Mitosis
Dec 13, 2015
3 limitations to cell size
1. Diffusion- - is fast and efficient over short distances but
slow and inefficient over long distances - cells would die long before nutrients could
reach the organelles
3 limitations to cell size
2. DNA limits cell size- cells need A LOT of proteins to perform critical
functions BUT there is a limit to how quickly DNA can be made into proteins.
3 limitations to cell size
3. Surface area-to volume ratio- as a cell’s size increases, its volume increases
much faster than its surface area
Reasons for cell division
1. maintaining optimum cell size2. growth in multicellular organisms3. asexual reproduction of single-celled
organisms4. to replace dead cells
Chromatin vs. Chromosome
• Chromatin = long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins (tangled up spaghetti)
• Chromosome = coiled strands of DNA that
look more like rope or X’s; becomes like this right before cell division
Cell cycle
• G1→G2 = interphase• S phase = DNA replication• G1 & G2 = growth 1 & 2, cell is growing and
preparing for division• Which phase does a cell spend most of its
time in?
Mitosis
• Mitosis = process in which the nucleus of a cell is divided into 2 nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell (also called asexual reproduction)
Interphase
• First step of the cell cycle.
• Interphase is the preparation phase.
• Three stages: G1, Interphase and G2.
• What happens during interphase?
Mitosis
• Mitosis is the second step of the cell cycle (asexual reproduction)
• It is broken into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Prophase
• First stage of mitosis.• Nuclear envelope
begins to dissappear• Chromatin coils up and
becomes X-shaped chromosomes
Metaphase
• Chromosomes (X’s) line up in the middle of the cell.
• Spindle fibers attach to the centromere on the chromosome.
Anaphase
• Spindle fibers begin to pull the chromosomes (X’s) apart.
• Chromatid (V’s) now move toward opposite ends
Telophase
• Chromatid (V’s) reach the poles.
• Nuclear envelope begins to reappear around the chromatid
• In plant cells a cell plate appears down the middle to divide the cell.
• In animal cells a cleavage furrow appears to separate the cell.
Cytokinesis
• Last stage of the cell cycle.
• Cell has separated creating two new identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis= the process by which the cytoplasm divides, thus forming 2 distinct cells
Results of Mitosis• 2 identical daughter cells• In unicellular organisms that is how it reproduces• In multicellular organisms, cell growth and
division results in a group of cells that work together (all human cells undergo mitosis except for our sex cells). Skin cells undergo mitosis the most.cells tissue organ organ system ORGANISM
Cancer
• Enzymes control each phase of the cell cycle.
• Cancer = result of uncontrolled cell division
• Extra cells form masses called tumors
• Causes of cancer are both genetic and environmental (smoke, exposure to UV rays, viral infections)