 1984), and is also recorded for Xinjiang, China (Chen et al., 2011). The current status of this species is endemic to

the Altai Mountain range (Neuff er et al., 2003; Oyuntsetseg et al., 2017). This species occurs in wetland areas of high mountains.

10. Pulmonaria dacica (Simonk.) Simonk. (Boraginaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 2, 3+, 4. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 11)

Synonym: Pulmonaria mollissima A.Kern.Pulmonaria dacica is distributed in Europe,

China (Inner Mongolia, Shanxi), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (S Siberia), Tajikistan, Turkemistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey (POWO, 2020). This species was found mainly in the northern part of Mongolia, along forest edges and forest steppe areas (Baasanmunkh et al., 2019a). Based on herbarium revisions, we noted it as also occuring in the Khangai region.

11. Dodartia orientalis L. (Mazaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 6?, 7, 14. CS: VU (2)] (Figure

12)Dodartia orientalis is native from east Europe

to Mongolia (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species is found in the Dzungarian Gobi and Mongolian Altai regions, and it grows in desert steppe areas (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a). Based on the herbarium revision, the species is not found in the Khovd region, as noted by Urgamal et al. (2014).

12. Gentiana algida Pall. (Gentianaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 13?. CS: EN (2)]

(Figure 13)Gentiana algida is native to China (Tibet,

Xinjiang), North America (including Alaska, Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming), Russia (Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutsk, Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Magadan), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, East Himalaya, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar and Japan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, G. algida grows in fringes of larch forests, moss- lichen tundras, dampy and swampy meadows, brook banks, bogged rocky areas of Mongolian high mountains (Grubov, 1982). This species is widely distributed in several phytogeographical regions of Mongolia (Urgamal et al., 2014)

13. Gentiana grandifl ora Laxm. (Gentianaceae)


Figure 8. Distribution of Lindelofi a stylosa in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 9. Distribution of Apocynum pictum in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 10. Distribution of Swertia banzragczii in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)


Figure 11. Distribution of Pulmonaria dacica in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 12. Distribution of Dodartia orientalis in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 13. Distribution of Gentiana algida in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 2, 3, 4+, 7. CS: VU (3)] (Figure 14)

Gentiana grandifl ora is native to Asian Russia (Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Tuva, and West Siberia) and Kazakhstan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, G. grandifl ora grows in forest fringes in the alpine belt and at the upper part of forest belt, brook banks, dampy and boggy meadows of the high mountain areas in Mongolia (Grubov, 1982). Based on revisions in the herbarium UBA, we found a new distribution point in the Mongolian Dauria region.

14. Gentianella turkestanorum (Gand.) Holub (Gentianaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 7, 14.] (Figure 15)Gentianella turkestanorum is native to Asian

countries, including Afghanistan, China (Qinghai, West Himalaya), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, G. turkestanorum grows in larch forests, high-mountain meadows, high-mountain petrophytic steppes in the alpine belt, rocky screes and brook banks (Grubov, 1982; Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a). This species is recorded in the western part of Mongolia.

15. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 1?, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9. CS: LC (3)]

(Figure 16)Scutellaria baicalensis is native to several

Asian countries, including China (Inner Mongolia, Manchuria), Korea, Vietnam, and Russia (Amur, Buryatiya, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Zabaykalsky, Primorye) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species grows on rocky slopes and sandy areas in the steppe zone (Grubov, 1982; Baasanmunkh et al., 2019b). Scutellaria baicalensis is found in several regions, particularly in the eastern part of Mongolia (Urgamal et al., 2014; Baasanmunkh et al., 2019b). Moreover, this species was noted in the Khuvsgul region (Urgamal et al., 2014), but we did not fi nd any specimens from this area.

16. Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai (Asteraceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 4, 5. CS: VU (3)] (Figure 17)Synurus deltoides is native to Asian countries,

including China (Inner Mongolia, Manchuria), Japan, South Korea, and Russia (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Primorye). In Mongolia, this species grows in birch groves,

scrub thickets, and a range of meadow steppes. Currently, only two locations are known for the eastern part of Mongolia.

17. Caryopteris mongholica Bunge (Lamiaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 2, 3, 4, 7?, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16. CS: VU (1)] (Figure 18)

Caryopteris mongholica is distributed in Russia (Buryatiya) and China (Inner Mongolia) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species is broadly distributed in several phytogeographical regions (Urgamal et al., 2014). Caryopteris mongholica grows in screes, rocky slopes, typical steppe and desert steppe areas (Grubov, 1982). We did not fi nd occurences in typical steppe and desert steppe areas (Grubov, 1982). We did not fi nd any herbarium records from the Mongolian Altai region although it was noted to occur there by Urgamal et al. (2014).

18. Macropodium nivale (Pall.) R.Br. (Brassicaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 7. CS: EN (2)] (Figure 19)Macropodium nivale is native to Russia (Altai,

Buryatiya, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W Siberia), Kazakstan and China (Xinjiang) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species occurs in the Mongolian Altai and Khuvsgul regions (German, 2015). Macropodium nivale grows on alpine meadows and river banks of high mountains (Oyuntsetseg et al., 2018).

19. Paeonia anomala Pall. (Paeoniaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7?, 13+. CS: VU

(2)] (Figure 20)Paeonia anomala is distributed in North East

Kazakhstan, Russia (North East European part, Siberia) and Mongolia (POWO, 2020). This plant grows in larch and mixed forests, forest fi ngers and up to upper forest limit (Grubov, 1982). Paeonia anomala is found in several regions of Mongolia (Urgamal et al. 2014; Baasanmunkh et al., 2019a). In the past, this species was listed for the Gobi Altai region by National Atlas (1990), but was not mentioned in Gubanov (1996) and Urgamal et al. (2014). In addition, herbarium specimens from the Gobi Altai region are stored in HAL (Search Taxa | Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia (uni-greifswald.de) and Search Taxa | Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia (uni-greifswald.de)).


Figure 14. Distribution of Gentiana grandifl ora in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 15. Distribution of Gentianella turkestanorum in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 16. Distribution of Scutellaria baicalensis in Mongolia. (Species photo: H.J. Choi)


Figure 17. Distribution of Synurus deltoides in Mongolia. (Species photo: Ch. Javzandolgor)

Figure 18. Distribution of Caryopteris mongholica in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 19. Distribution of Macropodium nivale in Mongolia. (Species photo: G.Y. Chung)


20. Paeonia lactifl ora Pall. (Paeoniaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 2, 4, 5, 9. CS: EN (2)] (Figure

21)Paeonia lactifl ora is distributed in south-east

Asia, including Russia (South East Siberia) to South East China (Inner Mongolia, Manchuria) (POWO, 2020). This species occurs in the eastern part of Mongolia (Urgamal et al., 2014; Baasanmunkh et al., 2019b). Paeonia lactifl ora grows in typical steppe and mountain steppe areas in eastern Mongolia (Baasanmunkh et al., 2019b).

21. Tulipa unifl ora (L.) Besser ex Bake (Liliaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 3, 5?, 6+, 7, 8, 9?, 10, 14. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 22)

Tulipa unifl ora is distributed in China (Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia), Kazakhstan and Russia (Altai, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, T. unifl ora was recorded in several regions mainly in central and western Mongolia (Grubov, 1982; Urgamal et al., 2014). This species grows on thickets and sun-exposed gravel slopes (Grubov, 1982). During our herbarium revision, we did not fi nd any specimens from the eastern part of Mongolia although it was recorded to occur there by Urgamal et al. (2014).

22. Rindera tetraspis Pall. (Boraginaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 14] (Figure 23)Rindera tetraspis is found in Afghanistan,

China (Xinjiang), Russia (Altai), Tajikistan, Turkemistan, Ukraine and Uzbezikstan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, R. tetraspis grows in high mountains only in the Dzungarian Gobi region (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a).

23. Viola altaica Ker Gawl. (Violaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 3, 7. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 24)Viola altaica is native to China (Xinjiang),

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Russia (Altai, Buryatiya, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva and West Siberia) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species grows in wetland area of high mountains, particularly in the Mongolian Altai and Khangai regions (Grubov, 1982; Urgamal et al., 2014). In 2018, we found it at the Altai Tavan Bogd Mountains.

24. Tugarinovia mongolica Iljin. (Asteraceae)[Subendemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 11, 12, 13, 15,

16?. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 25)

Tugarinovia mongolica is found only in China (Inner Mongolia) and Mongolia (POWO, 2020). This species grows in stony hillsides, sandy sloping fi elds and gravelly slopes in Mongolia (Grubov, 1982). Tugarinovia mongolica is known from several sites in Mongolia’s South Gobi region, according to Urgamal et al. (2014), but we did not fi nd any record from the Alashan Gobi region. The current status is subendemic to Mongolia.

25. Biebersteinia odora Stephan (Biebersteiniaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 6, 7. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 26)Biebersteinia odora occurs in China (Xinjiang,

Tibet, West Himalay), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (Altai, Tuva) and Tajikstan (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species grows in rocky and stony areas of high mountains, mainly in the western part of the country (Urgamal et al., 2014; Oyuntsetseg et al., 2017).

26. Lancea tibetica Hook.f. & Thomson (Lamiaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 3. CS: CR (1)] (Figure 27)Lancea tibetica is distributed in China, Nepal,

Mongolia and the West Himalaya (POWO. 2020). In Mongolia, this species is noted only for the Khangai region in central Mongolia (Grubov, 1982). Lancea tibetica grows on the riverside with Iris spp (Biazrov et al., 1989).

27. Galitzkya macrocarpa (Ikonn.-Gal.) V.V.Botschantz. (Brassicaceae)

[Endemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 13, 15. CS: EN (3)] (Figure 28)

Galitzkya macrocarpa is endemic to Mongolia (German, 2015; Baasanmunkh et al., 2021d). This species grows in montane alpine rock crevices in the southern Gobi of Mongolia (Wesche et al., 2005).

28. Galitzkya potaninii (Maxim.) V.V.Botschantz. (Brassicaceae)

[Subendemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 7, 14, 15. CS: NT (2)] (Figure 29)

Galitzkya potaninii is distributed in China (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang) and Mongolia (POWO, 2020). This species occurs in the western part of of Mongolia (German, 2015). The current status is subendemic to Mongolia. Galitzkya potaninii


Figure 20. Distribution of Paeonia anomala in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 21. Distribution of Paeonia lactifl ora in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 22. Distribution of Tulipa unifl ora in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


Figure 23. Distribution of Rindera tetraspis in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 24. Distribution of Viola altaica in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 25. Distribution of Tugarinovia mongolica in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


Figure 26. Distribution of Biebersteinia odora in Mongolia. (Species photo: H.J. Choi)

Figure 27. Distribution of Lancea tibetica in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 28. Distribution of Galitzkya macrocarpa in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


Figure 29. Distribution of Galitzkya potaninii in Mongolia. (Species photo: P. Kosachev)

Figure 30. Distribution of Olgaea leucophylla in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 31. Distribution of Olgaea lomonossowii in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


grows on rocky mountain slopes (German, 2015).

29. Olgaea leucophylla (Turcz.) Iljin (Asteraceae)

[Subendemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 8?, 9, 11?, 12, 13. CS: NT (2)] (Figure 30)

Olgaea leucophylla is distributed in China (Inner Mongolia, Manchuria) and Mongolia (POWO, 2020). The current status is subendemic to Mongolia. This species grows in grasslands and farmlands in several regions of Mongolia (Grubov, 1982; Urgamal et al., 2014). Beside of the record by Urgamal et al. (2014), we did not fi nd any herbarium collections from the Middle Khalkh and Valley of Lakes regions.

30. Olgaea lomonosowii (Trautv.) Iljin (Asteraceae)

[Subendemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 9. CS: EN (1)] (Figure 31)

Olgaea lomonosowii is found in China (Inner Mongolia, Manchuria) and Mongolia (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species is found only in the typical steppe areas of East Mongolia (Dashnyam, 1974; Urgamal et al., 2014). The current status is subendemic to Mongolia.

31. Scutellaria supina L. (Lamiaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 7, 14. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 32)Scutellaria supina is distributed in China

(Xinjiang), Mongolia, Russia and Ukraine (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species grows on grassland hilltops in high mountainous area. Scutellaria supina is noted in two regions of western Mongolia (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a).

32. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Asparagaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 5?, 9. CS: DD (1)] (Figure 33)Anemarrhena asphodeloides is native to China

(Inner Mongolia, Manchuria) and Mongolia and was introduced to South Korea and Taiwan (POWO, 2020). The species is primarily found in the typical steppe areas of East Mongolia, but it possibly also occurs in the foothills of the Great Khyangan region (Dashnyam, 1974; Urgamal et al., 2014). In 2020, we found it from the Khalkh Gol district of Dornod province.

33. Ancathia igniaria (Spreng.) DC. (Asteraceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 3, 7, 10, 14, 15?. CS: NT (2)]

(Figure 34)Ancanthia ignaria is also distributed in

China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Russia (the North Caucasus area, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species occurs in several regions of western Mongolia (Urgamal et al., 2014; Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a). Ancanthia ignaria grows in rocky and semi desert sites, slopes of rocky and stony mountains (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a). We did not fi nd any herbarium records from the Trans-Altai Gobi region.

34. Cousinia affi nis Schrenk (Asteraceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 14. CS: EN (3)] (Figure 35)Cousinia affi nis is distributed in Central Asian

countries, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and China (Xinjiang). In Mongolia, this species occurs only in the Dzungarian Gobi region, where it grows in desert steppe areas (Baasanmunkh et al., 2021a).

35. Stellaria pulvinata Grubov (Lamiaceae)[Gf: Herb. RD: 7. CS: VU (2)] (Figure 36)Stellaria pulvinata is native to Kazakhstan,

China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species occurs only in the Mongolian Altai region (Oyuntsetseg et al., 2017). Stellaria pulvinata grows on rocky and stony slopes of mountains (Oyuntsetseg et al., 2017). Moreover, S. pulvinata plays an important role in the vegetation cover of the central part of the Mongolian Altai (Bocharnikov et al., 2015)

36. Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Orobanchaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 7, 14.] (Figure 37)Pedicularis rhinanthoides is a Central Asian-

Himalayan highland species found in India, Nepal, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia (Hanbi et al., 1998; POWO, 2020). Pedicularis rhinanthoides grows in open sites on wet and swampy meadows, overgrown wet moraines, along the banks of rivers and lakes at altitudes of 2600 m and above. The species requires inclusion to the lists of rare and protected plants in Mongolia.

37. Pedicularis fetisowii Regel (Orobanchaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 14.] (Figure 38)Pedicularis fetisowii is among the rare species

of Pedicularis; it is a Jungarian endemic, and is


Figure 32. Distribution of Scutellaria supina in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 33. Distribution of Anemarrhena asphodeloides in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 34. Distribution of Ancathia igniara in Mongolia. (Species photo: H.J. Choi)


Figure 35. Distribution of Cousinia affi nis in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 36. Distribution of Stellaria pulvinata in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)

Figure 37. Distribution of Pedicularis rhinanthoides in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)


Figure 38. Distribution of Pedicularis fetisowii in Mongolia. (Species photo: H.J. Choi)

Figure 39. Distribution of Pedicularis altaica in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)

Figure 40. Distribution of Lagopsis darwiniana in Mongolia. (Species photo: B. Oyuntsetseg)


known from several locations in Xinjiang (China, Eastern Tien Shan) (Ivanina, 1970; Hanbi et al., 1998). The species was fi rst discovered in the Baitag Bogd Mountain ridge of Mongolia, close to the border with China, during the joint Soviet-Mongolian expedition in 1988 (Kamelin et al., 1992). For Mongolia, only two points are known (the upper reaches of the Budun-Khargait River, the forest belt (LE, MW, UBA), and Mount Khoshootiin-Hotol, the steppe belt above the forest (ALTB). Pedicularis fetisowii grows on rocky-gravelly dry slopes and at the foot of mountains at altitudes from 2400 to 2800 m. The species requires inclusion to the lists of rare and protected plants of both Mongolia and China.

38. Pedicularis altaica Stephan ex Steven (Orobanchaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 6?, 7, 10?, 14.] (Figure 39)Pedicularis altaica is a subendemic species

of Altai Mountains, which is rare throughout its distribution range. The species was recorded in China (Xinjiang), Eastern Kazakhstan, Russia (Altai, Tuva) (POWO, 2020). In Mongolia, this species has a narrow ecological range, and grows in saline overgrown (willow thickets) meadows. This species has been noted for several regions of Mongolia, but we did not fi nd any herbarium specimens from the Khovd and the Depression of Great Lakes regions.

39. Lagopsis darwiniana Pjak (Lamiaceae)[Endemic. Gf: Herb. RD: 7?, 10+ CS: EN (2)]

(Figure 40)Lagopsis darwiniana is endemic to Mongolia

(Baasanmunkh et al., 2021d) and is described from the Jargalant Khairkhan Mountain by Pyak et al. (2007). This species grows on rocky and stony slopes of mountains (Pyak et al., 2007). Several publications erroneously state that L. darwiniana occurs in the Mongolian Altai region (Urgamal et al., 2014), yet it’s true distribution is in the Depression of Great Lakes region.

40. Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch (Saxifragaceae)

[Gf: Herb. RD: 1+, 2, 3, 4, 6+, 7. CS: NT (2)] (Figure 41)

Bergenia crassifolia is also native to Kazakhstan, Korea, China (Xinjiang), and Russia (Altai, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Krasnoyarks, Irkutsk, Yakutskiya, West Siberia). In Mongolia, this species occurs in rocky and stony areas of high mountains and taiga forest (Grubov, 1982). Bergenia grassifolia is distributed in several regions (Urgamal et al., 2014; Baasanmunkh et al., 2019a). In addition, we found it in the Khuvsgul and Khovd regions, based on herbarium revision.

Acknowledgements

Our study was supported by a research project (A study on the distribution of vascular plants in Mongolia; Grant No. KNA1-2-38, 20-5) of the Korea National Arboretum, Republic of Korea; and “Seed Grant” from the National University of

Figure 41. Distribution of Bergenia crassifolia in Mongolia. (Species photo: Sh. Baasanmunkh)


Mongolia, Mongolia. The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their critical reading of the manuscript with valuable comments.

References

Baasanmunkh, S., Oyuntsetseg, B., Oyundelger, K., Khaliunaa, K., Urgamal, M., Batkhuu, N., Shiga, T., Chung, G. Y. & Choi, H. J. 2019a. Contribution to the knowledge on the fl ora of northern Mongolia. Journal of Asia-Pacifi c Biodiversity, 12: 643–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2019.08.009

Baasanmunkh, S., Takashi, Sh., Oyuntsetseg, B., Wesche, K., Ritz, C. M., Khaliunaa, K., Kim, J. Y., Jo, H. J., Batkhuu, N., Chung, G. Y. & Choi, H. J. 2019b. Contribution to the knowledge on the fl ora of Numrug Strictly Protected Area and some parts of East Mongolia. Journal of Asia-Pacifi c Biodiversity, 12: 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2019.01.005

Baasanmunkh, S., Kovtonyuk, N. K., Oyuntsetseg, B., Tsegmed, Z., Han, I. V. & Choi, H. J. 2020a. Diversity and distribution of the genus Primula L. (Primulaceae) in Mongolia. Journal of Asia-Pacifi c Biodiversity, 13: 687–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.09.002

Baasanmunkh, S., Nyamgerel, N., Bayarmaa, G., Oyuntsetseg, B., Oyundelger, K. & Choi, H. J. 2020b. A new record of critically endangered Saussurea bogedaensis (Asteraceae) from Dzungarian Gobi, Mongolia. Phytokeys, 160: 109–121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.160.55603

Baasanmunkh, S., Oyuntsetseg, B., Oyundari, C, Oyundelger K, Urgamal, M., Darikhand, D., Soninkhishig, N., Nyambayar, D., Khaliunaa, K., Tsegmed, Z., Kechaykin, A. A., Shmakov, A. I., Erst, A. S., Friesen, N., Ritz, C. M., Wesche, K. & Choi, H. J. 2021a. The vascular plant diversity of Dzungarian Gobi in western Mongolia, with an annotated checklist. Phytotaxa, 501(1): 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.09.002

Baasanmunkh, S., Oyuntsetseg, B., Khaliunaa, K., Kosachev, P. & Choi, H. J. 2021b. Pedicularis incarnata L. (Orobanchaceae) – New species to the fl ora of Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(1): 51–54. https://doi.org/10.22353/mjbs.2021.19.14

Baasanmunkh, S., Oyuntsetseg, B., Efi mov, P., Tsegmed, Z., Vandandorj, S., Oyundelger,

K., Urgamal, M., Undruul, A., Khaliunaa, K., Namuulin, T. & Choi, H. J. 2021c. Orchids of Mongolia: taxonomy, species richness, and conservation status. Diversity, 13: 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070302

Baasanmunkh, S., Urgamal, M., Oyuntsetseg, B., Grabovskya-Borodina A, Oyundelger, K., Tsegmed, Z., Gundegmaa, V., Kechaykin, A. A., Pyak, A. I., Zhao, L. Q. & Choi, H. J. 2021d. Updated checklist of vascular plants endemic to Mongolia. Diversity, 13: 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13120619

Badamtsetseg, B., Gantuya, B., Agiimaa, J., Yang, S.A., Kim, H.S., Lee, S.M., Lee, S.J., Seunglak, A., Peak, W. P. & Lee J. 2019. A guide to wetland plants in Mongolia. Chungnam National University, Deajeon, Republic of Korea. 258 pp.

Bardunov, L. V. & Novikov, V. S. 2008. Red Book of Russian Federation (plants and fungi). Moscow, KMK Scientifc Press.

Biazrov, L. G., Ganbold. E., Gubanov, I. A. & Ulziikhutag, N. 1989. Flora of Khangaya. Nauka, Lenningrad, 191 pp. (in Russian)

Bocharnikov, M. V., Ogureeva, G. N. & Miklyaeva, I. M. 2015. Endemic formation of stitchwort polster (Stellaria pulvinata Grub.) in highlands of the Mongolian Altai. Arid Ecosystems, 5: 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096115030026

Chen, W. L., Smirnov, S. V., Kamelin, R. V., Zhang, S. R., Wang, J., Liu, J. Q., Shmakov, A. I. & German, D. A. 2011. Some new or noteworthy plant species from China found in north west Xinjiang. Turczaninowia, 14(1): 75–80.

Dariimaa, S. 2014. Flora of Mongolia. vol. 14a. Ulaanbaatar: Bembi san, 275 pp. (in Mongolian)

Dashnyam, B. 1974. The Flora and Vegetation of Eastern Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Academy of Sciences Press, 146 pp. (in Mongolian)

Friesen, N. 1995. The genus Allium L. in the fl ora of Mongolia. Feddes Repertorium, 106: 59–81.

GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2021-12-03.

German, D. A. 2015. Cruciferae (Brassicaceae): Alternative treatment for the “Conspectus of the vascular plants of Mongolia”. Turczaninowia,


18(2): 39–67.Gilbert, N. 2010. Threats to the world’s plants

assessed. Nature, 10: 10.1038. https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2010.499

Grubov, V. I. 1982. Key to vascular plants of Mongolia (with an atlas). Nauka, Leningrad. 443 pp. (in Russian)

Gubanov, I. A. 1996. Conspectus of fl ora in Outer Mongolia. Moscow: Valang Printing, 136 pp. (in Russian)

Gundegmaa, V. & Munkh-Erdene, T. 2018. Field guide to Alpine fl owers of Mongolian Altai. Ulaanbaatar: Soyombo Printing, 232 pp.

Hanbi, Y., Holmgren, N. H. & Mill, R. R. 1998. Pedicularis L. Flora of China. vol. 18. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 103–209 pp.

Hauck, M. H. & Solongo, B. 2010. Flowers of Mongolia. Telgte, Germany: Biermann, 325 pp

IUCN, 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org/

Ivanina, L. I. 1970. Pedicularis L. Plantae Asiae Centralis. vol. 5. Leningrad: Nauka, 148–188 pp. (in Russian)

Kamelin, R. V., Gubanov, I. A., Darijmaa, Sh. & Ganbold, E. 1992. Floristicheskie novinki iz Vneshney Mongolii [Floristic novelties from Outer Mongolia]. Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists, 97(5): 60–70. (in Russian)

Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Štěpánková, J., Bureš, P., Zázvorka, J., Hroudová, Z., Ducháček, M., Grulich, V., Řepka, R., Dančák, M., Prančl, J., Šumberová, K., Wild, J. & Trávníček B. 2015. Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 1. Preslia, 87: 417–500.

Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Ekrt, L., Štech, M., Řepka, R., Chrtek, J. Jr., Grulich, V., Rotreklová, O., Dřevojan, P., Šumberová, K. & Wild, J. 2020. Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 9. Preslia, 92: 255–340.

Kovtonyuk, N., Han, I., Gatilova, E., 2020. Vascular plants from European Russia in the CSBG SB RAS Digital Herbarium. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.E56504

National Atlas, 1990. The Mongolian People’s Republic: Ulan Bator and Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 144 pp. (In Russian)

Neuff er, B., Oyuntsetseg B., Schamsran, Z.,

Friesen, N. & Hurka, H. 2003. Contribution to the knowledge of the fl ora of the Mongolian Altai. Feddes Repertorium, 114: 358–371.

Nobis, M., Klichowska, E., Terlević, A., Wróbel, A., Erst, A., Hrivnák, R., Ebel, A. L., Tikhomirov, V. N., Byalt, V. V., Gudkova, P. D., Király, G., Kipriyanova, L. M., Olonova, M., Piwowarczyk, R., Pliszko, A., Rosadziński, S., Seregin, A. P., Honcharenko, V., Marciniuk, J., Marciniuk, P., Oklejewicz, K., Wolanin, M., Batlai, O., Bubíková, K., Choi, H. J., Dzhus, M. A., Kochjarová, J., Molnár, A. V., Nobis, A., Nowak, A., Oťaheľová, H., Óvári, M., Shimko, I. I., Shukherdorj, B., Sramkó, G., Troshkina, V. I., Verkhozina, A. V., Wang, W., Xiang, K. & Zykova, E. Y. 2019. Contribution to the fl ora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 8. Botany Letters, 166 (2): 163–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2019.1600165

Nowak, A., Świerszcz, S., Nowak, S., Hisorev, H., Klichowska, E., Wróbel, A., Nobis, A. & Nobis, M. 2020. Red List of vascular plants of Tajikistan–the core area of the Mountains of Central Asia global biodiversity hotspot. Scientifi c Reports, 10: 6235.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63333-9 Nyambayar, D., Oyuntsetseg, B. & Tungalag, R.

2011. Mongolian Red List and conservation action plans of plants. Admon, Ulaanbaatar. 183 pp.

Magsar, D. 1995. Biological validity to cultivate Adonis mongolica Sim. Dissertation of Biological Sciences. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: 109 pp. (in Mongolian).

Ovczinnikova, S. V. 2020. Three new species of the genus Craniospermum (Boraginaceae) from Mongolia. Turczaninowia, 23(2): 108–119. (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.23.2.15

Oyuntsetseg, B., Friesen, N. & Darikhand, D. 2013. Allium carolinianum DC. A new species to the outer Mongolia. Turczaninowia, 16(2): 88–90.

Oyuntsetseg, B., Baasanmunkh, S., Oyundelger, K., Munkhzul, O., Kim, J. Y., Cho, H. J., Batkhuu, N., Chung, G. Y. & Choi, H. J. 2017. Contribution to the knowledge on the fl ora of Munkhkhairkhan mountain area, Mongolia. Journal of Asia Pasifi c Biodiversity 10: 573–582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2017.05.005


Oyuntsetseg, B., Baasanmunkh, S., Nyambayar, D., Batkhuu, N., Lee, C. H., Sun, C. K., Chung, G. Y. & Choi, H. J. 2018. The conservation status of 100 rare plants in Mongolia. Korea National Arborerum, Pocheon. 232 pp.

Rilke, S., Najmi, U. & Schnittler, M. 2013. Contributions to ‘E-Taxonomy’ - A virtual approach to the fl ora of Mongolia (FloraGREIF). Feddes Repertorium, 123: 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.201200013

Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Allium altaicum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T201504A47600684. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T201504A47600684.en

Sanchir, Ch. 1984. New species of genus Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) from the Mongolian People’s Repbulic [Swertia banzragczii]. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii, 21: 136

Sandanov, D. V. 2013. Findings of Fritillaria dagana (Lilliaceae) in Mongolia. Vegetation of the Russian Asia, 1 (11): 44–46. (in Russian).

Seregin, A.P., 2016. Making the Russian fl ora visible: Fast digitisation of the Moscow University Herbarium (MW) in 2015. Taxon, 65: 203–209. https://doi.org/10.12705/651.29

Shiga, T., Khaliunaa, K., Baasanmunkh, S., Oyuntsetseg, B., Midorkawa, S. & Choi, H. J. 2020. New Mongolian records of two genera, seven species, and two hybrid nothospecies from Khar-Us Lake and its associated wetlands. Journal of Asia-Pacifi c Biodiversity, 13: 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.06.008

POWO, 2020. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 16 December 2020).

Pyak, E. A., Pyak, A. I. & Madyka, V.V. 2020. Saussurea odorata (Asteraceae), a new species from western Mongolia. Phytotaxa, 470. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.470.3.3

Pyak, A. I., Shaw, S. C., Ebel, A. L., Zverev, A. A., Hogdson, J. G., Wheeler, B. D., Gaston, K. J., Morenko, M. O., Revushkin, A. S., Kotukhov, Y. A. & Oyunchimeg, D. 2008. Endemic Plants of the Altai Mountain Country. Wild Guides LTD, United Kingdom. 368 pp.

Thiers, B. 2020. [Continuously updated]: Index herbariorum. A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff . New York

Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (Accessed: 1 December 2020)

Tungalag, R. 2020. Flora of Mongolia. vol. 12, Ulaanbaatar: Bembii San, 133 pp. (in Mongolian)

Tuvshintogtokh, I., Nyambayar, N., Mandakh, B., Manidari, D., Tumenjargal, Ts. & Battogtokh, N. 2019. Flora and Vegetation of the Ikh Nart Nature Reserve. Ulaanbaatar: Admon Press.

Undarmaa, J., Okuro, T., Manibazar, N., Dorjsuren, T. & Sodbaatar, P. 2015. Rangeland plants of Mongolia. vol. 1, 2. Ulaanbaatar: Munkhiin Useg Printing.

Urgamal, M. & Oyuntsetseg, B. 2017. Atlas of the Endemic Vascular Plants of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. “Bembi San” Press, 108 pp.

Urgamal, M., Oyuntsetseg, B., Nyambayar, D. & Dulamsuren, Ch. 2014. Conspectus of the Vascular Plants of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Admon Printing, 344 pp.

Urgamal, M., Oyuntsetseg, B., Tungalag, R., Gundegmaa, V., Oyundari, Ch., Tserendulam, C., Munkh-Erdene, T. & Solongo T. 2019a. Red List of Mongolia 2. Ulaanbaatar, 30–230 pp. (in Mongolian)

Urgamal, M., Gundegmaa, V., Baasanmunkh, S., Oyuntsetseg, B., Darikhand, D. & Munkh-Erdene, T. 2019b. Additions to the Vascular Flora of Mongolia – IV. Proceeding of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 59(2): 14–53. https://doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v59i2.1218

Urgamal, M., Gundegmaa, V., Munkh-Erdene, T., Erdenetuya B., Ohseok K, Moonbo C. & Yeongbu K. 2019c. Medicinal plants of the Mongolian Gobi Desert. National Institude of Biological Resources, 424 pp.

Urgamal, M., Munkh-Erdene, T., Solongo, K., Gundegmaa, V., Amartuvshin, N. & Altantsetseg, G. 2020. Flora of Mongolia. vol. 4, Ulaanbaatar: Bembi San, 181 pp. (in Mongolian)

Urgamal, M., Munkh-Erdene, T., Enkhmaa U., Zumberelmaa D., Ganbold E., Saruul N. & Gantuya B. 2021. Flora of Mongolia. vol. 2a, Ulaanbaatar: Bembi San, 190 pp. (in Mongolian)

Wesche, K., Jäger E. J., von Wehrden, H. & Undrakh, R. (2005) Status and distribution of four endemic vascular plants in the Gobi Altay. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences, 3:


3–11.Yano, O., Shiga, T., Khaliunaa, K., Baasanmunkh,

S., Oyuntsetseg, B. & Choi, H. J. 2021. A new record of Carex capricornis (Cyperaceae) from Mongolia. Journal of Japanese Botany 96(4): 238–241.

Yurtseva, O. V., Kuznetsova, O. I. & Mavrodiev, E. V. 2016. A broadly sampled 3-loci plastid phylogeny of Atraphaxis (Polygoneae, Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae) reveals new taxa: I. Atraphaxis kamelinii spec. nov. from Mongolia. Phytotaxa, 268: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.1.1

Zhao, L. Q., Ri, X., Alatanzhula., Gundegmaa, V., Qiao, X. G. & Mungunchimeg, C. 2019. Stipa khovdensis (Poaceae), a new species, and a checklist of Stipa s. stricto from Mongolia. Annales Botanici Fennici, 56: 95–99.

Zając, A. 1978. Atlas of distribution of vascular plants in Poland (ATPOL). Taxon, 27: 481–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219899

ORCIDShukherdorj Baasanmunkh, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4224-9376Batlai Oyuntseteseg, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-3301Zagarjav Tsegmed, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6024-4918Khurelpurev Oyundelger, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-7912Magsar Urgamal, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-8239Batdelger Gantuya, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-2815Chuluunbat Javzandolgor, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-3291Nyamjantsan Nyambayar, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-5195Petr Kosachev, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4087-6336Hyeok Jae Choi, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6315-0071

*****

MJBS 20(1).indd - Biotaxa

Documents