Missouri River Recovery Mike Chapman Corps of Engineers – Kansas City District
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Missouri River Recovery
Mike Chapman Corps of Engineers – Kansas City District
Missouri River Navigation
Missouri River Recovery Program
Missouri River Water Management
Missouri River Topics
Missouri River History
Missouri River Sediment Issues
SWH Project Response to 2011 Flood
Pittsburgh
Minneapolis/ St. Paul
Chicago
Houston Mobile
Tulsa
New Orleans
St. Louis
Corpus Christi
Portland
•12,000 miles of navigable channels •240 lock sites •38 States •60% Grain Exports •22% Domestic Petroleum •20% Coal in Electricity Generation
America’s Inland Waterways: An “Inland Marine Highway” for Freight Transportation
Missouri River Navigation History
Thomas Hart Benton June 1877 Ft. Benton Levee
Missouri River Head of Navigation Ft. Benton Hwy Bridge Chittenden Mileage (1890) 2284.8 Corps Mileage (1960) 2073.2
Cpt. H.M. Chittenden Report 1897
WESTON
Flood of 1858 Destroyed Port Flood of 1881 Left Town 2 miles from the river
River Segments Lewis & Clark (1815-1817 Survey RM 430) Corps of Engineers Channel (RM 403)
Bank Stabilization &
Navigation Project
Authority
River and Harbor Acts 1912, 1927, 1945
Purpose • 9’ by 300’ Nav Channel
• Stabilized Banks Completed • 1980
Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
Indian Cave Bend - 18 September 1934 River Mile 517.0 Looking Downstream Nebraska City Discharge 9,200 cfs
Indian Cave Bend – 9 November 1934 Nebraska City Discharge 12,900 cfs
Indian Cave Bend – 19 June 1935 Nebraska City Discharge 56,400 cfs
Indian Cave Bend – 5 October 1935 Nebraska City Discharge 10,800 cfs
Indian Cave Bend – 19 August 1936 Nebraska City Discharge 10,900 cfs
Indian Cave Bend – 23 May 1946 Nebraska City Discharge 25,400 cfs
Indian Cave Bend – Late March 1977 Nebraska City Discharge 40,000 cfs
Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1890’s
Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1900’s
Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
CONSTRUCTION METHODS 1930’s
Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1930’s
Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1950’s
US Army Corps of Engineers Kansas City District
MISSOURI RIVER BANK STABILIZATION AND
NAVIGATION PROJECT
Dike and Revetment Maintenance- place 67,000 tons annually by contract, 20,000 tons by in-house river fleet
US Army Corps of Engineers Kansas City District
LOWER MISSOURI RIVER EXISTING CONDITION
Levee
Levee Pre-Project Riverbank
Rock Dikes & Revetments
Buried Dike
Attributes:
• Mostly Laminar Flow
• Visible Structures & Banks
• Maximized Land Accretion
• Easy Maintenance
• Functions Over Wide Range of Flows
Benefits to Nation
• Navigation Channel
• Additional Farm Ground - Aquatic Acres Converted to Farm Ground - Meander Belt Cleared and Farmed • River Valley Protected from Meander - Floodplain Infrastructure Possible - Stable Property Lines, State Boundaries, etc
Unstable Banks
Missouri River Water Management
Fort Peck
Oahe Big Bend
Fort Randall Gavins Point
Garrison
Montana
North Dakota
Wyoming
Nebraska
Kansas
Missouri
Iowa
South Dakota
Colorado
Minnesota
Missouri River Basin
Sioux City
Omaha
Kansas City St. Louis
2619 miles – Utmost Source
Ft Benton 2321 miles -Three Forks
Ft. Peck Dam Garrison Dam
Oahe Dam
650 Corps Dams – Oct 08
25.9 MAF forecasted 103% of Normal
10
111% 110% None
2008
Good
44.413 maf on 28 Oct 08
0
10
Nov Sep July May Mar Jan
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 D
isch
arge
, kcf
s
25 - 10 % 75 - 25 %
90 - 75 %
ROR – Natural Hydrograph
25 - 10 % 75 - 25 %
90 - 75 %
Current Water-Control Plan
Hydrologic Alteration, Sioux City, Iowa
km 1,178 Kansas City District
US Army Corps of Engineers
Missouri River Navigation
Missouri River Commercial Carriers
• JEFFERSON CITY RIVER TERMINAL - cement, fertilizer • MAGNOLIA MARINE - asphalt • HERMANN SAND & GRAVEL - gravel, misc. • RIVER MARINE ENTERPRISES - fertilizer, grain, components
M/V Jennie Dehmer pushing two asphalt barges up the Missouri River.
Reasons for Navigation Tonnage Decline
Season Length Competition for Grain Drought Flood 93, 95 Master Manual 89 – 04 2000 BiOP & 2003 update Reliability Shipper Apathy
Missouri River Recovery Program
Mitigate for BSNP Recover Endangered Species Restore the Ecosystem
Missouri River Recovery Program
• Purchase 166,000 acres • Recover Pallid Sturgeon, Least Tern,
Piping Plover • Science • Restore wetlands, riparian areas,
aquatic habitat
Missouri River Fishes
• ~25% native fishes imperiled – 100%“Big River” species – 45% fluvial specialists
Alabama shad Alosa alabamae
Sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki
Highfin carpsucker Carpoides velifer
Sauger Sander canadense
Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus
Paddlefish Polyodon spathula
Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus
Galat et al. in Rinne et al., 2005. Historical changes in large river fish assemblages. AFS #45
State & Federal Rare, Threatened or Endangered Species of the Missouri River & Floodplain
14
26
24
8
22
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of Species
Plants
Mussels
Insects
Fishes
Reptiles
Birds
Mam
mals
National Research Council 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem. National Academy Press
Pallid Sturgeon captured at Liberty Bend, RM 353 November 16, 2006
Pallid Sturgeon at Hamburg Bend, RM 556 May 18, 2006
MoRiv Recovery Program Shallow Water Habitat
• 2003 Biological Opinion Requires 20-30 Acres SWH per Mile
• Mitigation and Recovery Also Require
SWH
Example - Jameson Island
Pre-1993 Bankline
1000’
Channel Centerline
Big Muddy NFWR- Jameson Unit
1989 2000
1.CHUTE CONSTRUCTION INCREASED AQUATIC ACREAGE AND DIVERSITY 2. STRUCTURE MODIFICATIONS INCREASED TOP-WIDTH AND DIVERSITY
AQUATIC HABITAT PROJECT TYPES
TYPES OF STRUCTURE MODIFICATIONS • NOTCHED DIKES/REVETMENTS • RAISED DIKES • ROOTLESS DIKES/REVETMENTS
• EXTENDED DIKES
Design Height
Notch Elevated and Extended
Average Water Surface
Bed of River
STRUCTURE MODIFICATIONS
Dike Profile
Design Height Notch
Elevated
Average Water Surface
Bed of River
STRUCTURE MODIFICATIONS
Dike Profile
21 Apr 2004 COE in-house Crew
21 Apr 2004 Series of Notches Completed in April 2004.
Dike Notching
Dike Extensions
Raised and Extended Dike
Sandbar Created Downstream
Bank Notching
Dredged Backwater
Chute Construction
Chute Construction
April 2004
Side Cast Material Next to Chute
Hydraulic Dredge with Discharge Into River
End Dump Into River
Pilot Channels
Pilot Channel – Spoil Placement in River
Rock Revetment
Chute Lessons Learned
KCD examined the geometry of roughly 25 existing natural and successful constructed chutes to help establish design criteria
• Smooth entrance transitions • Passive, minimal grade control • Constructed width 50-ft min, 75 + preferred, invert < -4
CRP • Chute per River Length Ratio < 1.0 (typically) • Bend Radius of Curvature / Design Width > 2.5 • Minimum Radius of Curvature: 90% > 600’, 2000’ typical • Constructed Sinuosity of 1.0 to 1.2 • Entrance at channel crossing more susceptible to drift • Length greater than 1 channel width
22 Apr 2004, stage at –2 CRP
Invert EL +0 CRP
Overton South Chute 2: 02 SEP 2004: Stage +6 CRP
BUILDING STRONG
ISSUE - BED DEGRADATION
BUILDING STRONG
DEGRADATION AT LOWER DISCHARGES
-15.00
-13.00
-11.00
-9.00
-7.00
-5.00
-3.00
-1.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Departures from Average Slope Line
1974
1988
1990
1992
1994
2002
2006
2007
2008
2009
LOW WATER SURFACE PROFILES 1974 to 2009
CRP = Normal Navigation Flow
65
BUILDING STRONG
• Bank Failures • Continued Tributary Head Cutting • Levees and Floodwalls Placed in Jeopardy • Power Plant Water Intakes Problems • Water Supply Intakes Continue to Require Modifications • Pipeline Crossings Impacted • Tributary Bridge Crossings at Risk • Navigation Obstructions Exposed • Loss of Shallow Water Habitat • Loss of Wetlands
Bed Degradation Concerns
BUILDING STRONG
Bank and Tributary Instability
BUILDING STRONG
Intake Lowering • Nearman Creek • Water One • BPU Water • Kansas City MO
ADVERSE IMPACTS OF BED DEGRADATION
BUILDING STRONG
• Over-Confinement of River (levees, dikes) • Channel Shortening • Excessive Velocities
• Reduced Sediment Inflow
• Commercial Sand Dredging
Potential Causes of Degradation
BUILDING STRONG
BED DEGRADATION - ACTIONS
• DEGRADATION STUDY - Ongoing
• DREDGING EIS - Completed
• RECOVERY – Sediment Reintroduction, River Widening
BUILDING STRONG
COMMERCIAL SAND DREDGING
BUILDING STRONG
Annual Sand Extractions from the Missouri River Main Channel 1974-2006
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Sand
Rem
oved
(ton
s)
Commercial Dredging Other Extractions
I-635
NearmanPower Plant I-435
L-385 Chain ofRocksBerm
Dredging Extraction Amounts
BUILDING STRONG
COMMERCIAL SAND DREDGING - EIS
• REDUCED REMOVAL
• REPEAT RIVER SURVEYS
• GPS OF DREDGING LOCATIONS
MISSOURI CLEAN WATER COMMISSION
• First Learned of Program in January 2008
• Objected to Placement of Spoil in River and
Planned Erosion
• Claimed Activity Violated CW Laws
• Concerned About Gulf Hypoxia, Chemicals,
etc.
• Corps Funded $650,000 National Academy of
Science Study
HABITAT AREAS POST 2011 FLOOD
Smoky Waters CA - Mile 133
2004
2007
Tadpole Chute – Mile 177
Tadpole Chute – Mile 177
Overton North Chute – Mile 187
Jameson Chute – Mile 214
July 2008
Jameson Chute – Control Structure
Lisbon Chute – Mile 219
Lisbon Chute
Lisbon Chute - Exit
Benedictine – Mile 427– Bank Notches
Benedictine – Revetment Chute
Worthwine Chute – Mile 459
Worthwine Chute
Worthwine – Revetment Chute
Revetment Chute Wolf Creek
October 2006
August 2008
Wolf Creek – Revetment Chute
Bank Notch –Wolf Creek
Wolf Creek Scour Holes
RM 475
Scour Hole
Scour Hole
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