MINOR PROJECT SYNOPSIS FORMAT.docx

SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

DEAPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF SYNOPSIS FOR MINOR PROJECT

Introduction:

Project report in this manual refers to a documented report of the process followed and the results of

Minor project conducted by a student in fulfillment of the requirements in bachelor degree. This report

will outline the report format for Minor Project. These rules must be adhered strictly.

Group Members:

Maximum of 5 students per group allowed for taking up Minor Project

No of Copies to be submitted to department:

Total of 6 copies have to be submitted to department, out of which 5 copies will be the individual reports

of each student & 1copy will the group report. A soft copy (pdf format) should be submitted to

Department in CD along with report.

The report will be hard winded having Navy Blue as the front cover with text printed in fonts of golden

color.

Formatting:

MAIN HEADING SUB HEADING MAIN TEXTFONT Arial, Arial, Times New RomanSIZE 14 12 12LINE SPACING 1.5

Arrangement of Content:

The sequence in which the contents in the report should be arranged is as follows:

1. Cover Page (Specimen copy-1) 2. Certificate of Approval (Specimen copy-2)3. Declaration (Specimen copy-3)4. Acknowledgment (Specimen copy-4) 5. Abstract (Specimen copy-5) 6. Table of Contents (Appendix 1) 7. List of Figures (if any) Appendix 2 ) 8. List of Tables (if any) (Appendix 3 ) 9. List of Symbols (if any) (Appendix 4 ) 10. Abbreviations (if any) (Appendix 5 ) 11. Chapters 12. References (Appendix 6) 13. Appendices (if any)

PAGE SETUP TOP BOTTOM LEFT RIGHT1” 1” 1” 1”

Chapters to be included:

The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the

main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several

divisions and sub-divisions.

Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where

they are cited.

Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly

underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.

The chapters that should be included in the reports are as follows:

Introduction (should not exceed 2 pages including Figs.)

Brief Literature survey (should not exceed 10 pages)

Problem formulation: Need and significance of proposed research work (should not exceed 5page)

Objectives (should not exceed 1 page)

Methodology/ Planning of work (should not exceed 2 pages)

Cover Page - A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-1.

Title Page – A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-2.

Certificate – A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen copy-3.

Acknowledgment- A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen

copy-4.

Abstract – It is a heart of the report. Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report and it

must clearly give the overview of the project (Avoid unnecessary things in abstract)

(Specimen copy-5).

Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material

which precedes it. The title page and Certificate of approval will not find a place

among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in

lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the

matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report

is given in Appendix 1.

List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the

text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head

(Appendix 2).

List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text.

One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head

(Appendix 3).

List of Symbols - The list should provide the detail of the symbols used in the report. One and a half

spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head (Appendix 4).

Abbreviations – Abbreviation list should provide the details of the abbreviations used in the report in

alphabetical order. One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter

under this head (Appendix 5).

Page numbering - The preliminary parts (Acknowledgement, Abstract, Table of Contents, List of

symbols, List of figure, List of Tables) are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc).

The first page of the first chapter (Introduction) onwards will be numbered in Arabic

numerals 1 2 3 etc at the bottom, centered.

Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc. - A word on numbering scheme used in the

project is in order. It is common practice to use decimal numbering in the project. If

the chapter number is 2, the section numbers will be 2.1,2.2, 2.3 etc. The subsections

in section 2.2 will be numbered as 2.2.1, 2.2.2 etc. Unless essential, it is not necessary

to use numbers to lower levels than three stages. Similarly, it is useful and convenient

to number the figures also chapter-wise. The figures in chapter 4 will be numbered as

Figure 4.1: Figure Name, Figure 4.2: Figure Name etc. This helps you in assembling

the figures and putting it in proper order. Similarly, the tables are also numbered as

Table 4.1: Table Name, Table 4.2: Table Name etc. All figures and tables should have

proper captions. Usually the figure captions are written below the figure and table

captions on top of the table. All figures should have proper description by legends,

title of the axes and any other information to make the figures self explanatory. The

same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. Only thing to be remembered

is that references to the figures are made like Figure 4.2: Figure Name, and equations

as Eqn (5.8).

List of References –The reference material should include the author name, title, year in details as shown

in Appendix 7. Do not mention the references of the websites in the report.

Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main

text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme. Appendices should be

numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc. Tables and

References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at

appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.

SPECIMEN 1- COVER PAGE

PROJECT TITILE

Synopsis of Minor Project

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Submitted To

RAJIV GANDHI PRODYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)

Submitted by

Name of Scholar

Enroll No

Under the supervision of

Name of Guide

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

BHOPAL (M.P.)

Month- Year

SPECIMEN 2

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)


CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering for acceptance, a project report entitled “…………………….” submitted by

………. (students name) in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &

Electronics Engineering.

………………………….. (Supervisor Name) Supervisor Full designation Department

…………………………….. (HOD Name) Head of Department Full designation Department

SPECIMEN 3

DECLARATION



DECLARATION

I ………………..(Name of Scholar) , a student of “Bachelor of Engineering” in Sagar

Institute of Research & Technology” , session ……….., Bhopal (M.P.) here by informed that

the work presented in this dissertation entitled “…………………………………”(Project Title)

is the outcome of my own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of my knowledge and this

work has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not

infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any other University or anywhere else

for the award of any degree or any professional diploma.

Name of Scholar

Enroll No

SPECIMEN 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take an opportunity to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my guide and the pivot

of this enterprise, ………………. who is most responsible for helping me to complete this work.

He/She showed me different ways to approach the problems and the need to be persistent to

accomplish my goal. His/Her discernment in the choice of topic, his/her confidence in me when I

doubted myself and his/her admirable guidance are some cogent reasons that make me over that

without his/her support this thesis would be a chimera.

I am also thankful to ……………., Head of Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

for cooperation and support to complete this work. I would also like to express my thanks to Dr.

S C Bhageria Director SIRT Bhopal providing necessary facilities. I would also convey my

Thanks to …………………and ………………of Department of Electrical & Electronics

Engineering for their continuous support. Thanks are due to all the staff members and lab staff of

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SIRT for providing all help and support.

Name of Scholar

Enroll No

SPECIMEN 5

ABSTRACT



ABSTRACT

Over recent years the MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) system has become a popular technique in

wireless communication. MIMO is a system with multiple transmitting and multiple receiving antennas.

With increasing the number of transmitting and receiving antennas significant improvement in the bit

error rate (BER) was observed than that with single transmitting and single receiving antenna system.

Also with increase in the number of transmitting and receiving antennas the data rate of the system was

found increased, hence considerable improvement in an information rate. Performance of the bit error rate

probability of the channel with variable signal to noise ratio will change with channel quality in case of

the non adaptive modulation scheme. In some application, system will require the minimum BER. Hence

fixed modulation scheme will not perform better in such application. With the use of the adaptive

modulation scheme, system will automatically cope up with the changing channel condition and

accordingly selects the modulation scheme for maintaining minimum required BER. The throughput of

the system was found improved with the use of adaptive modulation in MIMO system. For simulation

Rayleigh channel model has been considered.

APPENDIX-1

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate of Approval………………………………………….. i

Declaration……………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………. Iii

Abstract………………………………………………………….. iv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 AC BRIDGES 1

1.2 DC BRIDGES 1

1.3 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 2

CHAPTER 2 THEORY 3

CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4

CHAPTER 4 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5

CHAPTER 5 DERIVIATION 6

CHAPTER 6 COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT 7-21

6.1 TRANSFORMER 7-11

6.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE 8

6.1.2 INDUCTION LAW 9

6.1.3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 10

6.1.4 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER 11 CHAPTER 7 ADVATAGES 22

CHAPTER 8 DISADVATAGES 22

CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 22

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 23

REFRENCES

APPENDICES

APPENDIX-2

LIST OF FIGURE

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Description of Figure Page No

Fig. 3.1 Circuit Diagram 4

Fig.4.1 Practical Circuit Diagram 5

Fig.6.1 Transformer 7

Fig.6.2 Figure Of Transformer 8

Fig.6.3 Circuit Diagram Of Transformer 9

APPENDIX-3

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF TABLE

Table No Description of Figure Page No

Table. 3.1 Summary of resistors 4

Table. 4.1 Resistor ratings 5

Table. 6.1 Transformer ratings 7

APPENDIX-4

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF SYMBOLS

m Number of transmit antennas

n Number of receive antennas

hi,j Channel matrix element

H Channel matrix

y Received signal

x Transmit signal vector

P Total transmit power

APPENDIX-5

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER Bit Error Rate

db Decibel

iid independent identical distributed

LOS Line Of Sight

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MISO Multiple Input Single Ouput

MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error

PDF Probability Density Function

QAM Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation

Rx Receiver

SIMO Single Input Multiple Output

SISO Single Input Single Output

APPENDIX-6

REFRENCES

References

[1] R. Gowarishankar and M. F. Demirkol, “Adaptive M-QAM Modulation for MIMO Systems”, IEEE

2005, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA, 2005

[2] A. Svensson, “An Introduction to Adaptive QAM Modulation Schemes for Known and Predicted

Channels”, Proceedings of the IEEE | Vol. 95, No. 12, December 2007

[3] T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice” Second Edition, Prentice Hall,

2003

[4] S. Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.

MINOR PROJECT SYNOPSIS FORMAT.docx

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