MIS12

8/7/2019 MIS12

1/61

Introduction to MIS

Copyright 1998-2004 by Jerry Post

Introduction to MIS

Chapter 12

Systems Development

Technology Toolbox: Programming in Excel

Technology Toolbox: Business AnalysisCases: Government Agencies

8/7/2019 MIS12

2/61

Introduction to MIS

Outline How do you create the software tools needed for your

organization? What main options exist for building informationsystems?

How do you control a major development project?Why is control so important?

Is SDLC always the best approach? What othermethodologies could be used?

How do you analyze and annotate a process-basedsystem?

How is object-oriented design different from processdesign?

Can software be located in different places?

8/7/2019 MIS12

3/61

Introduction to MIS

Systems Development

8/7/2019 MIS12

4/61

Introduction to MIS

Primary Methodology Choices

Prototyping

End user development

Systems development life cycle

Large projects,formal control

Single user,reports and one-time computations

Decision support,analyses, andreports

8/7/2019 MIS12

5/61

Introduction to MIS

Build or Buy Options

Purchasecompletesolution

Assemblefromcomponents

Outsource orcontractprogrammers

Customprogramming

Developmenttime

Longer development time means more risk,

possibly higher costs. But it also enables you to

create a more customized solution.

8/7/2019 MIS12

6/61

Introduction to MIS

Programming Basics

Sequential execution: Statements are executed in order.

Parallel execution: Groups of code are executed at the same time.Variables: Containers to hold dataComputations

Conditions: If Then ElseLoops: While End

Subroutines and Functions: Break code into manageable pieces.Input/Output: Transferring data

Objects: Code pieces purchased or created to do specific tasks.

8/7/2019 MIS12

7/61Introduction to MIS

Sample Code Structure

Variable Total = 0

Open Sales

While NOT Sales.EOF

Total = Total + Sales.Value

Sales.MoveNext

End

Print Total

Close Sales

Declare and initialize variable

Loop through file/query one row ata time until end of fileRetrieve value and accumulate inTotal variable

Memory SpaceTotal: 0

Sales Query/FileValue13

221817

Open/start

Total = Total + Sales.Value

13 = 0 + 13

13

8/7/2019 MIS12

8/61Introduction to MIS

Project Evaluation (given a discount factor)

Get list of cost items from the user (Description, value, time-incurred, probability-factor, category . . .)Examine each item in the list:

Compute the present value of the cost: PV = Cost / ( (1 + rate) ^ time)

Multiply by the probability factor: EV = probability * PVIf item is in a special category,

Then add or subtract correction:category = Land Add 10%

category = Overhead Subtract 5%

category = Labor Add 15%End IfAccumulate the total value

End of listReturn the Total value

Individual Development: Pseudocode

8/7/2019 MIS12

9/61

8/7/2019 MIS12

10/61Introduction to MIS

Sample Javascript Web Event

function ShowMessage(msg){alert(msg);

}

This simple code runs.But it is a terrible user interface.

The art of programming revolvesaround building applications thatsolve problems and are easy to use.

SampleJavaScript.html

8/7/2019 MIS12

11/61Introduction to MIS

Object name:

Object attributes/properties:

Object functions/methods:

Interest RateMonthly Fees

Pay InterestCompute ChargesPrint Quarterly Statement

Number Beginning BalanceName Ending BalanceClient Current BalanceManager Interest RateDate Opened

Open Acct Accept DepositsClose Acct Withdrawal

Pay Interest

Lowest Balance in MonthBad Check ChargesAuthorized Signature

Print Monthly StatementSend Bad Check Notice

Pay InterestBudget Saver

Savings

Account

Checking

Money Market

Senior Citizen CDFixed Fee

Student

Volume

Object-Oriented Programming Encapsulation Object Hierarchies

Inheritance

Polymorphism

8/7/2019 MIS12

12/61Introduction to MIS

Management

Functions

Operations

Databases

Programs Programs Programs

Functions

Operations Operations

DatabasesDatabases Databases Databases

Programs

Programs

Programs

ProgramsProgramsPrograms

Top-down and Bottom-up Identify

Management Functions and

Operations

Entire Organization

Design Systems

Data Programs

Standards!

Integrate Write code

Build DB

Find a problem

8/7/2019 MIS12

13/61Introduction to MIS

$

2010 2012

Runaway Projects

Technical measures

2 - 5 times over budget 2 - 5 times behind schedule

Missing technical objectives

Design problems

Duplication of efforts Incompatibilities

User/designer conflicts2008

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

2013

8/7/2019 MIS12

14/61

Introduction to MIS

Common Problems

Confusion over who is working on each part.

Program portions do not work together. Users have minimal and conflicting input.

Programmers and developers leave.

Work is duplicated or discarded.

Goals are uncertain or changing.

8/7/2019 MIS12

15/61

Introduction to MIS

Cafasso 1994

Success & Failure Reasons for Success

User Involvement

Executive managementsupport

Clear requirements

Proper planning

Realistic expectations

Reasons for Failure Lack of user input

Incomplete requirements

Changing requirements andspecifications

Lack of executive support

Lack of technical skills

8/7/2019 MIS12

16/61

Introduction to MIS

Existing System

Systems Maintenance: Incremental changes

Feasibility &

Planning

SystemsAnalysis

Systems

Design

SystemsImplementationProblems &

Improvements

New System

Proposal

Goals & plans

Business requirements

Technical Design

problemsrevisions problems revisions

Systems Development Life Cycle

8/7/2019 MIS12

17/61

Introduction to MIS

Blue Print/Planning

Development Controls

Detailed work plan

Performance targets Practices & procedures

User input & control

8/7/2019 MIS12

18/61

Introduction to MIS

Purpose, Classification, Object Orientation, Decomposition

Comparison of Diagrams Data Flow Diagram

Show process and flow ofdata.

Process

No

Increasingly detailed levelsof process.

Structure Chart or VTOC Show modules and usage

flow.

Module structure

No

By program structure orusage steps.

Entity Relationship Diagram Describe

Data structures.

Yes

By entities or objectinheritance.

8/7/2019 MIS12

19/61

Introduction to MIS

Education and training

ChangingBusiness operations

Systems Implementation Final testing

Involve users

Education and training

Flexibility

Recognize how the systemwill affect the business

Encourage users to change Implementation plans

8/7/2019 MIS12

20/61

Introduction to MIS

new

old

new

new

Direct cutover

Parallel

Pilot

new

Phased

old

dept or component 1dept or component 2

dept or component 3

dept or component 4

store 1

store 2

store 3

store 4

Implementation Options

old

old

new

new

new

8/7/2019 MIS12

21/61

Introduction to MIS

System EvaluationFeasibility Comparison

Cost and Budget Compare actual costs to budget estimates.

Time Estimates Was project completed on time?

Revenue Effects Does system produce additional revenue?

Maintenance Costs How much money and time are spent on changes?

Project Goals Does system meet the initial goals of the project?

User Satisfaction How do users (and management) evaluate thesystem?

System Performance

System Reliability Are the results accurate and on time?System Availability Is the system available on a continuous basis?

System Security Does the system provide access only to authorizedusers?

8/7/2019 MIS12

22/61

Introduction to MIS

SDLC Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages

Control & targets

Formality

Financial controls

User input

Documentation

Testing Ease of maintenance

Disadvantages Increased costs

Increased time

Hard for DSS

Requires definitions up front

Rigid

8/7/2019 MIS12

23/61

Introduction to MIS

Capability Maturity Model

1. Initial. Ad hoc development with undefined processes.Often driven by individual programmers.

2. Managed. Standard project management tools to trackcosts and schedules. Basic processes to ensuredevelopment is repeatable.

3. Defined. Management and development is defined andstandardized. Processes are documented and followed.

4. Quantitatively Managed. Detailed measures are collectedand evaluated.

5. Optimizing. Continuous improvement methods are appliedto fine tune and improve the development process

http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/

8/7/2019 MIS12

24/61

Introduction to MIS

Build Initial Prototype

Use Prototype

Modify PrototypeRequest changes

New Version

MIS Designer

Initial Interview

Process repeats until:

1) User is satisfied

2) User and designer give up3) Formal system is built from prototype4) Need for application is removed5) Process never ends

Prototyping

User

8/7/2019 MIS12

25/61

Introduction to MIS

Prototyping Evaluation Advantages

Get a working system earlier

User has more input

Designed to be modified

Problems

Need 4GL trained MIS staff Too many users

Too many analysts

Never finish

"Loss" of management

control

Best uses Single user

Reports

Input screens

Self-contained applications

8/7/2019 MIS12

26/61

Introduction to MIS

Extreme Programming and Agile Development

time

Inputs: 16, 7, 19

Output: 91

Test cases

Paired programming

Release 1.0 Release 1.1

Target release dates.

Build test cases.

Write code and test it.

Release product.

Add features for next release.

8/7/2019 MIS12

27/61

Introduction to MIS

Developing systems is generally a teameffort among MIS developers and

business users. Groupware, CASE, anddevelopment tools are often used tofacilitate communication andcoordination.

Developing Systems with Teams

8/7/2019 MIS12

28/61

Introduction to MIS

Joint Application Design

GoalsPrimary NeedsComputations

FormsDatabase

Get everyone together to

identify the primary

elements of the design with

no distractions.

8/7/2019 MIS12

29/61

Introduction to MIS

CoordinationTechnology

ControlInformation

SharingChange

Monitoring

AccessControl

DataSharing

ConsistencyEnforcement

ConcurrencyControl

Product User

Teamwork Development

8/7/2019 MIS12

30/61

Introduction to MIS

End-user Development

Advantages

Faster Cheaper

Get what you want

Disadvantages/Problems Lack of documentation

Individual/personal differences

Pre-packaged software limitations

Takes User time

8/7/2019 MIS12

31/61

Introduction to MIS

End-user Development

When to Call for Help

Many people use the system PC versus central computer

Need documentation

Individual user differences

Need to train users Commercial software limits

User time is expensive

Mission critical application Additional testing

Many modifications Need security & control

Need to integrate Use corporate data

Tie to existing software

Connect to network

Database Integrity Avoid duplicate data

Changes to corporate data

8/7/2019 MIS12

32/61

Introduction to MIS

Who Should Develop Systems? MIS

Size: Many users

Complexity: Differentdepartments

Long development time SDLC large project controls

Cost of user time

Critical Information Major changes to central

data base Formal testing

Expensive hardware

Formal feasibility Compatibility

Specialized knowledge

End User One-time code

Can purchase pre-packagedsolutions

Highly trained users

How Can MIS Help? Easy access todata/database

Advice and help

Testing & quality control

Training & tutorials

Support/Help Center

8/7/2019 MIS12

33/61

Introduction to MIS

Choosing Methodologies

SDLC RAD Extreme

Programming

JAD Prototyping End User

Control Formal MIS Time Joint User User

Time frame Long Short Short Medium Short Short

Users Many Few Few Few One or two One

MIS staff Many Few Many Few One or two None

Trans/DSS Trans. Both Both/DSS DSS DSS DSS

Interface minimal Minimal Good Crucial Crucial Crucial

Document. &Training

Good Limited Variable Limited Weak None

Integrity &Security

Vital Vital Unknown Limited Weak Weak

Re-usability Limited Some Maybe Limited Weak None

8/7/2019 MIS12

34/61

Introduction to MIS

Basic Systems

Input Process Output

A Systems Approach to Process Analysis

Systems

Input, Process, Output Divide and Conquer

Goals and Objectives

Control and Feedback

Diagramming Systems

Common Systems Problems

8/7/2019 MIS12

35/61

Introduction to MIS

System boundary: The Zoo

MembersDonorsVisitors

Other Zoos

Education

Visitor Counts

EducationalMaterials

BabyAnimals

RegistrationPapers

Health DataTheZoo

Money

SuppliersRequests& Comments

Animal Feed

Invoices

8/7/2019 MIS12

36/61

Introduction to MIS

Subsystems: The Zoo

AnimalCare

Donor &Public

Relations

ManageFacilities

Produce

ManagementReports

ManageHuman

Resources

8/7/2019 MIS12

37/61

Introduction to MIS

Goals and Feedback

FeedbackControl

Analyze

ProcessInput Output Goal

8/7/2019 MIS12

38/61

Introduction to MIS

Data Flow Diagram Objects

External Entity

Data Flow

Feedback and Control Data

External Entity

Process

Data Store (file)

Data Flow

Feedback and Control Data

8/7/2019 MIS12

39/61

Introduction to MIS

The Zoo: Level 0public/

zoo visitors donors

zoo boostermembers

1donor and

public relations

2produce

mgt. reports

3managehuman

resources

4animalcare

5managefacilities

other zoos& breeders

certificationagenciesmanagement

money &requests

PR datareceiptsetc.

public requests

needs & budgets animal requests

health research

maintenanceschedule

maint. &buildingrequest

specialistrequest

employee

schedule

spec

ialistreq

uest

emp.s

chedule

emp. reports

employees

animalstatus

hours,benefits,etc.

pay data, requests

receipts

Usagereports

Managementreports

8/7/2019 MIS12

40/61

Introduction to MIS

The Zoo: Level 1public/zoo visitors

donorszoo boostermembers

1.2handledonor

requests

1.1produce PR& outreachprograms

1.3org. boosterservices &meetings

1.4track needsand donor

programs

1.5produce

accounting& reports

adopt an animalfiles

receipts

money &comments

PR datareceiptsetc.

money &requests

newsletternotices, etc.money &suggestions

boosterrequests

needs &plans

public requests

needs & budgets

needs &plans

donorrequestsdonor

lists

expenses & budget

money, data,visitor statistics

accountingreports

public requestsanimalneeds

8/7/2019 MIS12

41/61

Introduction to MIS

Systems: Data Dictionary

Processes

Animal Care Description Donor & Public Relations . . .

Employee Relations . . .

Entities Certification Agencies . . .

Donors . . .

Data Accounting Reports . . .

Certification Reports . . .

8/7/2019 MIS12

42/61

Introduction to MIS

Data Dictionary

8/7/2019 MIS12

43/61

Introduction to MIS

System Problems

Do not includedata flowsbetween externalentities. Dropthe line or makeone of theentities internal.

A processcannot inventdata. It must

have a data flowcoming in to it.

A processcannot be ablack hole--datamust flow out of

the process.Maybe it shouldbe a file instead.

Manufacturer Customer

Sell ProductsInvoices sales receipt

orderspurchase orders

warranty registration

Modify Reports

weekly report

daily sales

Save Reports

Store reports

Inventory list

8/7/2019 MIS12

44/61

Introduction to MIS

Boundaries

DistributeEducational

Materials

CreateEducational

Materials

Visitors

Problem Boundary

Problem: Shortages of Educational Materials

Zoo system boundary

8/7/2019 MIS12

45/61

Introduction to MIS

Common Systems Problems

Defective subsystems

Wrong Data

Errors in Data

Missing feedback andcontrol

Not responding toenvironment

ReceiveOrders

CheckCustomer

Credit

CheckOrders

for Errors

8/7/2019 MIS12

46/61

Introduction to MIS

Identifying

Cause

& Effect

donors

zoo boostermembers

money &requests

public requests

needs & budgets

adopt an animalfiles

money &suggestions newsletter,

notices,etc.

donor listsdonor requests

needs &

plans

needs &plans

booster requests

expenses & budget donor list &

animal needsanimal needs& plans

ProblemsSome animal budgets have excess $Some animal budgets have no money

1.2Handledonor

requests

1.3Booster

services &meetings

PR datareceipts

etc.

1.4Track needs

& donorprograms

8/7/2019 MIS12

47/61

Introduction to MIS

x Object Orientationq

Propertiesq Methods

q Inheritance

q Polymorphism

x

Business Objects and Processes

Object Orientation

8/7/2019 MIS12

48/61

Introduction to MIS

SDLC versus Object Oriented

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Requirements Analysis Design Implementation

%time

SDLC

Object Oriented

SDLC v. Object Oriented

8/7/2019 MIS12

49/61

Introduction to MIS

Events Methods Objects

SaleRecord Sale

Update Inventory

Notify Customer

Service

Transaction LogAccounts & LedgersInventoryCustomersEmployees (commissions)

InventoryOrder/JIT

Notify Suppliers

Schedule Payment

Accounts & LedgersSuppliersShipping/Receiving

Installation& Maintenance

Objects & Events

8/7/2019 MIS12

50/61

Introduction to MIS

Rolling Thunder Order Entry Process

Bicycle

BikeParts

BikeTubes

Components

Order EntryClerk

Customer

Retail Store

Retaildata

Custo

mer

Choic

es

BikeSizes

Est.

sizes

Pricing

Select

Select

Neworder

8/7/2019 MIS12

51/61

Introduction to MIS

Rolling Thunder Manufacturing Process

Bicycle

BikeParts

BikeTubes

Components

TubeMaterial

QOH

FrameAssembler Painter

Installer

Install

Build P

aint

Insta

ll

QOH

Customer

CustomerTransaction

Ship

8/7/2019 MIS12

52/61

Introduction to MIS

Rolling Thunder Purchasing Process

PurchaseOrder

PurchaseItemsPurchase Order

Employee

Receive

ComponentsQOH

Dock employeeManufacturer

ManufacturerTransaction

Payable

8/7/2019 MIS12

53/61

Introduction to MIS

Some Classes for Rolling Thunder

Customer

CustomerID

PhoneFirstNameLastNameAddressZIPCodeCityIDBalanceDue

CustomerBicycle

SerialNumber

CustomerIDModelTypePaintIDFrameSizeOrderDateStartDate

ShipDateShipEmployeeFrameAssemblerPainterConstructionWaterBottle

CustomNameLetterStyleIDStoreIDEmployeeID

CustomerBikeTubes

SerialNumber

TubeNameTubeIDLength

BikeParts

SerialNumber

ComponentIDSubstituteIDLocationQuantity

ManufacturerManufacturerID

ManufacturerNameContactNamePhone

Components

ComponentID

ManufacturerIDProductNumberRoadCategoryLengthHeightWidth

WeightDescriptionListPriceEstimatedCostQuantityOnHand

1

**

1

*

*1

1

1*

Rolling Thunder Bicycle Class Diagram

8/7/2019 MIS12

54/61

Introduction to MIS

g y g

Rolling Thunder Bicycle Class DiagramBi l

Groupo

8/7/2019 MIS12

55/61

Introduction to MIS

SerialNumberTubeID

Quantity

CustomerIDPhoneFirstNameLastNameAddressZIPCodeCityIDBalanceDue

Customer

CustomerID

TransDateEmployeeIDAmountDescriptionReference

CustomerTrans

StoreID

StoreNamePhoneContactFirstNameContactLastNameAddressZIPCodeCityID

RetailStore

State

TaxRate

StateTaxRate

SerialNumber

CustomerIDModelTypePaintIDFrameSizeOrderDateStartDateShipDate

ShipEmployeeFrameAssemblerPainterConstructionWaterBottleCustomNameLetterStyleIDStoreIDEmployeeIDTopTubeChainStayHeadTubeAngleSeatTubeAngle

ListPriceSalePriceSalesTaxSaleStateShipPriceFramePriceComponentList

Bicycle

CityIDZipCodeCityStateAreaCodePopulation1990Population1980CountryLatitudeLongitude

City

ModelType

DescriptionComponentID

ModelType

Paint

EmployeeIDTaxpayerIDLastNameFirstNameHomePhoneAddressZIPCodeCityIDDateHiredDateReleasedCurrentManager

SalaryGradeSalaryTitleWorkArea

Employee

BicycleTube

ModelTypeMSize

TopTubeChainStayTotalLengthGroundClearanceHeadTubeAngleSeatTubeAngle

ModelSize

LetterStyle

Description

LetterStyle

PurchaseID

EmployeeIDManufacturerIDTotalListShippingCostDiscountOrderDateReceiveDateAmountDue

PurchaseOrder

SerialNumberTubeName

TubeIDLength

BikeTubes

SerialNumber

ComponentIDSubstituteIDLocationQuantityDateInstalledEmployeeID

BikeParts

PurchaseID

ComponentIDPricePaidQuantityQuantityReceived

PurchaseItem

ManufacturerIDManufacturerNameContactNamePhoneAddressZIPCodeCityIDBalanceDue

Manufacturer

CompGroupGroupNameBikeTypeYearEndYearWeight

Groupo

ComponentIDManufacturerIDProductNumberRoadCategoryLengthHeightWidthWeight

YearEndYearDescriptionListPriceEstimatedCostQuantityOnHand

Component

ManufacturerIDTransactionDateEmployeeIDAmountDescriptionReference

ManufacturerTrans

TubeIDMaterialDescriptionDiameterThicknessRoundnessWeight

StiffnessListPriceConstruction

TubeMaterial

GroupID

ComponentID

GroupCompon

ComponentNameAssemblyOrderDescription

ComponentName

PaintIDColorNameColorStyleColorListDateIntroducedDateDiscontinued

8/7/2019 MIS12

56/61

Introduction to MIS

Simple Object Access Protocol

Bank Server

Your Company Server

Manager or Client

The Internet

Your Financial ApplicationYear Revenue Cost

2000 34,231 27,333

2001 39,983 32,132

2002 36,421 31,456

Sales and Costs

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2000 2001 2002

Revenue

Cost

Bank Service

Currencyconverter:Date,InCurrency,Outcurrency

SOAP

8/7/2019 MIS12

57/61

Introduction to MIS

Technology Toolbox: InfoPath

Use the sample Expense Report to create a form.Use the designer to verify or alter the design.Publish it and e-mail to test it.

8/7/2019 MIS12

58/61

Introduction to MIS

Quick Quiz

1. What standard business forms would you want to createelectronically?

2. What security conditions would you impose wheninstalling expense report forms on a SharePoint server?

3. What are the benefits of using digital forms instead ofpaper forms?

BlackScholesVB.xls

8/7/2019 MIS12

59/61

Introduction to MIS

Technology Toolbox: Programming Excel

Function BlackScholes(CallPut As String, StockPrice As Double, ExercisePrice As Double, _TimeLeft As Double, rate As Double, volatility As Double) As Double

Dim d1 As Double, d2 As Doubled1 = (Math.Log(StockPrice / ExercisePrice) + (rate + volatility ^ 2 / 2) * TimeLeft) / _

(volatility * Math.Sqr(TimeLeft))d2 = d1 - volatility * Math.Sqr(TimeLeft)If (Left(CallPut, 1) = "c") Then

BlackScholes = StockPrice * Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(d1) _- ExercisePrice * Exp(-rate * TimeLeft) * Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(d2)

ElseBlackScholes = ExercisePrice * Exp(-rate * TimeLeft) * _Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(-d2) - StockPrice * _Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(-d1)

End IfEnd Function

stock price 60 call 2.133368

exercise price 65 put 5.846282

time left 0.25

rate 0.08

volatility 0.3

=BlackSholes(call, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6)

8/7/2019 MIS12

60/61

Introduction to MIS

Quick Quiz: Programming in Excel

1. What does the statement If (ILeft(CallPut, 1) = c) do inthe code?

2. What security setting do you need for this function towork?

3. How can a function directly alter several cells in aspreadsheet?

8/7/2019 MIS12

61/61

Cases: Government Agencies

Annual Budget

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Billion$ NASA

FAAIRS