MissilesClassification of Missiles as per Launch Mode:
1.Surface-to-Surface Missile: Source on the surface and target on
the surface
2.Surface-to-Air Missile: Source on the surface and target in the
air
3.Surface (Coast)-to-Sea Missile: Source on the surface (coast) and
target in the sea
4.Air-to-Air Missile: Source in the air and target in the air
5.Air-to-Surface Missile: Source in the air and target on the
surface
6.Sea-to-Sea Missile: Source in the sea (ship) and target in the
sea (ship)
7.Sea-to-Surface (Coast) Missile: Source in the sea and target on
the surface
8.Anti-Tank Missile: missile launched to destroy the tanks of
enemies like Nag, Helina, Sant, Dhruvastra missile
Classification of missiles based on the engine used in them:
1. Solid Propulsion Missile: Fuel is in solid form. 2. Liquid
Propulsion Missile: Fuel used in the engine of a missile is in
liquid form. 3. Hybrid Missile: Fuel is in hybrid form i.e. both
solid and liquid. 4. Cryogenic Missile: It has a cryogenic engine
5. Scramjet Missile: It has a scramjet engine. 6. Ramjet Missile:
It has a ramjet engine.
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Cruise Missile
A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled (till the time of
impact) guided (it doesn’t need guidance during its flight) vehicle
that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its
flight path and whose primary mission is to place ordnance or
special payload on a target.
They fly within the earth’s atmosphere and use jet engine
technology. Its flight is just like an airplane which also flies
within the earth’s atmosphere (stratosphere). It is used to travel
shorter distances (like 300-400 km) and hit the target with
precision. Eg: Brahmos cruise missile Depending upon the speed such
missiles are classified as:
1. Subsonic cruise missile – It flies at a speed lesser than that
of sound, It travels at a speed of around
0.8 Mach (meaning 0.8 times the speed of the sound). 2. Supersonic
cruise missile – It travels at a speed of around 2-3 Mach. 3.
Hypersonic cruise missile – It travels at a speed of more than 5
Mach
Ballistic Missile
A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory
over most of its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a
weapon-delivery vehicle.
During its flight, it goes out of the earth’s atmosphere and then
again comes back to hit its target. Due to this, it can travel long
distances.
Ballistic missiles are categorized according to their range, the
maximum distance measured along the surface of earth's ellipsoid
from the point of launch to the point of impact of the last element
of their payload.
The missile carries a huge payload. The carriage of a deadly
warhead is justified by the distance the missile travels. India
still doesn’t have a good ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile
which has a range of at least 5500kms). Agni
5 is an ICBM but can only travel through 5000-8000kms. But it is
still not in use because right now we are doing the trial of Agni
3.
On missiles, a payload (like a nuclear bomb, etc) is carried.
During its flight, when it goes out of the atmosphere it throws
down the useless back portion of the missile. The function of this
back part is to give the missile the desired velocity to escape the
earth’s atmosphere (known as the escape velocity). Then after it
has to be guided to come back to earth to hit the target.
1958 to 1970
The Push for Self-Reliance India's first missile program began in
1958 - the same year Prime Minister Nehru approved the construction
of a plutonium reprocessing plant at Trombay. This move was
criticized by many as India was still not fully developed and they
opined that our priority should be to eradicate poverty.
The project was a modest attempt to construct anti-tank guided
missiles. In addition, the missile group examined the development
of a liquid-fueled sustainer engine - most likely based on
the SA-2 from the Soviet Union. Both projects were undertaken by
the DRDO and its principal missile laboratory, the Defence
Research, and Development Laboratory (DRDL).
1958 to 1970
The program emphasized gaining scientific expertise and creating a
technological base for eventually building modern missiles
indigenously.
No plans were made in the short-term for the mass production of
missile systems. However, the DRDO's technical and organizational
shortcomings, opposition from the armed services, and weak support
from politicians and civilian bureaucrats in the federal government
resulted in the failure and ultimate termination of both
projects.
India received the French Centaure research rocket in May 1964 and
began reproducing it with modifications. Indian engineers,
therefore, had 20 years of rocket experience, including satellite
launches and recovery, before the
country commenced a dedicated missile program in 1985.
1971 to 1980
Technological Setbacks - Two major programs occupied Indian missile
efforts in the 1970s - Project Devil and Project Valiant.
Project Valiant explored the development of a long-range ballistic
missile with a range approaching 8,000 km but for technological and
bureaucratic reasons, leading officials in the DRDO were
unenthusiastic about the project and cited a crippling shortage of
the scientific and engineering expertise needed to complete such an
ambitious project.
The project was shelved in 1974. In 1972, work began on Project
Devil, an attempt to "acquire detailed knowledge" of an operational
missile by
reverse-engineering (also called back engineering and involves
deconstructing individual components of larger products to extract
design information from them) the Soviet-designed SA-2
surface-to-air missile (SAM).
The project suffered monumental technological and capacity setbacks
but fulfilled the core components of its mission: "two solid-fuel
boosters and a three-ton liquid sustainer engine" emerged from the
effort, which would later serve as the platform for the Prithvi
missile series.
Nevertheless, the project failed to replicate the SA-2, and funding
for the project ended in 1980.
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India's 1974 nuclear test
India began making its first substantive achievements in missile
development after Indira Gandhi, a proponent of nuclear weapons,
returned to power in 1980.
The nuclear test was conducted for peaceful purposes and not for
war. In 1982 a committee was formed which studied various options
for missile
development and a year later, the committee unveiled the framework
for the Integrated Guided Missile Program (IGMDP).
During this period, space programs were also strengthening, and in
1975, we launched India’s 1 st satellite known as Aryabhatta.
In what could be described as a 'decisive shift' in missile
development plans, the missile capability of Indian armed forces
received a major fillip from Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) following the launching of the Integrated
Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) in 1983.
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)
IGMDP was conceived by renowned scientist Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to
enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile
technology.
During this time, everyone was in favor of the development of
missiles because of three wars with our neighbors (China and
Pakistan) in 1962, 1965, and 1971.
Dr. Kalam, the then Director of Defence Research & Development
Laboratory (DRDL), headed a Missile Study Team to weigh the
feasibility of the program. The team included members from the
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the Army,
Navy and Air Force, and Defence Production. Keeping in mind the
requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces,
the team recommended the development of five missile systems.
The IGMDP finally got approval from the Government of India on July
26, 1983. The ambitious, time-bound project brought together the
country’s scientific community, academic institutions,
R&D
laboratories, industries, and the three Services in giving shape to
the strategic, indigenous missile systems. The missiles developed
under the program were:--
Short-range (150km) surface-to-surface ballistic missile Prithvi
Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Agni
Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile Trishul
Third-generation anti-tank missile Nag Medium-range surface-to-air
missile Akash
The Agni, which was initially conceived as a technology
demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, was later
upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.
Dr. Kalam played a major role in the development and
operationalization of Agni and Prithvi missiles. After achieving
the goal of making India self-reliant in missile technology, DRDO
on January 8, 2008, formally
announced the successful completion of IGMDP. The simultaneous
development of the Prithvi and Agni missile series emerged from a
debate amongst DRDO
officials in the early 1980s about whether to pursue liquid- or
solid-fueled missiles. Solid-fuel proponents argued that the simple
design features and easy maintenance of solid-fuel engines
outweighed
the limited technological flexibility of liquid-fueled designs.
Prior experience with liquid-fueled motors in the 1970s under
Project Devil and Project Valiant eventually led
officials to pursue the liquid-fuel option for the Prithvi series,
but they chose to use solid-fuel engines for the Agni series.
Prithvi-I provided India with a rudimentary short-range (150 km)
option for deploying a limited nuclear strike capability against
Pakistan.
By 1994, two successful flight-tests of the 1,400 km-range Agni-1
missiles confirmed India's re-entry vehicle technology and
demonstrated mastery of staging.
The Agni program thus served as the foundation for the design and
development of longer-range ballistic missile systems, while the
Prithvi remained the country's lone operational strategic
missile.
The latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s were characterized by
the continued technological development of the Prithvi and Agni
ballistic missiles, and the pursuit of more sophisticated missile
delivery options.
The DRDO embarked on programs to develop longer-range versions of
the Agni: Agni-II (3000 km) and Agni-III (5000 km), and Prithvi:
Prithvi-II (350 km) and Prithvi-III (600 km).
In 2001, India successfully tested its first supersonic cruise
missile, called BrahMos which was developed with Russian
collaboration. It was India’s first cruise missile.
India’s ballistic missile defense got a boost in 2006 when the
first tier in India’s ballistic missile defense system,
PAD/Pradyumna was tested.
PAD is designed to neutralize missiles within a range of 300-2000
km up to a speed of Mach 5.0 In 2007, the second tier called the
Advanced Air Defense (AAD) was tested.
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In 2008, DRDO also began developing a sea-launched ballistic
missile, the Sagarika, which was tested from submersible
pontoons.
India and Israel also signed an agreement to jointly develop the
Barak-8 surface to air missile (previously known as LR-SAM and
MR-SAM) that is designed to defend against airborne threats such as
aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs. Sea- and
land-based versions of the system exist. The first successful test
of the sea-based version was conducted in 2010.
In 2012, India for the first time successfully tested the Dhanush
missile. It is a variant of the surface-to-surface Prithvi-3
missile and has been developed for the Indian Navy.
It has a range of 350 km and is capable of carrying both
conventional as well as nuclear warheads. In July 2013, India
announced it would begin withdrawing the 17-year-old Prithvi-I and
replacing it with the 150 km
solid-fueled, road-mobile Prahar missile, which was first tested in
2011. The Prahar is smaller, more maneuverable, and faster to
launch than the Prithvi-I. It has a maximum payload of 200 kg and
is capable of carrying only conventional or tactical nuclear
weapons.
The Agni ballistic missile family has also undergone significant
recent improvements in range and sophistication. Agni-III, with a
range of over 3,200 km was inducted into the armed forces in 2011
after a series of successful tests and user trials.
India also successfully flight tested the Agni-IV, with a declared
range of 4000 km multiple times since 2011 before inducting it into
the armed forces in 2014.
The long-anticipated Agni-V has also been successfully tested
multiple times since 2012. While its tested range of 5000 km falls
short of ICBM status, the missile's range can be increased with
relatively minor technological adjustments; experts, therefore,
consider the Agni-5 to be an ICBM. Even with a range of only 5,000
km, the Agni-V could hit any target in China, including
Beijing.
The development of the indigenous Nirbhay long-range cruise missile
has been hailed as a hallmark moment in India's missile
development. Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise
missile designed and developed by DRDO and is capable of carrying
conventional and nuclear warheads.
It is currently under development and undergoing flight trials. As
a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Russia
could not jointly develop any missile beyond the 300 km range with
a non-MTCR member. However, with India’s acceptance into the MTCR
in 2016, those restrictions are no longer valid. Consequently,
India and Russia announced that they will develop an extended range
version of the BrahMos cruise missile.
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Agni-I
Medium-range ballistic missiles Surface to Surface Missiles Range –
MRBM - 700–1,200 km Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat
Dynamics Limited Agni Range
Agni-I – MRBM - 700–1,200 km Agni-II - MRBM - 2,000–3,500 km
Agni-III – IRBM (intermediate range) - 3,000–5,000 km Agni-IV -
IRBM - 3,500–4,000 km Agni-V - ICBM - 5,000–8,000 km
Prithvi Missile
Short-range ballistic missiles Surface to Surface Missiles
Range
Prithvi I - 150 km Prithvi II – 250 - 350 km Prithvi III – might be
600km
Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited Prithvi
was the first missile to be developed under the Integrated Guided
Missile Development Program.
Dhanush Missile
Short-range Ballistic missile The naval version of Prithvi missile
Maximum range 350 km It is a variant of the surface-to-surface or
ship-to-ship Prithvi missile, which has been developed for the
Indian Navy
Trishul Missile
Short-range ballistic missiles Surface to Air Missiles Range – It
has a range of 12 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg warhead. The range
of the missile increases by decreasing the weight of the warhead.
Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited Designed
to be used against low-level (sea-skimming) targets at short range,
the system has been developed to
defend naval vessels against missiles and also as a short-range
surface-to-air missile on land.
Akash Missile
Medium-range ballistic missiles Surface to Air Missiles Range – The
Akash New Generation missile system can target aircraft up to 50–60
km away, at altitudes up to
18,000 m. It can neutralize aerial targets like fighter jets,
cruise missiles, and air-to-surface missiles as well as ballistic
missiles. It will be exported to other countries. It can be used to
intercept (destroying the enemy missile in the air) enemy missiles.
Developed by - DRDO Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited (Army
variant) Bharat Electronics Limited (Air force variant)
Nag Missile
Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) Developed by - DRDO minimum range -
500 m maximum range - 4 km Manufacturer - Bharat Dynamics Limited A
helicopter-launched version of Nag called the Helina
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Dhruvastra
It is the helicopter version of 'Nag Helina' with several new
features and is meant to be fired from the air to destroy enemy
bunkers, armored vehicles, and main battle tanks.
It is a third-generation fire and forgets (cant be brought back
after firing the missile) class anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
system that has been mounted on the Advanced Light Helicopter
(ALH).
SANT or Standoff Anti-tank Guided Missile
It is a fourth-generation upgraded variant of the HELINA missile
developed for the long-distance airborne anti-armor role.
It has an extended range of up to 15 km to 20 km.
Brahmos Missile
It is a merger of the names of Brahmaputra river and Moskva river
(Russia) These missiles are designed, developed, and produced by
BrahMos Aerospace. BrahMos Aerospace is a joint venture company set
up by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and NPO Mashinostroyenia of Russia.
It is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile that can be launched
from
submarines, ships, aircraft, or land. It does not require further
guidance after launch. The initial range was up to 290-km. Its
range might be extended up to 800km. However, India's entry into
the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) has
extended the range of the BrahMos missile to reach 450-600 km and
beyond.
Prahaar & Pranash Missile
DRDO developed a 200-km strike range Pranash ballistic missile
which would be armed with conventional warheads
The missile is an advanced version of the 150-km strike range
Prahar missile which was being developed for tactical
missions.
The export variant of the Prahar missile is the Pragati surface to
surface missile. Both are surface-to-surface ballistic
missiles.
Nirbhay Missile
It is a long-range, subsonic (less than the speed of the sound)
cruise missile 0.7 Mach Designed and developed in India by DRDO The
missile can be launched from multiple platforms just like Brahmos
Range – Around 1000 km
K Missile Family
The K family of missiles, named after Indian scientist and former
president A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is a family of submarine-launched
ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by India to boost its
second-strike capabilities and thus augment its nuclear
deterrence.
India follows the policy of NFU (No First Use). K15 or Sagarika -
Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM). It is difficult to
catch or locate a submarine because it keeps on moving below the
sea or ocean. Shaurya Missile- A land variant of the
submarine-launched K-15 Sagarika, The surface-to-surface medium
range
Shaurya missile, that can reach speeds of 7.5 Mach and range up to
750 km
Astra Missile
Indigenous beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile Speed up to
MACH 4.5 Currently 110 km version of the Astra Mk 1 onboard the
Indian Air Force Aircraft Manufactured by - Bharat Dynamics Limited
Astra Mk 2 is also coming whose range might be 200-250kms.
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Missiles of Pakistan
Missiles of China
Hong Niao Yingji Dong Feng (DF 1 to 15) Ju Lang
Missiles of USA
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by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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- I - MRBM - 700-1,200 DRDO -
- I - MRBM - 700-1,200 - II - MRBM - 2,000 -3,500 - III - IRBM ( )
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(DF 1 15)
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