Ministry of Communication Transport Post and Construction Department of Roads Poverty and Environmental Nexus on Road Case Study In Kaluem and Ngot Ou District of Lao PDR 21-22 June 2006 Presented by: Somsanouk Vongsomphou Sub Regional Workshop
Feb 12, 2016
Ministry of Communication Transport Post and ConstructionDepartment of Roads
Poverty and Environmental Nexus on Road Case Study
In Kaluem and Ngot Ou District of Lao PDR
21-22 June 2006
Presented by: Somsanouk Vongsomphou
Sub Regional Workshop
- The Objectives:- The Objectives:
+ To study the natural resources status (NTFP) in the villages with road + To study the natural resources status (NTFP) in the villages with road access and without road access.access and without road access.
+ To study the livelihood of poor villages and household with the road + To study the livelihood of poor villages and household with the road access and without.access and without.
+ To study the decline of NTFP between villages with road and without + To study the decline of NTFP between villages with road and without road accessroad access
- Methodology:- Methodology:
+ Questionnaires were used for interviewing in Villages chief and + Questionnaires were used for interviewing in Villages chief and householdshouseholds
+ Observation in the field+ Observation in the field
+ Group discussion in Provinces, Districts and villages+ Group discussion in Provinces, Districts and villages
- Data Analysis:- Data Analysis:+ Secondary data was used: road network, maps, books, reports, + Secondary data was used: road network, maps, books, reports,
Govn. Policy documents.Govn. Policy documents.
- Villages selection:- Villages selection:
+ 6 villages in Kaleum “ 3 Villages no road access” + 6 villages in Kaleum “ 3 Villages no road access” + 4 villages in Ngot Ou “ 1 villages no road and 1 village with new road”).+ 4 villages in Ngot Ou “ 1 villages no road and 1 village with new road”).
Sampling = 142 households for 2 districts Sampling = 142 households for 2 districts (kaluem = 70 HH, Ngot Ou = 72 HH)(kaluem = 70 HH, Ngot Ou = 72 HH)
+ SPSS and Excel software was used for data interpretation.+ SPSS and Excel software was used for data interpretation.
Profile of Study Profile of Study AreasAreas
Ngot Ou DistrictNgot Ou District
Lamam
Vietnam
Dakchym
Saravan
Kaluem DistrictKaluem District
National Road Network
Ban Tak
Ban Hat PaeBan Yorn
Ban Pakxai
Ban Chale
Ban Vak Nuea
Lamam
Vietnam
Dakchym
Saravan
Kaluem MapKaluem Map
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey April 2005
DistrictName
National
Road
Provincial
RoadDistrict Road
Urban Road
Rural Road
Tracking Road
Special Road Total
Kaleum 0 8.6 0 3.8 71 265 0 83.4
Kaluem District
Road Statistic
Source: Statistic of road network in 2003 (MCTPC)
Ban Long Thang
Ban Cheow ChaiBan Som Heung
Ban La
Ngot Ou MapNgot Ou Map
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey April 2005
Ngot Ou District
DistrictName National
RoadProvincial Road
District Road
Urban Road
Rural Road
Special Road Total
Nhot Ou 98.000 0 0 28 0 126.0
Road Statistic
Source: Statistic of road network in 2003 (MCTPC)
11 18 23 2716
28
88 84
18
141
00
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Yorn
Pakxa
iTak
Hatpae
Chale
Vak N
eua La
Somhe
ung
Cheaw
Cha
i
Long
Thang
+ Number of Houses in Villages
Findings from study areasFindings from study areas
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005
0 1 49
0 3
61
81 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yorn
Pakxa
iTak
Hatpae
Chale
Vak N
eua La
Somhe
ung
Cheaw
Cha
i
Long
Thang
+ Number of Houses with tin roof
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005
Status of Pady field
115
0.3 016
38
63.37
17.8 2538.7
0 0 0 018
0 0 0 01 1 0
28
88
3448
8
35
2028
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yorn
Pakxa
iTak
Hatpae
Chale
Vak N
eua La
Somhe
ung
Cheaw
Cha
i
Long
Thang
Name of Villae
Num
ber o
f Pad
dy fi
eld
Areas of paddy field Paddy field with irrigated HH with paddy field
+ Agriculture land+ Agriculture land
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005
+ Number of Cattle in villages
Number of cattle in HH
79
215
50 940 38 0 33 2 0
950 20 020
10038
289
50
179
510
240
90012
2131 34 30 55
0100200300400500600
Yorn
Pakxa
iTak
Hatpae
Chale
Vak N
eua La
Somhe
ung
Cheaw
Cha
i
Long
Thang
Villages Name
Num
ber o
f Ani
mal
Number of buffaloes Number of cows Number of pigs
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005
+ Main Road and Villages + Main Road and Villages
Distance of Villages to Main Road in Dry season (walking's hrs)
21 1
3
8
10
3
0.05 0.15
2.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yorn
Pakxa
iTak
Hatpae
Chale
Vak N
eua La
Somhe
ung
Cheaw
Cha
i
Long
Thang
Villages Name
Wal
king
Hr
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005
Road access and road density is not correlated Road access and road density is not correlated to lower overall district forest cover. to lower overall district forest cover.
Forest cover in 1997 and deforestation in 1993-97
99.3
0.7
100
Yes
No
Total
One explanation factor might be high understanding if One explanation factor might be high understanding if people about importance of forestpeople about importance of forest
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005
The reasons of Natural Resources preservationThe reasons of Natural Resources preservation
Item The reasons for natural use
No. of respondent Percent
1 No responding 7 4.9
2 To preserve river 10 7
3Sources of food and timber 1 0.7
4 Sources of food product 41 28.9
5 Sources of income 5 3.5
6
Sources of material to build house, boat, fence, fuel wood 78 54.9
Total 142 100
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005
Road access to upland villages could have Road access to upland villages could have limited environmental impactlimited environmental impact
Village without road access, NTFP collecting is only slightly less than villages Within road access.As: 59% & 64%
NTFP Collection in Village, there is no road Access
yes= 59%
No= 41%
NTFP collection in Village, there is road access
yes = 64%
No= 36%
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey Jan. 2005
• The Reasons for NTFP Collection in villagesThe Reasons for NTFP Collection in villages
Type of NTFP using in Village there is no road
HH use &selling =
61%Selling = 12%
HH use = 27%
Type of NTFP using in village there is road
Selling = 21%
HH use &selling =
79%
Village without road access, There are three kind of using NTFP
- HH use& Selling = 61%, - HH use only = 27%- Selling = 12%
Village within road access, There are two kind of using NTFP
- HH use & Selling = 79% - Selling = 21%
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005
• The Place of NTFP SellingThe Place of NTFP Selling Place of NTPF Selling in Viallage there is no road
District Market = 55%
In Village, = 45%
Place of NTFP Selling in Village there is road
In Village = 31%
District Market = 69%
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005
District Poverty Incidence (1997) (Road Density)
0.72
0.100.140.140.18
1
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
1 2 3 4 50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Lowest poverty incidence Highest poverty incidence
90.3 87.0
64.758.3 50.7
0
20
40
60
80
100
1
% of Villages with access to main or secondary road (1997)
Lowest poverty incidence Highest poverty incidence
% of villages with access to main or secondary road within 6 km decrease from 90.3% to 50.7%
% of district poverty with density of road access to main or secondary road within 6 km decrease from 0.72% to 0.1%
Road Access is correlated to lower povertyRoad Access is correlated to lower poverty
Source: Percentages district poverty with road density (LECIII, 1997)
08.6
0 3.8
71
0 0
83.498.00
0 0 0
28
0
126.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Classification of road
Leng
th, K
m
KaluemNgot Ou
Road density is an indicator progress in Road density is an indicator progress in rural road networkrural road network
Road density in Ngot Ou is higher than Kaleum but the main road is in Ngot Ou that is National road
Source: 2003 statistic of road network and PEN 2 research
Road Density
Kaluem= 39%
Ngot Ou = 61% District Village
NameVillage located by all season road
Village has access road
(accessible by truck)
Kaluem Yorn No Yes
Pakxai No Yes
Tak No No
Hatpae No No
Chale No Yes
Vak Neua No No
Yot Ou La No Yes
Somheung Yes Yes
Cheaw Chai
Yes Yes
Long Thang
No No
Source: 2003 statistic of road network and PEN 2 research
With market access, upland villages can benefit from With market access, upland villages can benefit from modern equipmentmodern equipment
Villages without road Access
18310
4
29
83
8
20
05
101520253035
Hapae Tak Vak Nuea Longthang
HH in villages without road access, there are limited about sort of daily equipment use
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005
Villages with Road Access
3 75 6 61 6 4
55
1 2 1
6043
530
1 313 8 3 812 5
020406080
Trac
tor
Mot
obik
e
bicy
cle TV
Tap
Rec
ord
CD P
laye
r
Sew
ing
Mac
hine
Ele
ctric
ityge
nera
tion
Yorn Pakxai Chale La Somheung Cheow Chai
HH in villages with road access, there are high sort about daily equipment use
With market access, upland villages cannot benefit from With market access, upland villages cannot benefit from modern equipment modern equipment
Source: ESD of MCTPC, Field survey March 2005
The linkage between Poverty, Environment and RoadThe linkage between Poverty, Environment and RoadPovertyPoverty
EnvironmentEnvironment
• Increase Population
• No services available
• Risk of livestock and agriculture
• Risk of health • Increase shifting
cultivation areas• Increase NTFP, fuel
wood, collecting & hunting
• Risk of deforestation
Road DevelopmentRoad Development
• Increase opportunity to access to job
• Decrease NTFP, fuel wood, collecting & hunting
• Dissemination Law, regulation for Environment and forest management
• Forest & EM is used in local villages
• Regular income
ConclusionConclusionPopulation increase in rural area then they increase their shifting cultivation Population increase in rural area then they increase their shifting cultivation cause they has limited paddy field and opportunity to go to outside for jobcause they has limited paddy field and opportunity to go to outside for job
People collect NTFP for their household using only but some time they sell People collect NTFP for their household using only but some time they sell it for additional income, when the road access to their village they may be it for additional income, when the road access to their village they may be increase NTFP harvesting. increase NTFP harvesting.
Local people has limited facility equipments to use in their HH cause they Local people has limited facility equipments to use in their HH cause they have not much chance to go to district and province particularly in rainy have not much chance to go to district and province particularly in rainy seasonseason
Local people use forest for house’s material building, fence making and fuel Local people use forest for house’s material building, fence making and fuel wood usingwood using
Because there is no road access to isolated villages, people do not know Because there is no road access to isolated villages, people do not know how to develop themselves, lack of all information, Laws, regulations. these how to develop themselves, lack of all information, Laws, regulations. these problems are the cause of poor natural resources management, poor social problems are the cause of poor natural resources management, poor social and economic developmentand economic development
RecommendationsRecommendations
Rural/Village road access should be a Rural/Village road access should be a priority: it is important for poverty reduction priority: it is important for poverty reduction and environmental impacts can be managedand environmental impacts can be managed
During the planning of road construction, Forest and Agriculture Sector, During the planning of road construction, Forest and Agriculture Sector, Pubic Health and Environment Sector should involve to promote the natural Pubic Health and Environment Sector should involve to promote the natural resources management and health care in local area.resources management and health care in local area.
Road Law is the main tool to promote the awareness of road safety such Road Law is the main tool to promote the awareness of road safety such as: accident to animal, people and other asset, particularly people as: accident to animal, people and other asset, particularly people encroach to right of way. encroach to right of way.
Attention to environmental and social impact Attention to environmental and social impact during road construction remains critical task during road construction remains critical task
Thank you very much for your kindly attention