MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 1 Introduction to corporate security Teemupekka Virtanen Helsinki University of Technology Telecommunication Software.

MINISTRY OFSOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH

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Introduction to corporate security

Teemupekka VirtanenHelsinki University of Technology

Telecommunication Software and Multimedia Laboratory

[email protected]


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7. Lecture – Fire and rescue

Civil rescue system in Finland Fire protection in buildings

Physics How to build fire proof buildings Fire protection systems


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Security domains


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Public safety

A society must protect its members against threats Threats must be found out, recognized and minimized Operations must be able to start fast in every situation Legislation about rescue operations (561/1999)


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The national organization

Ministry of the interior Department of the rescue services Directs and monitors rescue services nationally

The Rescue Departments of the State Provincial Offices Directs and monitors rescue services regionally

Municipalities are together responsible for rescue services within regions determined by the Government.

22 rescue service regions


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Regional rescue services

Regional rescue services are in charge of rescue services in their respective region

Voluntary, institutional and industrial fire brigades can participate Agreed between the brigades and the region

Rescue services employ about 24,000 people 5,000 are full-time employees 4,000 part-time 15,000 voluntary


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Emergency response centres

Maintained by the State 15 emergency response centres throughout the country Receive emergency calls Serve as communication centres for rescue, police and

social and health authorities Support and assist units on the field


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Several players Rescues services

Prevent fires and other accidents Carry out rescue operations

Police Find missing people

Border guard Maritime safety

Finnish Civil Aviation Authority Aviation safety

Defence force Staff for special situations

Red Cross Voluntary staff

Ministry of social affairs and health Preparedness in hospitals


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Radiation and Nuclear Safety

Radiation situation is monitored constantly Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority The Ministry of the Interior The Meteorological Institute The Defence Forces

Automatic external-dose rate-monitoring network maintained About 300 stations Measurement data also from other Nordic countries and St. Petersburg area

Manned and unmanned airplanes in emergency situation


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Radiation in Espoo

Source: STUK


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Fire protection and a company Why

Compliance of legislation Protection of staff, customers and visitors Protection of valuable properties Protection of operation Protection of reputation

How Fire resistant buildings

Structures Systems

Safe procedures and working conditions Education


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Fire prevention

The risk of fire occurring or spreading must be small Help carrying out rescue operations in the event of a fire Buildings must prevent and slow spreading of fire

It must be possible for people to escape safely in a case of fire

Is mandatory according the legislation


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Three stages of fire

Smouldering A flameless form of combustion Smouldering occurs on the surface of the solid rather than in the gas phase Heat released during smouldering is low compared to the flaming combustion Smouldering propagates in a creeping fashion

Flaming combustion Gas phase Visual fire

Flash “Everything burns” Fire storm


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The requirements for a fire

Burning material Oxygen

Required for a chemical reaction The air consists enough oxygen to keep fire Pure oxygen is very dangerous

Temperature High enough temperature is required Fire itself produces heat


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Suppression of a fire by removing material

Remove burning material Walls, roofs, furniture, paper

Corridors without burning material Forest fires


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Suppression of a fire by preventing oxygen

When stopping the source of oxygen one of the requirements is taken away

By mechanical Close a box Roll into a carpet Stop an air conditioning Close doors

Chemically Spreading foams


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Suppression of a fire by decreasing temperature

Split a fire into smaller areas A local fire can’t produce enough heat to keep on

Using water Water decrease a temperature Vaporizing water consumes heat


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Preventing fires

The recommended method It is easier to prevent a fire than supress it

The handling of flammable liquids Electrical devices Procedures to handle fire in work

Safe working conditions Safe working methods

Cigarettes, candles


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Decreasing the amount of burning material

No unnecessary Papers Packing material

Printers Lumber mills


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Self help in a case of a fire

The smaller a fire is the easier it is to put it out Using blankets to remove oxygen Using fire extinguisher

The main fire fighting should be left for professionals Using liquids

Not too strong alcohol First

Warn people Call help


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In case of a fire If a immediate prevention does not work

Prevent spreading Close doors etc

Rescue people Call help Protect valuables Guide fire fighters

Even if it works Guard afterwards


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Active fire protection systems

Fire detection Smoke, flame or heat

Fire suppression The fire is extinguished by manual or automatic


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Fire detection

Manual alarm People are god sensors

Thermal detector Fix temperature (57-75 degrees) Sudden raise of temperature Reliable

Smoke detector Smoke from smoldering stage Ionization or photoelectric (small rooms) Projected beam (large halls)

Flame detector Imitates sight Expensive and requires heavy maintain


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Fire suppression systems

Must be included everywhere in a building The type must be selected according the needs

Starts automatically or by hand Function before the flash phase


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Water sprinkler systems “As seen on TV” In a case of fire rapidly brings water to reduce heat Local detection

A bulb in each nozzle Operates only in burning area

Connected to a fire detection system Must cover all the areas Water itself destroys electronics

Water spray Nozzles inside covers


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Gas based systems A room is filled with an non-reagent gas from a high pressure cylinder

The level of oxygen decrease below level required for burning Halon was a good choice

Easy to pressure Not dangerous for humans Banned because of environmental reasons

Now several proprietary mixes Problems

People should be possible to evacuate There should be enough oxygen to breath


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Passive fire protection

Buildings must fulfill the passive fire protection requirements to protect life and property

Passive fire protection should Prevent fire Slow fire to give time for evacuation Protect routes meant for evacuation Protect other buildings near from getting fire Prevent a collapse of a building


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Compartmentalization

Subdivide a structure into fire compartments Divided by fire proof walls and doors

Keep a fire in one compartment Other area can be evacuated safely Restrict damages


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Compartmentalization types

Floors Each floor is a compartment Floors are fire proof Corridors are protected

Usage Each type of rooms is a compartment

Office, storage, garage, technical rooms Office time, all day usage

Volume


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Fire-resistance ratings

The requirements for building parts between compartments Usually based on time

Eg 90 minutes fire door Breaks must be taken care

Ventilation Cables Foams that fills the breaks when heat increases

Closing of doors


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Evacuation routes

There must be evacuation routes from any location in a building to a safe place outside An evacuation route must be protected from fire At least two routes

The capacity of a route must cover the number of people in location

Usually the routes must be normal routes available to anyone In special cases one evacuation can be an emergency route

Ladder, hydraulic platform, helicopter


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Evacuation vs security

Evacuation must be possible without any devices or keys Doors must not be locked against evacuation

One can always escape from inside to outside


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Department of computer science

The main door leads to a big hall with open stairs One compartment Open stairs can’t be evacuation routes

There are closed corridors in the sides of the building Separated from the main hall by fire doors Several compartments Protected stairs outside the walls


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In a company

Every company in Finland must have an emergency plan Fist help

Education of people Location of supply

Fire protection Fire extinguishers Reducing burning material Evacuation

An owner of a building must take care of passive fire protection


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The civil defence

The public authorities General protection Public shelters

Every building Local shelter Named people for emergency duties

Firefighting First help

Plan


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Questions ?

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH 1 Introduction to corporate security Teemupekka Virtanen Helsinki University of Technology Telecommunication Software.

Documents

monitors rescue services

region rescue services

charge of rescue services

rescue civil rescue

rescue departments

voluntary slide

health preparedness

health authorities