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NEBOSH
INTERNATIONALGENERAL
CERTIFICATE
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ELEMENT 1
THE FOUNDATIONS OF
HEALTH & SAFETY
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BASIC DEFINITONS HEALTH: The protection of
the bodies & minds of
people from illness
resulting materials
processes or proceduresused in the workplace
WHAT IS !!"#ATI$A%
I%%H'A%TH(
SAFETY: The protection of
people from ph)sical in*ur)
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ACCIDENT
unplanned,
unwanted e-ent that
results in loss. OCCUPATINAL
ACCIDENT
accident arising as
result of or during work
resulting in occupational
loss.
BASIC DEFINITONS
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COMMUTING ACCIDENT
Occupational accident occurrin! on the direct wa) between the place of work and the
emplo)ee0s residence
the place of work & the place where emplo)ees take
their meals or an) other known work related destination.
NEA" ACCIDENT!
# "nplanned, unwanted e-ent that under slightl)different conditions could ha-e resulted in loss.
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HA$A"D!an)thing with the
potential to cause harm.
!AT'34I5' HA5A46S
734"# 6IS!"SSI$8 "IS%!In the conte9t of HS',
risk is defined as a measure
of the probabilit) for an
incident to happen and of the
potential se-erit) of theconseuences. 7;S
HSAS 18
Danerou& occurrence:
something happens which
does not result in a reportable
in*ur), but which clearl) could
ha-e done 7refer to 4I664
& discuss8.
Se-erit)
#robabilit)
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Ho'e(er) t*ere are &o+e po'er,ul
incenti(e& ,or orani-ation& to 'or.on ac*ie(in *i* OHS &tandard&!
MORAL(protect peoplefrom injury & illhealth)
ECONOMIC(cost effectiveobjectives'achievement)
LEGAL(legalcompliance &avoidance of law
suites)
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Source& o, In,or+ation
Internal
4isk assessments#olicies
Inspection reports
@edical records
Health and safet) committees
#lant registers
Safet) ad-isors
E/ternal3o-ernment bodies
$ational safet) organisations
Suppliers and manufacturersInternational standards
!onsultants and specialists
Insurance companies
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Bene,it& o, Good Healt* and
Sa,et0 PracticeIncreased le-els of compliance
Impro-ed production
Impro-ed staff morale
Impro-ed compan) reputation
4educed accidents
4educed ill health
4educed damage to euipment
4educed staff complaints
4educed staff turno-er
4educed insurance premiums
4educed fines and compensation claims
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INTE"NATIONAL STANDA"DS
1 OHS "ESOU"CES The International %abor rganiBation
I% is affiliated to the "$
ccupational Safet) & HealthAdministration SHA in the "S
International Standards rganiBationIS publishes international standards
;S HSAS 1
Cccupational Health & Safet)Assessment SeriesC ;SI
HS3 ?, 2==+: CSuccessful Health &Safet) @anagement S)stems
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Propo&ed E/ternal Source& o, in,or+ation on OHS!
$ational Safet) rganiBations e.g. ISH Institution of ccupational Safet) & Health #rofessional !onsultants and !onsultanc) bodies e.g. @irdif Securit) & Safet)
Workers "nions & 3o-ernmental sources of laws & 4egulations. Suppliers and @anufacturers. Internet:The SHA website: www.osha.go-$ational Institute of ccupational Safet) & Health "SA: www.cdc.go-DnioshThe ISH website: www.iosh.co.uk
The ;ritish Safet) !ouncil website: www.bscawards.orgThe I% website: www.ilo.orgThe Health & Safet) '9ecuti-e "E website: www.hse.go-.ukThe 'uropean Agenc) for Safet) & Health at Work: http:DDhwi.osha.europa.eu
Propo&ed Internal Source& o, In,or+ation on OHS!
#olicies & Internal Standards HS meeting minutes & recommendationsAuditsDinspections0 reports 4isk 4egisters & 4isk Assessments Incidents0 records & accidents in-estigation reports
http://www.osha.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/nioshhttp://www.iosh.co.uk/http://www.bscawards.org/http://www.ilo.org/http://www.hse.gov.uk/http://hwi.osha.europa.eu/http://hwi.osha.europa.eu/http://www.hse.gov.uk/http://www.ilo.org/http://www.bscawards.org/http://www.iosh.co.uk/http://www.cdc.gov/nioshhttp://www.osha.gov/8/12/2019 Mirdif-health and Safety at Work Slides
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afety Managementystems
ISO 9001
ISO
14001
Plan
DoCheck
Act
Step 1
Establish
standards for
health & safety
management
based on riskassessment and
legal requirements
Step 2
Implement
plans to ahie!e
ob"eti!es and
standards
Step 4
#e!ie$ against
ob"eti!es and
standards and
take appropriate
ation
Step %
easure
progress $ith
plans and
ompliane $ith
standards' (
)*Plan D
o
Chec
k
Act
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SUCCESSFUL OHS MS
1.#%I!F2.43A$I5ATI$
+.#%A$$I$3 &I@#%'@'$TATI$
/.@'AS"4I$3#'4G4@A$!'
.4'I'W & A"6ITS
76IS!"SS I$ 34"# A!TIITF8
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HSG23 Sa,et0 Manae+ent S0&te+&
*oliy
Organisation*lanning and
implementingeasuring
performane#e!ie$ing
performane
'uditing
#
#
@
4
A
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ILO-OSH, 2001 (ILO)
*oliy
Organising
*lanning &
implementationE!aluation
'tion forimpro!ement'udit
Continual
improement
Continual
improement
Polic0
Orani&in
Plannin andI+ple+entation
E(aluation
Action ,ori+pro(e+ent
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OHSAS 1!001, 200"
(#SI)T*e ele+ent& o, t*e &0&te+ are!
45 OH1S Polic065 Plannin
75 I+ple+entation and operation
85 C*ec.in and correcti(e action
35 Manae+ent re(ie'
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ELEMENT 2
THE RESPONSIBILITYFOR HEALTH AND
SAFETY
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O"GANI$ATIONAL
ST"UCTU"E"OLES 1"ESPONSIBILITIES!
6irectors & seniormanagers
Super-isors
Safet) ad-isers
Specialists
'mplo)ees
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E9TE"NAL "OLES 1
"ESPONSIBILITIES
#'4S$S I$ !$T4%
G TH' #4'@IS'S
S'%G '@#%F'6
S"##%F !HAI$ suppliers,
designers & manufacturers
I$T !!"#ATI$ G
#4'@IS'S A$6
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CONT"ACTO"S
J 'mplo)ers are responsible forprotecting people Kincluding
contractors & subcontractors
from harm caused b) work
acti-ities.
J !ontractors ha-e a well
established & implemented
HS management s)stem.
J !ontractors ha-e a histor) &
e9perience in the field.
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CONT"ACTO"S
Top contractor managementdemonstrates commitment to
HS.
!ontractors can pro-e
competenc) of their personnel.
!ontractors are monitoring
different E#I LsM accident rates,
ill health dataNetc.
What else(O
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Client& dutie& to '*en 'or. :ein done :0
Contractor&
J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the workJ The risks to the !ontractors emplo)ees from the !lients acti-itiesJ 4isks to the public and others from the work
Contractor& dutie&
J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the workJ The risks to the clients emplo)ees from their acti-ities
J 4isks to the public and others from the workJ To follow clients rules and procedures
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Manae+ent o, Contractor&J Select a suitable contractorJ
#lanning the *obJ !ontrolling contractors on siteJ !hecking contractors workJ 4e-iew contractors performance
Selectin a &uita:le ContractorJ '9perience of the t)pe of work and industr)J Suitable referencesJ 'nforcement recordJ Safet) management such as #olic), risk assessments etc.J Accident and illhealth data
J @embership of tradeDprofessional bodiesJ !ompetence and training of emplo)eesJ Arrangements for selection of subcontractorsJ Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients
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"OLES OF SAFETY AD;ISE"
INTE"NALLY!J @ust be competent well trained,
ualified, e9perienced with apositi-e attitude.
J @ust be able to ad-ise
management& emplo)ees withauthorit) & independence oncreating & maintaining HS @S,promoting HS culture, HSplanning & performance re-iews& Audits.
J !ontribute acti-el) in de-eloping& maintaining procedures toensure reporting, in-estigating,recording & anal)Bing accidents& incidents.
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"e&pon&i:ilitie& o, Sa,et0 Ad(i&or&J ;e properl) trained and ualifiedJ @aintain adeuate information s)stemsJ ;e able to interpret the law appl)ing to their
organisationJ 'stablish and maintain procedures for
reporting, in-estigating, recording and
anal)sing accidents and incidentsJ ;e able to present their ad-ice effecti-el)
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Dutie& o, E+plo0er&!
Safe plant a& s)stems of work Safe place of work, access & egress
#ro-ision of I T I S 7discuss8
A written HS polic) with organiBational & other
arrangements !onsultation with emplo)ees and safet)
representati-es
Safe working en-ironment with Welfare facilities
"ndertake suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessments
& implement adeuate control measures
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Dutie& o, E+plo0ee&! "se an) euipment or substance in accordance with
an) training or instruction gi-en b) the emplo)er. Show reasonable care towards themsel-es & others
affected b) their acti-ities.
!ooperate with emplo)ers assisting them to fulfill
their legal duties. $ot to break HS regulations deliberatel).
4eport to the emplo)er an) serious or imminent
danger.
4eport an) shortcomings in the emplo)er0s
protecti-e HS arrangements
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E9TE"NALLY! coordinate with:
'9ternal !onsultants &
professional bodies.
HS' Authorities & Girebrigades.
#olice & Ambulance.
Insurance companies &contractors.
!lients, customers & suppliers.
"OLES OF SAFETY AD;ISE"
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OHS CONSULTATION
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1 out&ide t*e orani-ation!
!oordination with:
'9ternal !onsultants & professional bodies.
HS' Authorities & Gire brigades.
#olice & Ambulance.
Insurance companies & contractors.
@edia & #ublic.
!lients, customers & suppliers
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Function& o, Sa,et0 "epre&entati(e!
4epresent emplo)ees in HS consultation with
emplo)er. In-estigating Incidents. !arr) out risk Assessments & plan Adeuate controls. %ook into emplo)ees0 issues & complaints relating to
HS. Attend safet) !ommittee &Dor %oss #re-ention Team
meetings. Assist in Audits & scheduled inspection follow up on
correcti-e actions.
#lan & super-ise HS awards programs. 4aise the workforce awareness of HS issues & help
promote a positi-e HS !ulture.
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T*e rea&on& a per&on +a0 ,ail to co+pl0
'it* a &a,et0 procedure alt*ou* t*e0
are co+petent are co+ple/ :ut +a0include!
%ack of moti-ation
"nrealistic working procedures
%ack of management commitment -er familiarisation with the task
4epetiti-e work leading to boredom
#eer group pressure
Wilful disregard of laid down proceduresDsuper-ision Gatigue and stress
%ack of information, consultation
ob insecurit)
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"ea&on& to in(e&tiate accident&J #re-ent future accidents b) identif)ing and
eliminating the causesJ 6emonstrate concern about peoples health
and safet)
J Impro-e worker moraleJ Identif) weaknesses in management timeJ #re-ent business losesJ !ollate accident and illhealth data and
identif) trendsJ 6efend criminal casesJ 6efend claims for compensation
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Action& ,ollo'in Accident
I++ediateJ Treatment for in*ured personnelJ @ake the area safeJ Initiate emergenc) planJ !ontact emergenc) ser-icesJ #reser-e scene for in-estigationJ @a) ha-e to notif) enforcing authorit)
InitialJ Identif) witnessesJ 4eport details to senior managementJ 4eport details to insurance compan)
Loner Ter+
J 6ecide the depth of the in-estigation and select teamJ 3ather e-idence at the sceneJ Inter-iew witnessesJ '9amine documentsJ Appoint specialists if necessar)
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Co+po&ition o, In(e&tiation tea+J Super-isors and line managers from department where accident
occurredJ A senior manager from another departmentJ Health and Safet) professionalsJ Specialists e.g. 'ngineersJ 4epresentati-e of workers
J 'mplo)ee e9perienced in the work acti-it).
Direct=I++ediate cau&e o, an accident
An un'anted) unplanned e(ent t*at re&ult& in a lo&&
"oot=Underl0in cau&e o, an accidentT*e ,ailure& in +anae+ent &0&te+& or procedure&
t*at *a(e led to t*e accident
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"ea&on&
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In,or+ation in "eportJ Who is in*ured personJ Where the accident happenedJ When it happenedJ What happened
J Wh) it happenedJ 6ocumentationJ '-idenceJ 4ecommendations
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Monitorin
Acti(e Monitorin
Benc*+ar.inTakes ke) performance indicators and compares them
e9ternall) with similar organisations or industr)
standards
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Li+itation& o, in&pection&J Some haBards are not -isible
J Some haBards not alwa)s presentJ "nsafe practices not seen
T0pe& o, in&pection&J 3eneral workplace inspectionsJ Statutor) inspections
J !ompliance inspections
People '*o carr0 out in&pection&J @anagersJ Super-isors
J Health and Safet) ad-isorsJ 'mplo)ee safet) representati-es
J 'nforcement agencies
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In&pection C*ec.li&t
J !ondition of processes and plantJ !ontractorsJ 'lectricalJ 'n-ironmental conditionsJ Gire protectionJ Girst aidJ Hand held toolsJ HaBardous substancesJ HousekeepingDcleanlinessJ %ifting euipmentJ @anual handling
J @achiner) guardingJ $oise etc.
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Sa,et0 Sa+plinA random e9ercise in which assigned obser-ers walk in allotted
timescale noting incidence of health and safet) defects on preprepared sheets
Sa,et0 Tour&An unscheduled e9amination of a workplace to look for acceptable
standards. A tour can be carried out b) a @anager anddemonstrates commitment to safet)
AuditA thorough e9amination of the performance of the health and
safet) management s)stems, procedures.
Audits look at @anagement s)stems, #rocedures, Training,documentation such as safe s)stems, #ermits to work, Inter-iew
selected emplo)ees as well as e9amining the workplace.
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"eacti(e MonitorinJ AccidentsJ IncidentsJ Illhealth statisticsJ $ear missesJ 6angerous occurrences
J !omplaints b) workforceJ 'nforcement actionJ #rosecutionsJ !i-il claims
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ELEMENT 3
HEALTH & SAFETYRISK ASSESSMENT
AND CONTROL
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SUITABLE 1 SUFFICIENT
All aspects of work acti-it) to beconsidered 4outine and $on4outine operations.
Identif) significant haBards and
risks & e-aluate the risks. Identif) control measures in
place and planned D pre-entionand mitigation.
!onsider risks to public. 'nsure the risk assessment is
regularl) re-iewed.
"IS%
ASSESSMENT
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?
Team with e9perience andtraining in haBardidentification and riskassessment.
Enowledge of the process oracti-it).
3ood communication andreporting skills.
Abilit) to interpret legislation
and guidance. @anagerial influence to
implement change.
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SI@#%' ST'#S T 6
4ISE ASS'SS@'$T
Hierarc*0 o, Control +ea&ure& ,or re+o(in or
reducin a *a-ard
1. Look for the haard
!. "ecide #$% might be harmed and how
. valuate stimate the *+, and decide
whether e-isting precautions are adeuate or
more action should be done
/. ecord your findings
0. eview your assessment and revise it if
necessary
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4@ LOO% FO" THE HA$A"DS
HS Inspection !hecklist!lose bser-ation of tasks
Accident, ill health or near missdata.
ob safet) anal)sis.
%egal standards.
3uidance I%, SHA, IS,HS'... etc.
!onsultation & Internet search.
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7@ "IS% E;ALUATION
$ighly nlikely 1
easonably Likely !
ven 2hance
$ighly Likely /
3lmost 2ertain 0
A8 #robabilit) or %ikelihood of Harm ccurring
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4inor *njury5 2uts and abrasions6 minor skin or eyeirritations6 etc.
1
*njury reuiring first aid5 3ny injury that reuires firstaid.
!
*njury or industrial disease reuiring medical treatment5"eep wounds6 fractures6 scalds6 burns6 eye injuries6
respiratory infections6 temporary blindness or hearingloss6 etc.
+erious injury or long term medical effects (industrial
disease)5 Loss of fingers6 toes6 damage to eyes6 serious
medical effects.
/
4ajor *njury or 7atality5 Loss of limbs6 sight6 hearing6
long term illness or death.
0
;8 !onseuences or Se-erit) of Harm
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Table of isk ating
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HIE"A"CHY OF CONT"OL Eli+ination get rid of the haBard
altogether K if possible.
Su:&titutionreplace a haBard withsomething less haBardous e.g. lead freeflu9.
Enineerin control& = I&olation@achine guarding, Sound proof control
roomsN etc.
Ad+ini&trati(e control&ob rotation,Training, Work Instructions, Super-ision,Information, Safe S)stem of Work,'mergenc) preparedness, Signs, 3oodHouse keeping
Per&onal Protecti(e Euip+entlastline of defense.
di&cipline
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8@ "ECO"D "IS% ASSESSMENTS
Accident In-estigation.
Guture reference.
Audits.
6ut) of care D %egalreuirements. 5]WH
ENTOR
EVIEW
RISKA
SSESSM
ENTS?!
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GENE"AL CONT"OL P"INCIPLES
1. Avoid Risk:stop doing the task, using different processesor eliminate the haBard altogether if possible
2. Evaluate Risks that can not be avoided:!arr) out 4iskAssessment
3. Combat Risk at Source:4emo-ethe cause rather thanpro-iding protection e.g. using %ocal '9haust entilations)stems instead of pro-iding ##'.
4. Adapting the ork to the individual: !onsult affectedemplo)ees to impro-e design of workplace, work
euipment, working hours & pattern
!. Adapting to technical progress: it is crucial to takead-antage of new technologies
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Ha-ard Control Strate0
$ liminate% #emo!e trailing able
& e'uction%+se lo$er !oltage tools
I olate%,uard dangerous mahinery
C ontrol%#edue time-frequeny ofe.posure
P eronal Protectie $uipment%Issue **E
D icipline% Enfore rules and
Hierarch* o+ control 'e+inition/
' preferred series of measures to ontrol risks in
order of priority starting $ith elimination and
ending $ith disipline
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Sa,et0 Sin& #rohibition L!ircular, 4ed, white
backgroundM
Warning LTriangular, Fellow black edgingM @andator) L!ircular, ;lue white s)mbolsM
Safe !ondition L3reen, White s)mbolsM
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SAFE SYSTEM OF
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Per+it to
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Lone
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Precaution& ,or lone 'or.er& Information on haBards
Training to deal with haBards
4egular contact
Super-isors regularl) -isiting
Automatic warning de-ices
!heck the worker has returned home
##'
'mergenc) action if worker becomes ill
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ELEMENT
HAARDS & CONTROLASSOCIATED WITH
WORK E"UIPMENT
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Mec*anical Ha-ard&
EN tanglementT raps
Shearing, drawing in, crushing
I mpactC ontact
Griction, abrasion, cutting andstabbing, puncture
E *ection
"e+e+:er! ENTICE
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echanical Haar'%
Impact
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echanical Haar'%
ContactContact Inurie&! ;urns
%acerations
LtearM
Abrasions
#uncture
wounds
!uts
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echanical Haar'%
$ection
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Entanle+ent Contact
Trappin
Eection
Araie 3heel
(4rin'tone)Mac*iner0 Mec*anical Ha-ard&
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echanical Haar'
Dra5in/-In
Entanle+e
ntCru&*in
Dra'in inS*earin
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P*otocopier Docu+ent &*redder
6rawing in 6rawing in to cuttersTrap between mo-ing parts !ontact with cutters!hemicals 6ust"ltra -iolet light
O,,ice +ac*iner0! # P*otocopier and
S*redder
Co++on *a-ard&'lectrical
'rgonomic
$oise
Stabilit) of machine
Ot*er Ha-ard&
Mac*iner Hierarc* o, Control&
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Ad(antae& Di&ad(antae&@inimal maintenance $ot linked to machine controlsnl) defeated b) deliberate act $o protection when remo-ednl) -isual inspection Access to dangerous parts when
remo-ed@a) protect against other haBards e.g.noise, dust, e*ection of materials
@ore difficult to remo-e not practicalwhen freuent access reuiredTends to be left unfi9ed when freuentaccess reuired@a) hamper -isibilit)
Mac*iner0 Hierarc*0 o, Control&J Gi9ed guardsJ ther guards or protection de-icesJ
#rotecti-e de-ices Ligs, Holders, #ush SticksMJ Information, Instruction, Training and Super-ision
Fi/ed Guard&!# A p*0&ical :arrier not connected to +ac*ine
control& '*ic* *a& no +o(in part& and reuire& a tool to
re+o(e it
Fi/ed Guard&
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Ad(antae& Di&ad(antae&
Allow safe access for feedingmaterials Increase the comple9it) of themachine
!on-enient to use 6ifficult to test and maintain%ess likel) to be deliberatel)defeated
@a) need a brake or time dela)
Speeds up operations !omponents could fail in ser-ice
4egular maintenance reuired@a) not fail to safet)
Interloc. Guard!# Lin.ed to t*e +ac*ine control& &o t*at '*en
t*e +ac*ine i& in a danerou& condition t*e uard cannot :e
opened or openin t*e uard cau&e& t*e +ac*ine to :eco+e&a,e
Interloc. Guard
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ELEMENT 5
TRANSPORT SAFETY
t*e +ain *a-ard& a&&ociated 'it* li,t
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t*e +ain *a-ard& a&&ociated 'it* li,t
truc. operation& are! -erturning
-erloading
%oss of load
!ollision with people and ob*ects
@achine failure
Galling from loading ba)s
'9plosions and fire K fuel leaksDbatter) chargingDelectrical arcing
'9haust fume emission
#assengers
Inappropriate parking K blocking entrancesDe9its
@anual handling K ad*usting forksDchanging batteries
ibration K tra-elling o-er une-en ground
$oise
Silent running
;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS
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;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS
%ack of Training, 6ri-ingtraining, Information,Instructions & super-ision.
#assage wa)s are toonarrow, too steep, slipper),
une-enN etc. #lace of work: #oor lighting,
dust, noiseN etc.
ehicles o-erloaded, loadunbalanced or unsecuredN
etc. #oor or no road markings, no barriers or clear safet) signs,
lack of warnings sound s)stems.
SAFE ;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS
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SAFE ;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS Suita:le 1 Su,,icient Risk
Assessment) Follo' Hierarc*0o, appropriate control&
Sa"e place! E(en round&) clearpa&&ae'a0&) Mar.in&) Tra,,ic&in&) (i&ion aid& Adeuate&pace ,or re(er&in) loadin 1unloadin (e*icle&
Clear separation beteenpedestrians # vehicles$passages) cone&) :arrier&)enou* li*tin) clear +ar.ed 1'ell lit par.in area&
Sa"e %erson! &raining) De,en&i(e
dri(in trainin) re,re&*ertrainin) Clear in&truction& 1in,or+ation) competent driversLicen&ed) po&iti(e attitude)e/perienced etc
7
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Par.in o, ,or. truc.&J #ut in neutralJ #ut on handbrake
J Switch off engineJ 4emo-e ke)J 3i-e ke) to appropriate personJ Gorks on floorJ @ast slightl) forward
J #arked in suitable locationJ $o blocking of e9its
Additional *a-ard& o, electric ,or. truc.&J H)drogen gas released during batter) chargingJ 'lectricit) problemsJ @anual handling of liuidsJ !orrosi-e acidsJ The) are uiet
J @edical e9amination
4 ti di l h k t l i t l
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J 4outine medical checks at regular inter-alsJAssessment after prolonged absencesJ !apable of TrainingJ 4efresher training
Sa,et0 o, pede&trian& in (e*icle +o(in area&J SegregationJ Suitable parking areas
JA-oid re-ersing if possibleJ newa) s)stemsJA-oid sharp or blind bendsJ Sufficientl) wide entrances and gatewa)s
J ision aidsJ Speed limitsJ Signallers L;anksmenMJ #rotection from fumes
J #rotection from materials falling off
!4A$'S & HISTS HA5A46S
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!4A$'S & HISTS HA5A46S
-er turning, -er loading &poor slinging.
Insecure & unbalanced loadfalling load.
!ollision with o-erheadstructure, striking apedestrianN etc.
perator0s error, lack of
training & competence. %ack of maintenance, 4egular
inspection & reporting.
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Sa,e u&e o, Crane&J Suitable crane
J Suitable ground conditionsJ "se of outriggersJ A-oidance of obstructionsJ !are near o-erhead power linesJ 6esignated and protected area
J Suitable and tested lifting tackleJ !orrect slinging techniueJ !ompetent personnelJ %oad near ground if tra-ellingJ 3ood -isibilit)J
3ood communicationsJ Suitable storage for fuels etc
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ELEMENT #
HAARDS & CONTROLASSOCIATED WITH
ELECTRICITY
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Ba&ic Circuitr0 Glow of current needs a closed circuit e.g. electrical lamp &
batter) *oined together b) a conductor.
Main Ha-ard& a&&ociated 'it* Electricit0 ;urns
Shock
Arcing
Gire
'9plosions
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Secondar0 E,,ect& o, Electricit0J Galls from heightJ "nintentional mo-ement of machineJ 6eacti-ation of control measuresJ %oss of informationJ Throw off
EFFECTS OF ELECT"IC SHOC% ON
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EFFECTS OF ELECT"IC SHOC% ON
HUMAN BODY
ST# TH' H'A4T
;"4$ TH' SEI$
%SS G @"S!%'!$T4%
ST# ;4'ATHI$3
$'4"S SFST'@'GG'!TS
OTHE" ELECT"ICAL
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OTHE" ELECT"ICAL
HA$A"DS '%'!T4I!A% ;"4$S
'%'!T4I!A% GI4'S &
'P#%SI$S
#4TA;%' '%'!T4I!A%
'Q"I#@'$T
S'!$6A4F HA5A46S:6IS!"SS WITH 'PA@#%'S
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J ;atter) operatedJ !hecked before use
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!hecked before useJ Suitable selected euipmentJ #roperl) maintained euipment
T*e Lead!#J 'nsure not run o-er b) -ehiclesJ 6ragged o-er rough ser-ices
J Trapped in machiner)J '9posed to hot surfaces or corrosi-e
chemicalsJ !ontinuous fle9ing
oint&) Connection& and plu&!#J @akeshift temporar) connectionsJ %eads getting pulled outJ #oor made connections
J Guse being replaced
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J S)stem not o-erloaded
! t f
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J !orrect fusesJ #lug properl) wired and gripped
J !ompetent usersJ "sing reduced -oltage in wet conditionsJ "sing 4!6s
O,,ice En(iron+ent&
J Suitable euipment manufactured toappropriate standards
JA-oid the use of trailing cablesJA-oid multisocket e9tensionsJ !ontrol pri-ate electrical euipment
brought from homeJ 4eport defecti-e and damaged
euipment
#recautions for electrical safet) in office en-ironments
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could include: 'uipment is of appro-ed standard e.g. ;SD'$ standard
@aintenance of fi9ed electrical installations
There is a means of isolation
All connections, wiring free from damage
!orrect fuses
#lug correctl) wired
A-oid o-erloading of outlets Switch off appliances when not in use
@aintain good housekeeping around electrical euipment
If reuired portable appliance testing in date
S)stem not o-erloaded
!ables correctl) routed to a-oid haBards
4!6s used
S)stem for reporting defects
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MOVIETIME
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ELEMENT $
FIRE SAFETY
BASIC P"INCIPLES OF FI"E
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BASIC P"INCIPLES OF FI"E Met*od& o, E/tinction!
Cooling:reducing
temperature e.g. use
water
Smothering:reducing
9)gen le-el e.g. use fireblanket
Starving:limiting fuel e.g.
switching off gas -al-e
Chemical reaction:
interrupt combustionreaction
Guel:
Glammable
gases, liuids,
solids.
9)gen:
Grom air,
o9idiBing
substances
Ignition source:
Hot surfaces
'lectrical 'uipment DStaticelectricit)
$aked flame D Smoking
materials
CLASSIFICATION OF FI"ES
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CLASSIFICATION OF FI"ESJ Cla&& A! Solid +aterial& ru::er) paper) 'ood)
pla&tic&) ,urniture etc Can :e e/tinui&*ed :0
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SOU"CES OF IGNITIONThe following are possible sources of ignition to start a
fire: $aked flames 'lectricit) Lo-erheatingDarcingM Smoking materials Hot work Lwelding, burningM
!hemical reactions Lgi-ing off heatM Heating appliances Lhot surfacesM Griction Linadeuate lubricationM Static electricit)
%ightning Improper storage of flammable materials %ack of inspection and super-ision
METHODS OF HEAT T"ANSMISSION
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METHODS OF HEAT T"ANSMISSION
!$'!TI$
!$6"!TI$
4A6IATI$
6I4'!T ;"4$I$3
FI"E "IS% ASSESSMENT
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FI"E "IS% ASSESSMENT
1. I6'$TIGF GI4' HA5A46S
2. I6'$TIGF %!ATI$S '4S$S ATSI3$IGI!A$T 4ISE
+. 'A%"AT' TH' 4ISE
/. 6'!I6' $ !$T4%@'AS"4'S
. 4'!46 F"4 GI$6I$3S
?. 4'I'W ASS'SS@'$T4'3"%A4%F
Control Mea&ure& to +ini+i-e t*e "i&.
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Control Mea&ure& to +ini+i-e t*e "i&.
o, Fire in a
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Structural +ea&ure& to pre(ent t*e &pread
o, ,ire 1 &+o.e!
"se fire walls & blast walls.
"se noncombustible automatic dampers fitted in
ducts.
Holes & -oids in fire resisting walls should be
filled in with fire resisting material to pre-entpassage of heat, smoke or flame.
"se compartments to pre-ent spread of fire &
smoke.
@ake sure the fire detection & sprinklers s)stem
is considered in design phase Lbuilt inM.
Fire detection 1 'arnin!
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!ommerciall) a-ailable Heat or Smoke detectors
can be used.
Smoke alarms & shouted warnings might be
enough in small workplaces.
Hand operated de-ices sirens, bellsN etc
should be installed near e9its & clearl) audiblethroughout the workplace.
'lectricall) operated fire alarm can be used
Automatic fire detection should be considered,
linked into an electrical fire alarm s)stem 3as detectors can be used e.g. natural gas
detectors with alarms.
E E ti d
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E+erenc0 E(acuation procedure&
'ach workplace should ha-e an
emergenc) plan 7emplo)er0s
responsibilit)8) it should include:
The action to be taken b) staff in the e-ent offire.
The e-acuation procedure
The arrangements for calling the fire brigade
Girst stage fire fighting b) emplo)ees
Fire Mar&*al& a senior member of the staff
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Fire Mar&*al& a senior member of the staff
should be appointed as departmental fire
marshals LwardensM, with consideration ofabsences, their duties are to ensure that:
Alarm has been raised
Whole dept. has been e-acuated Gire brigade has been called
Gire doors are closed
#lant shut down where-er appropriate
4oll call is carried out at the assembl) point &
the result reported to senior manager.
G"OUP ACTI;ITY
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G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' !@@$ !A"S'S &
!$S'Q"'$!'S G GI4' I$ TH'
W4E#%A!'
SAFE STO"AGE 1 USE OF FLAMMABLE
LIUIDS
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LIUIDS
Well -entilated, dr) &
cool place.
!lear warning signs &
barriers
$o sources of ignition
Segregate
incompatible chemicals
do not mi9
!onstruction to be fire
resistant
Awa) from heat & direct
sunlight
#ro-ided with fire fighting
s)stems & e9tinguishers
PO"TABLE FI"E FIGHTING
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PO"TABLE FI"E FIGHTING
EUIPMENT
F% '()*(+ & E',-.(-/' F(,0 S./+/+ D P%+, 4 M*'.( *%0,D P%+,
M*'.(*%0, ,6.(7*(08, .% 9, *0,+% C'/00 B :(,0
A)*,%*0 F('; F%;(7 F%/;
F% *0, % '()*(+ :(,0< D% N%. *0, %,',-.(-/' % ;,./' :(,0
F%/;
F% %%+= /,= .,6.(', & 0%'(+;/.,(/' :(,0< D% N%. *0, %;,./'= '()*(+ % ,',-.(-/' :(,0
W/.,
F% '()*(+ & E',-.(-/' :(,0< D% N%.*0, % ;,./'< >-/ 9, ?, -%'+
:%0. 9(., @ %(0%%*0
C/9% D(%6(+, CO2
F% 8(78 .,;,/.*, -%%(7 %('0< W,. C8,;(-/'
MEANS OF ESCAPE
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J+hould open in the direction of travel& be fire resistant.J+hould not reuire any intelligence
or e-tra force to open & should beself closing.J8ever obstructed.
D%%0
8eed to be short & lead peopledirectly to a place of safety9 open air6area of no imminent danger.
E0-/, R%*.,0
Jscalators & spiral stairways are notto be used for emergency evacuations
S./(0
J4ust be clearly marked & known byall occupantsJ4ust be in a safe are free of anyimminent danger.
J3 complete list of the names of allstaff should be maintained by the fire4arshal to make a roll call onevacuation.
A00,;9' P%(.0 & R%'' C/''
EME"GENCY
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A""ANGEMENTS
'@'43'$!F 'A!"ATI$
#4!'6"4'S
GI4' @A4SHA%S
T'STI$3, 64I%% &
T4AI$I$3
#4ISI$ G4 TH'6ISA;%'6
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ELEMENT
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ELEMENT
HAARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITHMANUAL HANDLING
AND REPETITIVEMOVEMENT
MANUAL HANDLING
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MANUAL HANDLING
C@anual handlingC is themo-ement of a load b)human effort alonetrans%orting or su%%ortingloads directly or indirectlyusing bodily force.
Co++on Manual HandlinHa-ard&!
Too Hea-) loads & #oorposture during lifting.
6ropping load.
Sharp edged or hot loads.
MANUAL HANDLING INU"IES
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Mu&cular Sprain& 1 Strain&
Bac. inurie& cu+ulati(einurie& re&ultin inprolap&ed inter (erte:ral
di&c& Fracture& 1 Hernia&
Cut&) :rui&e& 1 a:ra&ion&
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ASSESSMENT
4 LOADhea-), difficult to grasp,
hot, cold, fragileN etc
6 INDI;IDUAL! capabilit),
strength, fitness, trainingN etc
7 TAS% freuenc), stretching,
pushing, pullingN etc
8 EN;I"ONMENT!lighting,
slipper) floors, une-engroundN etc
4emember %IT'
WA4'H"S'
Practical Mea&ure& to A(oid Manual
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Practical Mea&ure& to A(oid Manual
Handlin Inurie&
A-oid @anual Handling
4isk 4eduction
Automation & mechanisation
Team handling Training
Smaller, lighter load
Selection indi(idual and +ec*anical aid5
3ood 'n-ironment &pacin ,loorin te+p li*t5
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Factor& to :e con&idered durin ri&. a&&e&&+ent
J Gorce e9ertedJ Greuenc) and duration of operationJ 4epetition of mo-ement without rest or reco-er)J #ostureJ !onstraints on space
J 'n-ironment
I+pro(e a:o(e plu&!#J @echanise taskJ "se correct tools and euipment
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MOVIETIME
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ELEMENT
HAARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH
HAARDOUS
SUBSTANCES
FO"MS OF CHEMICAL
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AGENTS
6"STS
G"@'S
3AS'S
@ISTS
A#4S
%IQ"I6S
S@E'
FO"MS OF BIOLOGICAL
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AGENTS
;A!T'4IA
I4"S
G"$3I
#A4ASIT'S
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"oute& o, entr0 in t*e :od0J InhalationJ IngestionJAbsorption
J 6irect entr)J In*ection
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Cla&&i,ication o, Ha-ardou& Su:&tance&
Irritant!# Non#corro&i(e &u:&tance& '*ic* t*rou*
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Irritant!# Non#corro&i(e &u:&tance& '*ic* t*rou*i++ediate) proloned or repeated contact 'it* &.in or
+ucou& +e+:rane +a0 cau&e in,la++ation e Petrol
Corro&i(e!# Su:&tance& '*ic* on contact 'it* li(in ti&&ue+a0 de&tro0 it :0 :urnin e acid&
Har+,ul!# Su:&tance& '*ic* i, &'allo'ed) in*aled orpenetrate t*e &.in +a0 cau&e da+ae to *ealt*
;er0 To/ic!# A poi&onou& &u:&tance '*ic* in lo'uantitie& +a0 cau&e deat*) acute or c*ronic da+ae to
*ealt*
To/ic!# A poi&onou& &u:&tance '*ic* in lo' uantitie& +a0cau&e deat*) acute or c*ronic da+ae to *ealt*
Carcinoenic!# Su:&tance& '*ic* cau&e di&order& to cellro't* t*at +a0 lead to cancer
I , ti M , t S , t d t
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In,or+ation on Manu,acturer& Sa,et0 data
&*eet&J Identification of the substanceJ @anufacturers informationJ !omposition of the ingredientsJ Girstaid precautions
J Girefighting measuresJ Handling and storageJ ##'J 6isposal considerations
J Transport informationJ 4egulator) information
Gra: Sa+pler C*e+ical &tain detector tu:e5
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Ad(antae& Di&ad(antae&
%ow cost Inaccurate
Takes little time #ositioning of tube
Immediate result nl) a snap shot
%ittle training Inefficient
Information during spillage !hemical use onl)
3ood for coarse indication Substance specific
Gra: Sa+pler C*e+ical &tain detector tu:e5
Dra' it
Ha-ardou& &u:&tance ri&. a&&e&&+ent 3 &tep& a& nor+al
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Control o, *ealt* *a-ard&
Eli+inate"educe :0 &u:&titution
I&olate!#J Total 'nclosureJ Segregate the people
ControlJ 'ngineering !ontrol L%'MJ @aintenance of controlsJ !hange the work pattern or methodJ H)giene and housekeeping
PPE
Di&cipline
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Du&t Identi,ication
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J isual signs of dustJ 6ust lamps
J Static or personal samplingJ Health sur-eillance
Control +ea&ure& ,or du&tJ 'limination
J Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powdersJ 'nclosure of the processJ %ocal e9haust -entilationJ acuuming instead of sweepingJ 6amping down
J %imiting time of e9posureJ %imiting numbers e9posedJ 4espirator) protecti-e euipment
The four main classifications of occupational
health haBards are:
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health haBards are:
4 P*0&ical!
@achiner), 'lectricit), Heat, $oise
6 C*e+ical!
Acids, Alkalis, Asbestos
7 Bioloical!
HI irus, %egionella, ;acteria
8 Erono+ic!
#osture problems, Gatigue
!ontrol measures to control biological
h d h ld b
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haBards should be:
Cleanin = di&in,ection
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Solid particles suspended in the air for a period of time.
SiBe ranges from =.1Rm LfineM to 1==Rm LcoarseM.
#roduced b) mechanical process e.g. grinding, or b) constructionprocess e.g. demolition, or other specific tasks e.g. cotton or
wood work
Respirable dust:fine dusts that penetrate deep into thelungs & sta) there Lin rare cases enters the blood streamM e.g.
!ement & Silica
'nhalable dust:capable of entering nose & mouth duringbreathing, without reaching lower le-els of respirator) s)stem.
Fu+e& Gormed when a material from a -olatiliBed solid condenses in
cool air. "suall) e9tremel) fine 1.=Rm e.g. welding & soldering
fumes.
Ga&e& Gormless fluids which e9pand to occup) the space in which the)0re
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p p) p )
confined e.g. !arbon @ono9ide, H)drogen SulphideN etc
Mi&t& Suspended liuid droplets generated b) condensation of liuids from the-apor back to the liuid state or b) breaking up liuid into dispersed
state e.g. paint spra)ing mist LatomiBationM.
;apor&
olatile forms of substance that are normall) in the solid or liuid state atroom temperature & pressure e.g. sol-ents used in degreasing Ltoluene,
acetoneN etcM.
Liuid& Gluids that e9ist normall) at temperature between boiling & freeBing.
S+o.e Aerosol of solid or liuid particles, =.1Rm in siBe, resulting from
incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials e.g. !arbon particles.
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G"OUP ACTI;ITY
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6IS!"SS TH' '$T4F 4"T'S G
HA5A46"S S";STA$!'S T TH'
H"@A$ ;6F & TH' 6'G'$S'
@'!HA$IS@S
SOU"CES OF INFO"MATION
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%A;'%S
I$'$T4F
@AT'4IA% SAG'TF
6ATA SH''T
T4A6'ASS!IATI$#";%I!ATI$S
TH' I$T'4$'T
@AT'4IA%
SAG'TF
6ATA SH''T
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TO9ICOLOGY
De,inition!
The stud) of how different materials will affect the
human bod).
The effect that a substance will ha-e on the bod) will
depend on a number of factors:
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The routes of entr) are:
In*alation
Ine&tion
A:&orption
Inection
E+erenc0 Procedure&
The emergenc) procedure should include:
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The emergenc) procedure should include:
Girst aid facilities
4ele-ant safet) drills
Suitable warning de-ices
Suitable training of staff
##'
'mergenc) showers and e)ewash facilities
Spillage and leakage procedures
'-acuation procedures
Warnings to other people
PE"SONAL P"OTECTI;E
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H'A6 #4T'!TI$
HA$6 #4T'!TI$
G''T #4T'!TI$
'F' #4T'!TI$
LAST "ESO"T
EUIPMENT
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#ollution of ri-ers & other water sources can
ha-e serious effects on the health of li-ingorganisms.
%eakage from industrial soak awa) or
chemical factories.
Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminatingunderground water
Water samples should be taken from water
sources & sewers.
@S6S to ad-ise on proper disposal of
different haBardous substances
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%revention:b) changing the process so that the
waste is not produced. Reduction:impro-ing the efficienc) of the
process
Reuse:b) rec)cling the waste back into the
process Recover(:releasing energ) through the
combustion or rec)cling of waste.
Responsibledisposal:disposal in accordance
with regulator) reuirements & neer mi' differentty%es of hazardous wastes.
G"OUP ACTI;ITY
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6IS!"SS TH' '$I4$@'$TA% ISS"'S:AI4, WAT'4 & %A$6 #%%"TI$ &
WAST' @A$A3'@'$T #%A$S
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MOVIETIME
ELEMENT 1
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ELEMENT 1
HAARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH THEWORKING
ENVIRONMENT
Di&pla0 Screen Euip+ent DSE&5
Healt* e,,ect&J "pper limb pains and discomfort
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J "pper limb pains and discomfortJ ')e and e)esight effects
J 'pileps)J 4adiation effects on pregnant womenJ Gatigue and stress
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Healt* e,,ect& o, re+ainin &eated ,or a lon ti+eJ ertebral and muscular damageJ High blood pressureJ !irculation problems
Suita:le Seat ,or &edentar0 'or.er&J 3ood lumbar supportJ 3ood width and depthJ Abilit) to ad*ust seat back and heightJ Stable baseJ Abilit) to swi-el
J #ro-ision of arm rests
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EN;I"ONMENT
Sanitar) !on-eniences &Washing Gacilities
6rinking Water
Accommodation for clothing &changing clothes
Gacilities for rest & eatingmeals
entilation
T'@#'4AT"4' & %I3HTI$3
Sanitar0 Con(enience& 1
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0
@ust be pro-ided together & in a proportion to the siBe
of workforce.
Special pro-ision should be made for disabled workers
There should be separate facilities for men & women
Suppl) of warm water, soap & towels must be
pro-ided.
Gacilities to be well lit, -entilated & walls & floors eas)
to clean
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Drin.in
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Acco++odation ,or clot*in 1
c*anin clot*e&
@ust be pro-ided, clean, well lit, -entilated,
dr) & secure Where ##' is reuired, arrangement are to
be made that workers0 own clothing is not
contaminated b) haBardous substances
F iliti , t 1 ti l
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Facilitie& ,or re&t 1 eatin +eal&
@ust be pro-ided in areas where ##' not reuired
$o Smoking
Gacilities should be pro-ided for pregnantDnursing
females to rest Arrangements to ensure food & be-erage not
contaminated b) haBardous substances.
;entilation
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Should be effecti-e & sufficient & free froman) impurities
Air inlets to be sited free from an) potential
contaminants
'nsure workers are free from uncomfortable
draughts
'nsure continuous fresh air flow
"se %' or 6ilute entilation if reuired
Heatin 1 Te+perature
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'nsure reasonable temperatures in all workplaces
during working hours Air conditions to be used where possible
A! to be regularl) inspected & maintained
#ro-ide thermometers to indicate room temperature
#ro-ide suitable ##' where A! is not adeuate e.g.
on entering big restaurants0 cold stores
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Factor& to con&ider '*en a&&e&&in adeuac0 o,
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li*tin
J The tasks being undertakingJ The siBe and la)out of the work areaJ The euipment usedJ A-ailabilit) of natural lightJ Shift timesDwork patterns
J Suitable number of artificial lightJ !ontrast le-elsJ 3lareJ Areas in shadowJ $eed for localised lighting
J @aintenance of lightingJ Adeuate emergenc) lighting
Seatin 1
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Sitting for prolonged periods can cause health risks blood
circulation problems & @S6LsM
Workstations to be arranged so that work is done safel) &
comfortabl)
Workstations to be arranged to allow safe e-acuation in cases of
emergenc)
Work surface should be at comfortable height to the workera-oid bending & stretching
Workers should not stand for prolonged periods on solid floor.
4efer to control measures of 6S'
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
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Slip&! 6ue to reduced frictionbetween feet & walking surfacewet or dusty floors( s%ill( ice(
Trip&! loss of balance if foot isstopped suddenl) while bod)continues in motion loosecar%ets( floor holes.
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
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Fall& ,ro+ a Hei*t!2 of all
reported *ob fatalities is causedb) falling from a height roof(ladder( scaffold( floor o%enings(unguarded %latforms oer )meters feet high* etc.
Colli&ion 'it* +o(in(e*icle&! Happens eitherinside the workplace or on theaccess road around it duringcommute%oor lighting( oers%eeding of ehicles( no clearse%aration between %edestrians& ehicles( lack of warningsigns & barriers* etc.
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
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Bein &truc. :0 +o(in) ,allin or ,l0ino:ect&! moing %arts of machinery( flying
objects are often generated by the
disintegration of moing %arts( falling objects
are common in construction sites* etc.
Stri.in aain&t ,i/ed or &tationar0
o:ect&! colliding against a part of a building,
opened drawer, l)ing ob*ect on the floorNetc.
Control Strateie& ,or Pede&trian Ha-ard&"i&. A&&e&&+ent i& crucial to :e done ,or all 'or. acti(itie&& controls
will be set according to the risk le-el & following the -ierarch( o" control:
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will be set according to the risk le-el & following the -ierarch( o" control: 'liminate haBards good house kee%ing, keeping a safe %lace of work, cleaning
aisles & passage wa)s, consider slip resistant surfaces. Gollow a Safe System of !ork& issue Work #ermit.
'nsure a safe %lace of work in the design %haseif possible.
Adopt & mark designated walkwa)s.
'nsure proper +raining( ,nformation( !ork ,nstructions & su%erisionat all times.
'nsure proper -is worn at all times.
Suitable maintenance systems, e%orting& procedures to follow up on correcti-e
actions.
!leaning of spills, use of signs while cleaning.
Separation between designated ehicle %assages & %edestriansb) means of
marking, signs, barriersN etc.
Work en-ironment lighting( entilation( noise( dust* etc.
4egular ,ns%ections& ensure proper Safety Signs are in place.
"se proper fall %rotection guard rails, Scaffolding, safe ladders, fall harnessN etc.
Hou&e.eepin
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Haar'
J Someone ould trip orfall
J Inreased risk of fire
J ire e.its ould be
blokedJ here is a risk of
infetion
J (hemials are beingused
J Infestation 3that allo$sbreeding of ratsokroahes et 5
J 6ehile (ollisions
J allin materials
Precaution
J Identify housekeeping
requirements
J #esponsibilities for
housekeeping
J #esoures for good
housekeeping
J rain staff in use of
equipment
J #egular inspetions
NOISE
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Accepta:le 1 Unaccepta:leLe(el& o, Noi&e!
These '9posure action & %imitalues are: %ower '9posure Action %e-el:
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Inner eari''le earOuter ear
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"EUI"EMENTS FO" NOISE
CONT"OL
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Assess the noise le-els &keep records.
!onstantl) re-iewassessments
4educe risk from noisee9posure b) usingengineering controls
4educe time of e9posure
#ro-ide adeuate Training,information & workinstructions
!onsult emplo)ees &representati-es on noiseissues
'stablish hearing protection
Bones marked b) signs ¬ices.
'ducate emplo)ees to seetheir doctor if the) feel an)hearing problems
#ro-ide appropriate Hearing#rotection as needed
NOISE ENGINEE"ING CONT"OLS
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"eduction o, Noi&e at &ource! !hange the process or euipment !hange the speed of the machine Impro-e the maintenance regime e.g. regular lubrication
Attenuation o, Noi&e le(el&! rientation / relocation o" the e0uipment Enclosure
Screens / Absorption alls
amping 'solation o" the orkers
Location
Path o+ .oie preention
echniue
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o!e soure a$ay from noise sensiti!e area$ncloure
Surrounding the noise soure $ith sound
insulating material 3are to be taken not to
o!erheat mahine5Silencer
#eduing noise from e.haust pipes et using
absorbent materials or baffles
Aorption
Surrounding-obstruting noise soure $ith
absorbent materials 3eg foam5
Dampin/
Path o+ noie control
techniue
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Dampin/
#edution in struture borne noise by the use ofrubber-ork springs et
Iolation
*rotetion of persons from sound soure by
distane or sound proofed rooms
La//in/
Insulation of pipes to redue sound transmission
Screen
'ousti sreens plaed on the path
techniue
C t l M
Hand#Ar+ ;i:ration
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Healt* E,,ect& Tingling in the hands
and e9tremities
$umbness and
blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful *oints 4eduction in manual
de9terit)
4eduction in the
sensation of touch
Control Mea&ure&
Eli+ination"educe t*e deree o, (i:ration
Select low -ibration euipment
Select ergonomicall) designed
euipment
@aintenance of euipment 4educe grip and push force with work
euipment
4educe the time workers e9posed
Introduce health sur-eillance
3lo-es and heated pads
Information and training on the nature
of risks
E9POSU"E TO E9T"EME
TEMPE"ATU"E
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E,,ect& o, e/tre+e *eat! Heat e9haustion
Heat Stroke
Sun burns
6eh)dration Heat cramps
!onfusion, nausea &
-omiting
'9amples: outdoor
construction
E,,ect& o, E/tre+e
Cold!
H)pothermia
!hilblains Trench foot
!old burn
%oss of concentration
& shi-ering
P"E;ENTI;E MEASU"E A-oid working outdoors where possible
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A-oid working outdoors where possible
!arr) out suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessment entilation s)stems
Adeuate training, information & super-ision
!ontrol working en-ironment: heatingDcooling s)stems
#re emplo)ment medical fit to work
Alwa)s drink a lot of fluids
Allow adeuate acclimatiBation period
4educe time of e9posure *ob rotation
"se proper ##'
ST"ESS
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Stre&&! It is not a disease it is
an emotional &
ph)siological state ofunbalance, which
results when the
demands of life e9ceed
one0s coping capabilities
Stre&&
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P*0&ical E,,ect& P&0c*oloical e,,ect&Headaches Increased an9iet)6iBBiness 4educed concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritabilit)Skin rashes Sudden mood changes#rone to infections Inabilit) to cope
#anic attacks 4educed work output4aised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etcIncreased blood pressure #oor sleep patternsHeart disease
Stomach ulcers
Cau&e& o, Stre&&!
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Content o" the ob: work o-erload, work too eas), time
pressure, deadlinesN etc )ork organiation: long working hours, shift work, non
consulted organiBational changes
)orkplace culture: communication, in-ol-ement in
decision making, feedback, supportN etc Environment: noise, temperature, lighting, ergonomics
)ork role: conflict of interest, clarit) of role
-omeork inter"ace: transportation problem, childcare
issues, relocation
Relationships: bull)ing, harassment, -erbal & ph)sical
abuse
Ill#*ealt* e,,ect& o, &tre&&!
Increased irritabilit) & sleep
Stre&& Control!
Identif) stressors & Assess thei k
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Increased irritabilit) & sleepdifficulties
Increased intake of drugs,cigarettes & alcohol
6igesti-e s)stem disorders
!irculator) s)stem disorders
e.g. high blood pressure 6ecreased immunit) &
increased susceptibilit) toinfection
An9iet) & depression
@S6 LsM, fatigue & chronicheadache
risk
Impro-e ergonomics & workingen-ironment
Interpersonal communicationskills training
Stress awareness & Time
management & time off work ifneeded
#ro-ide achie-able demands
A-oid o-erloading theemplo)ees
!onsult on organiBationalchange
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;iolence at 'or.!An) incident in which a person is abused,
threatened, or assaulted in circumstances
relating to work, whether b) otheremplo)ees or others -erbal abuse or
threats as well as ph)sical abuse.
Occupation& at ri&.J Ta9i dri-ers
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J Ta9i dri-ers
J HospitalsJ SchoolsJ !ash transactionsJ 6eli-er)Dcollection of mone)
Control +ea&ure&J Training and informationJ The en-ironmentJ 6esign of the *obJ !ommunication
J %one workingJ 4eporting and recording incidents
Cau&e&!
4obber) & those
Group& at "i&.!
Healthcare D social
care pro-iders
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4obber) & those
seeking immediateattention
6issatisfaction with the
treatmentDser-ice
recei-ed
;ull)ing & harassment
Terrorism is now
included
care pro-iders
6eli-ering D collectingser-ices
Authorit)
representati-es 'ducation pro-iders
Transact cash or
-aluables
Ticketing public
transportation
Control Strate0! /ssess the risk( record & reiew assessment
Organizations to enforce zero tolerance iolence %olicy
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Organizations to enforce zero tolerance iolence %olicy
/oid using cash; use credit cards Means of communication$ cell %hones( alarms( radios* etc
hysical barriers e.g. fences( bullet %roof booths for
ticketing
0se close circuit teleision cameras ##+1 Strict security measures e.g. ,2( finger %rint access( no
isitors* etc
/oid lone working & night working
roide ade3uate training & information; negotiation skills(
stress management* etc
e%ort( inestigate & record all incidents of aggression
Alco*ol 1 Dru& e,,ect& on OHS
Increased accidents 4slower refle'es5
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Increased accidents 4slower refle'es5
Increased 'rrors 4im%aired %erce%tion5 Increased complaints 4easily irritated5
Increased absenteeism 4hang oer5
#oor time keeping 4im%aired judgment5
6ecreased producti-it) 4Stress related5
Ad-erse health effects li-er damage,
coronar) heart disease, high blood pressure,
ps)chological problemsN etc
Control Strate0!Assess the risk & the siBe of the problem
Ha-e a Substance Abuse #olic) in place
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Ha-e a Substance Abuse #olic) in place
#ro-ide information & raise the awareness 4emo-e work stressors & pro-ide stress management
ffer help for emplo)ees who ha-e drinking problems
@aintain confidentialit) of cases with alcohol or drug problems
Screening tests pre emplo)ment & after incidents
5everuse controlled or uncontrolled medication without the
doctors permission Lsome o-er the counter medication
causes drowsinessM
Implement disciplinar) actions
4eport, record & in-estigate cases of alcoholDdrug abusewithout disclosing an) personal information LconfidentialM
NIGHT#SHIFT
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%ighting, heating, welfare & firstaid pro-ision
The effects of fatigue & the increased likelihood of
human error
The number hours worked & the period allowed for
reco-er) between shifts 3eneral wellbeing when normal routines are
disrupted
The le-el of super-ision pro-ided & access to
specialist ad-ice if reuired The possible increased risk of -iolent assault on the
wa) to & from work
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A&&e&&+ent ,or ,ir&t#aid reuire+ent& The nature of the work and the siBe of the
i ti
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organisation
#ast histor) and accident t)pe
The nature and distribution of the workforce
4emoteness of site from emergenc) medical
ser-ices The needs of tra-elling, remote or lone workers
'mplo)ees working on shared sites
Absence of first aiders due to holida)s etc.
!ompliance with legal reuirements
G"OUP ACTI;ITY6IS!"SS TH' !A"S'S I@#A!T &
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6IS!"SS TH' !A"S'S, I@#A!T &
!$T4% G I%$'$!' &S";STA$!' A;"S' AT W4E
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MOVIETIME
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THANKS!!
GOOD LUCK WITHYOUR EAMINATION