Role of Medicines Chapter 19 Lesson 1
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Role of
Medicines Chapter 19 Lesson 1
Types of Medicine
Medicines – drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions
Drugs – substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind
All medicines are drugs = not all drugs are medicines
Medicines classified into 4 categories:
Help prevent disease
Fight pathogens
Relieve pain and other symptoms
Manage chronic conditions, help maintain or restore health, and regulate body systems
Preventing Disease
Vaccines – preparation that prevents a
person from contracting a specific disease
Produces antibodies that fight disease causing
pathogens
Some vaccines must be must be re-given in
time
Tetanus, flu, etc
Fighting Pathogens Antibiotics – destroy disease causing
bacteria “miracle drugs” when first invented
Do have some side effects (nausea, vomiting, stomach pain)
Can develop a resistance
Over use
Not taking prescription as prescribed
Antivirals/Antifungals – to treat illness or take away symptoms, does not cure Will have flare ups
Relieving Pain
Analgesics – pain reliever
Mild (asprin, tylenol) to narcotics
(morphine and codeine)
Generally used to relieve pain, reduce
fever, fight inflammation, swelling
May still cause side effects
Can overuse or have body resistance
Dependence – physically or
psychologically required for existence
Managing Chronic Conditions Allergy medicine – antihistamine
Body Regulating – insulin, inhalers
Antidepressant/Antipsycotic – suffering
from mental illness
Cancer Treatment – treatment of cancer,
slows cell growth, or treatment of side
effects
Taking Medication
Oral – by mouth, pass from digestive
system into blood stream
Topical – applied to skin
Transdermal – patches medicate
through skin
Inhaled – breathed in through mist or
powder
Injected – shot directly into the blood
stream
Reactions to Medications Side effects – reactions to medicine other
than one intended
Drowsiness, upset stomach, dizziness, etc
Tolerance – body becomes used to the
effect of medicine
Withdrawal – when you stop using the
medication, or are psychologically
dependent
Using Medication Safely FDA – Food and Drug Administration
Prescription meds – only with written
approval
Over the Counter (OTC) – medicines you
can buy without a doctor’s prescription
Some are controlled
Pay attention to the label!
Ingredients, use, warnings, expiration date,
purpose, directions or other information
Misuse & Abuse Misuse – using a med in a way other than
intended
Not following instructions, taking too much or
not enough, longer or shorter than
recommended, mixing meds
Abuse – intentionally taking for
nonmedical reasons
Drug overdose – strong sometimes fatal
reactions taking a large amount of a drug
ND Statistics Percentage of students who have taken over-the-
counter drugs to get high one or more times
during their life.
11.2%
Percentage of students who have taken a
prescription drug (such as OxyContin, Percocet,
Vicodin, Codeine, Adderall, Ritalin, or Xanax)
without a doctor’s prescription one or more times
during their life.
16.2%
Tobacco Chapter 20
Tobacco Nicotine – highly addictive, stimulant
Increases the action of the central
nervous system, heart, and other organs
Raise blood pressure, increases heart rate
Carcinogen – cancer causing
87% of cancer deaths result from smoking
Smoking Tobacco Carbon monoxide – colorless, odorless,
and poisonous gas, depletes oxygen
found in paint, rat poison, and toilet cleaner
Tar – thick, sticky, dark fluid produced
when tobacco is burned
Sticks to lungs, destroys air sacs which absorb
oxygen
Higher rates of bronchitis, pneumonia,
emphysema
Smokeless tobacco Sniffed through the nose, held in the mouth, or
chewed
Effects last 3 times longer than that of a cigarette
smoked
Leukoplakia – sores in the mouth that can develop
into oral cancer
Impacts mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, stomach,
and pancreas
Harmful Effects of Tobacco Short Term
Brain chemistry changes – cravings, experience
withdrawal, headaches, nervousness, trembling
about 30 minutes after last tobacco use
Respiration and heart rate increase – makes
breathing during physical activity difficult, no
endurance, irregular heart rate
Taste buds dulled/appetite reduced
Bad breath, yellowed teeth and skin, smelly hair
and clothing
Harmful Effects, cont. Long Term
Chronic bronchitis – tar buildup, chronic coughing,
excessive mucus
Emphysema – nearly impossible to breathe, 80% of all
energy used just to breathe
Lung cancer – can not get rid of mucus (90% of lung
cancer caused by smoking)
Coronary heart disease and stroke – constricts blood
cells, cuts down blood flow to limbs, contributes to
plaque buildup clogging arteries
Weakened immune system – lowers effectiveness
and makes it more vulnerable to sickness and other
disease
Smoke-free environments Second hand smoke – smoke in the air from
a smoker
Eye irritation, headaches, ear infections, and
coughing
Third hand smoke – remaining parts of
smoke left on items
ND Statistics Percentage of students who ever tried
cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs. 44.1%
Percentage of students who smoked cigarettes on one or more of the past 30 days. 19.4%
Among students who reported current cigarette use, the percentage who ever tried to quit smoking cigarettes during the past 12 months. 52.8%
Alcohol Chapter 21
Factors that Influence Effects:
Body size – smaller feel effects faster
Gender – females faster than males
Food – slows down passage of alcohol into
blood
Rate of intake – faster drinks taken in,
harder for liver to break down
Amount – amount consumed raises alcohol
in bloodstream
Medicine – can interfere with effects
(absorb more slowly, decrease
effectiveness, change chemicals)
Short-term effects
Depressant – slows down body systems
Slows reaction time
Impairs vision
Diminishes judgment
Intoxication – state when the body is
poisoned by alcohol or other substances,
physical and mental control reduced
Page 568
Long Term Effects Damage brain cells
Increase blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes
Buildup of fat cells in the liver, lead to death of liver
Damage to digestive lining causing ulcers and
cancer
Destruction of pancreas
Destruction of social relationships
If stop using, can reduce some effects but can
never repair everything
Page 570
Binge Drinking & Alcohol Poisoning Binge drinking – drinking five or more alcoholic
drinks at one sitting
Alcohol poisoning – a severe and potentially fatal
physical reaction to an alcohol overdose
Mental confusion and stupor
Coma
Vomiting and seizures
Slow respiration
Irregular heart beat
Hypothermia
Call 911 immediately!
Risks of Alcohol Use Law – illegal to possess, buy, or consume
Leads to arrests, sentencing, conviction
Violence – fights much more likely, victim or
perpetrator of violent crimes (rape, aggravated
assault and robbery)
Sexual activity – impairs judgment, lowers
inhibitions, compromise values
Increases risks for not using protection
Family – neglect, abuse, isolation, economic,
mental illness
School – kills brain cells, takes away concentration,
poor grades
Impact of Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism – disease that affects the person who
drinks and others around him/her
Stage 1 – abuse
Stage 2 – dependence
Stage 3 – addiction
Alcoholic – person addicted to alcohol
The more you use the braver you get, the more risks
that you are willing to take
Driving
Pregnancy
ND statistics Percentage of students who had at least one
drink of alcohol on one or more days during their
life.
68.3%
Percentage of students who had at least one
drink of alcohol on one or more of the past 30
days.
38.8%
Percentage of students that believe drinking
among teenagers is un-acceptable in their
community.
42.6%
Choosing to Live Alcohol Free
Find supportive people
Find a positive focus
Set goals
Maintain a healthy body
Illegal Drugs Chapter 22
Factors Influencing Teens Peer pressure
Family members
Role models
Media messages
Perceptions of drug behavior
Misleading information
Substance Abuse
Unnecessary or improper use of chemical
substances for non-medical purposes
Leading cause of crime, suicide, and
unintentional injuries
Illegal – chemicals that people of any age
can not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy
or sell
Illicit drug use – use or sale of any
substance that is illegal or not permitted
Sale of prescription meds
How Drugs Affect Your Health
Physical Health – serious risk of overdose, if
needles are in use higher risks of hepatitis B
and HIV
Mental Health – alter and impair ability to
reason and think, plays a huge roll in
controlling emotions
Social Health – may lose friendships,
relationships with family may become
strained, may deal with the law
Other effects Tolerance – requires the body to have more and
more to achieve same high
Psychological dependence – a person beliefs that
a drug is needed in order to feel good or function
normally
Physiological dependence – body develops a
chemical need for the drug, withdrawal occurs
Addiction – persistent, compulsive use, difficulty
stopping on their own
Even small amounts can lead to a serious cycle of
addiction
Marijuana
Plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are
smoked because of the intoxication
Most widely used illegal drug
Nicknamed – weed, grass, pot
Hashish or hash – stronger form
Considered as a gateway drug
60s weed is not the same as today’s weed
What it does to the body? - Page 599
Consequences of Marijuana
Similar risks as tobacco users
Weaken the immune system
Affects reproductive system
Males –reduces testosterone, Females – raises
testosterone (can lead to infertility)
Raises levels of dopamine “feel good drug”
Slows mental reflexes
Short term memory harm
Distorted perception, loss of coordination, trouble
thinking and problem solving
May lead to being very sleepy
ND Statistics Percentage of students who tried
marijuana for the first time before age 13
years.
6.3%
Percentage of students who used
marijuana one or more times during the
past 30 days.
15.3%
Inhalants Substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to
get the side effects
Solvents, aerosols, glues, paints, varnishes, gasoline
Most depress nervous system
Glassy stare, slurred speech, impaired judgment,
nausea, coughing, nosebleeds, fatigue, lack of
coordination
Permanent brain damage, damage to liver and
kidneys, blindness, paralysis, cardiac arrest, death
Be sure to work in well ventilated areas
Steroids Anabolic-androgenic – synthetic, similar to male
sex hormones
Some steroids prescribed by a doctor, but must be under doctor care
Unnatural muscle growth, lack of support from tendons and ligaments
Weight gain, acne, high blood pressure, liver and kidney tumors
Usually injected with needles, risk of HIV or Hepatitis B
Violent mood swings, depression, paranoia, baldness, shrinking testicles, lower sperm count, development of breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer
Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect the central nervous
system and change activity in the brain
4 types:
Stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens
Some have medicinal value
Page 604
Club Drugs Can be disguised in food, drinks = taken without
knowledge
Designer drugs – made to impersonate other drugs,
normally MUCH stronger than original
Ecstasy –stimulant and hallucinogen, gives euphoria
Rohypnol – “roofies” – depressant or sedative that slows
CNS – date rape drug
GHB – depressant – can also be used as a date rape drug
Ketamine – used to treat animals, hallucinations and respiratory failure when used in humans
Methamphetamine – stimulant, euphoria – depression
paranoia, delusions, death
LSD (acid) – cause hallucinations, flashbacks, extreme
euphoria to panic or terror, can lead to death
Other Stimulants Cocaine – highly addictive stimulant, white
powder, surge of confidence and euphoria, then
deep depression, fatigue, paranoia
Sometimes injected – HIV or Hepatitis B
Crack – more dangerous form of cocaine, reaches
the brain in seconds, in the blood the heart rate
and blood pressure soar to dangerous levels,
death, fatal if mixed with alcohol (liver failure)
Amphetamines – some used to stay alert, improve
athletic performance, lose weight – irregular heart
beat, paranoia, aggressive behavior, heart failure
Other Depressants Barbiturates – mood changes, excessive
sleepiness, coma, intoxication, combined with
alcohol can be fatal
Tranquilizers – relieve anxiety, muscle spasms,
sleeplessness, and nervousness – coma and
death
Hallucinogens Overload the brain’s sensory controls
Alter mood, impair judgment, thoughts, sense of perception
X, ketamine, LSD
Increase heart and respiratory rates
PCP – angel dust – one of the most dangerous, distorted sense of time, increased violent feelings, inability to feel pain, mental flashbacks of pain, confusion
DXM – cough suppressant OTC –paranoia, panic attacks, nausea, increased heart rate and blood pressure, seizures, and addiction
Mushrooms – poisoning and death with toxic species
Opiates Generally used to control pain when directed by
a health care profession
Codeine – highly addictive, causes dizziness, labored breathing, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory arrest
Allergic reactions
Morphine – used only a short time, fast or slow heart beat, seizures, blurred vision, rashes, difficulty swallowing
Heroin – slows breathing and pulse rate, cause infection of the heart, liver disease, HIV and hepatitis B
Oxycodone – suppression of respiratory system, cause death from respiratory failure
Other ND Drug Statistics Percentage of students who used any form of cocaine,
including powder, crack, or freebase one or more times during their life.
6.0%
Percentage of students who sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high one or more times during their life.
11.6%
Percentage of students who used a needle to inject any illegal drug into their body one or more times during their life.
2.0%
Percentage of students who were offered, sold, or given an illegal drug by someone on school property during the past 12 months.
20.8%
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