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Management Information Systems, 10/eRaymond McLeod and George
Schell
Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George
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Chapter 1Introduction to Information Systems
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Learning ObjectivesUnderstand how computer hardware has evolved
to its present level of sophisticationKnow the basics of computer
and communications architectures.Understand the distinction between
physical and virtual systems.Describe how business applications
have evolved from an initial emphasis on accounting data to the
current emphasis on information for problem solving.
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Learning Objectives (Contd)Understand what enterprise resource
planning systems are and the reasons for their popularity.Know how
to tailor information systems to managers based on where they are
located in the organizational structure and what they do.Understand
the relationship between problem solving and decision making and
know the basic problem-solving steps.Know what innovations to
expect in information technology.
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History of Information SystemsEvolution in computer hardware
MainframeMultitaskingSmaller computers
MinicomputersMicrocomputersPersonal computers (PC)
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Intro to Computer ArchitectureMoores Law computer power doubles
every year for a given cost.Hardware processor, keyboard, monitor,
mouse, printer, etc.Software application, operating, etc. Used to
support managerial decision making.
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Computer Architecture (Contd)Modem hardware device that
modulates the digital signals from a computer into analog signals
(telephone system), and vice versa.Direct communication
standards
Between computers is much faster.Wireless networks
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Figure 1.5 Communications Architecture
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Evolution in Computer ApplicationsInformation systems are
virtual systems that enable management to control the operations of
the physical system of the firm.Physical system tangible resources
such as materials, personnel, machines, and money.Virtual system
information resources that are used to represent the physical
system.
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Figure 1.6 The Physical System of the Firm
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Computer Applications (Contd)Open system is a firms physical
system that interacts with its environment by means of physical
resource flows.Closed system is one that does not communicate with
its environment.
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Transaction Processing SystemsData facts and figures that are
generally unusable due to their large volume and unrefined
nature.Information processed data that is meaningful; tells users
something.Transaction Processing System (TPS) processes data that
reflects the activities of the firm.
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Figure 1.7 A Model of a Transaction Processing System
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Management Information SystemsManagement Information System
(MIS) is a computer-based system that makes information available
to users with similar needs.Report-writing software produces both
periodic and special reports.Mathematical models produces
information as a simulation of the firms operations.
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Figure 1.8 A MIS Model
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MIS (Contd)Information provided by MIS describes the firm or one
of its major systems.
What has happened in the past.What is happening now.What is
likely to happen in the future.Interorganizational information
system (IOS) is formed when a firm interacts with others, such as
suppliers.
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Virtual Office SystemsOffice automation use of electronics to
facilitate communication.Personal productivity systems use
technology to self-manage clerical tasks such as calendars, address
books, etc.Virtual office performing office activities independent
of a particular physical location.
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Decision Support SystemsDecision Support System (DSS) assists
management in solving a problem.Groupware group-oriented
software.Group decision support system (GDSS) combines groupware
and the DSS.Artificial intelligence (AI) the science of providing
computers with human intellegence.
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Figure 1.9 A DSS Model
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Enterprise Resource Planning SystemsEnterprise Resource Planning
System (ERP) is a computer-based system that enables the management
of all of the firms resources on an organization-wide basis.
Y2K complaintSAP ERP Provider
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Information System UsersFirst users were clerical users on
TPSs.MISs added problem-solvers as users.Managerial Levels
Strategic planning levelManagement control levelOperational
control level
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Figure 1.10 Management Levels
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Figure 1.11 Managers in Business Areas
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Figure 1.12 Management Functions
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Table 1.2 Mintzbergs Managerial Roles
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Problem Solving & Decision MakingProblem a condition or
event that is harmful or potentially harmful to a firm or that is
beneficial or potentially beneficial.Solution outcome of the
problem-solving activity.Decision a particular selected course of
action.
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Four Problem-Solving PhasesIntelligence activity. Search the
environment for conditions calling for a solution.Design activity.
Invent, develop, and analyze possible courses of action.Choice
activity. Select a particular course of action from those
available.Review activity. Assess past choices.
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Figure 1.13 Information Supports Each Problem-solving Phase
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The Future of Information TechnologyReduced cost & increased
power of both computers and communications.Computers &
communications are converging, i.e. cell phones with
browsers.Future computing will be low cost, small in size, mobile,
and connected.
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